Disease In Preschool Children Research Articles

Prevalence of Infectious Diseases in Children at Preschool Education Institutions and Stakeholder Opinions.

Preschool education institutions, where children have close contact and social interactions, can serve as potential environments for the transmission of infectious diseases. This issue poses a significant health concern, impacting both individual and public well-being. Thus, the present research set out to determine the prevalence of infectious diseases in preschool children and the views of parents and teachers on the prevention of infectious diseases. The study employed a mixed-method approach and involved 397 parents and 46 preschool teachers. The study was survey-based via in-person interviews. The results revealed that after they started school (almost in 5 months), children with a mean age of 4.7 ± 0.5 years experienced illness approximately 3.5 ± 2.0 times, of whom 91.5% used antibiotics. The prevalence of infectious diseases was found to be associated with the child's being born at term, maternal education level, and the public/private status of preschool institutions. The presence of a sick child in the classroom elicits negative emotions from both teachers and parents. They recommend that studies on education, safety, hygiene, school health, health screenings, regulation of the learning environment, legal regulations, and school exclusion policies be carried out to prevent infectious diseases. When children with infectious diseases come to school, nearly half of the teachers admit them to the classroom due to various reasons and pressures. Parents request teachers to monitor medication, control sweating, and use a nebulizer for their sick children. Some of the teachers meet these requests, but they claim that the educational process is negatively affected. At preschool education institutions, the risk factors of infectious diseases have a complex structure and can be influenced by variables related to teachers, children, parents and the institution itself. Infectious diseases not only pose a threat to health but also impact teachers' and parents' emotions, teacher-child relationships, and the overall atmosphere within schools and classrooms.

АНАЛИЗ СТОМАТОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ЗАБОЛЕВАЕМОСТИ СРЕДИ ДЕТЕЙ ДОШКОЛЬНОГО ВОЗРАСТА ИЗ НЕПОЛНЫХ И РАСШИРЕННЫХ СЕМЕЙ

Introduction. This article is devoted to the study of the prevalence of dental diseases in preschool children living in incomplete and extended families. In the course of the study, children from both types of families were examined for dental caries and its complications, for non-caries dental diseases. While studying periodontal diseases, were distinguished inflammatory diseases, such as catarrhal and hypertrophic gingivitis, as well as localized periodontitis, when studying diseases of the oral mucosa, we highlighted diseases of the lips, tongue and oral mucosa. When studying dentoalveolarabnomalies, we identified both abnormalities of bite, dental arches and rows, and individual teeth. 
 The subject of research is dental diseases in preschool children.
 The goal of the study is to analyze dental morbidity in children from extended and incomplete families.
 Methodology. The study was conducted on the basis of the UniDent network of dental clinics, as well as in the Fairy Tale preschool commercial institution in Kazan and municipal preschool institutions of Tatarstan Republic. A total of 222 children from 217 incomplete families and 213 children from 199 extended families of both sexes participated in the voluntary study. Examination of children included examining the child and talking with parents or guardians, filling out medical records, determining the type of family, filling out an individual card in which identified dental diseases were recorded.
 The results of the study indicate a high prevalence of dental diseases among preschool children in TR. The progression of dental diseases is observed with the age of the child. Children from incomplete families are more susceptible to the occurrence and development of dental diseases, compared with children from extended families.
 Conclusions. The findings on the disparate prevalence of dental diseases in children from incomplete and extended families suggest the presence of family type influences, which may be useful in planning prevention methods and predicting dental outcomes in children from different family types.

Good Communication Supports Pre-School Children's Ability and Its Application to Personal Hygiene Hand Washing in Kindergarten

Infectious diseases in pre-school children are prone to occur because their growth and development age is in the pre-adolescent age range or pre-school age where this age requires more space for wider movement such as schools, large fields. Hand washing is one of the knowledge that needs to be applied correctly by school-age children to maintain hand hygiene. This knowledge apart from home needs to be emphasised from the teacher at the child's school. Children's dominant activities at school make school one of the places expected to provide knowledge about proper hand hygiene. This research is a quantitative study with an analytical descriptive approach and design and method used is aquasi experiment with a pre and post without control group design approach. This study is to measure the effect of good communication on the ability of pre-school children to wash their hands. Data was collected by video recording children while washing their hands before and after the communication intervention. Bivariate data analysis using non-parametric test with Wilcoxon test because the data distribution is not normal. The results showed 40 respondents z count value of -4.465 with a p-value of (0.000) < α (0.05, this indicates that there is a significant influence between the ability of children to wash their hands before the pretest before the treatment of good communication about hand washing on the posttest after the application of good communication treatment about hand washing. It can be concluded that there is an effect of good communication on the ability of pre-school children to wash their hands.

ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА РАСПРОСТРАНЕННОСТИ СТОМАТОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ЗАБОЛЕВАЕМОСТИ У ДЕТЕЙ ДОШКОЛЬНОГО ВОЗРАСТА, ПРОЖИВАЮЩИХ В ПОЛНЫХ И ВОССТАНОВЛЕННЫХ СЕМЬЯХ

Abstract. Introduction. Dental diseases in preschool children do not appear to tend downward. According to the literature, the prevalence of dental decay and its complications in preschool children reaches 70%, dental abnormalities more than 80%, and periodontal diseases and oral mucosa diseases up to 98%. There are some data described in literature, regarding how family types affect the overall incidence in children. At the same time, the impact of family type on the children dental health has not been studied a lot so far. Taking this into account, this paper provides data on dental morbidity in preschool children living in nuclear and reconstituted families. The aim of the study is to examine the pattern of prevalence of major dental diseases in preschool children living in nuclear or reconstituted families. Materials and Methods. Preschool children of different ages and their parents took part in this study. During the study, we identified reconstituted and nuclear families, the children from which families constituted the subject of the study. In total, the study examined 1,929 children from 1,842 nuclear families and 166 children from 146 reconstituted children. Results and Discussions. The study found that the most important dental diseases occur in children of the earliest age, before 1 year of life. With the passage of time and the child’s growth, their dental morbidity progresses and reaches its peak among preschool children aged 4.6-6 years. Children living in reconstituted families were significantly more susceptible to the onset and progression of major dental diseases than those from nuclear families. Conclusions. The impact of family type on dental morbidity in preschool children should be considered while planning the prevention and medical examination programs, which will help identify dental diseases at an early stage, prevent the development of complications, and optimize health care costs for the treatment and prevention of dental diseases in preschool children

Діагностика та лікування позалікарняної пневмонії в дітей дошкільного віку: проблеми та дискусійні питання

Community-acquired pneumonia remains one of the most common diseases in preschool children, but despite the intensive study of this pathology, in the practice of a primary care physician, the issue of differential diagnosis and treatment of viral and bacterial pneumonia causes certain problems. The aim of the study is to determine the problems existing in the practice of a primary care physician regarding the diagnosis and treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in preschool children, to determine ways to solve them, using data from domestic and foreign literature. Modern clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in preschool children at the ambulatory stage were reviewed and analyzed. Med Line, Embase, Web of Science and Scopus databases were analyzed to search for literature sources. Modern epidemiological data on viral and bacterial pneumonia in preschool children are presented. The issue of the role of clinical manifestations and paraclinical research methods in their differential diagnosis is covered. In the context of the problem, an integrated approach to the diagnosis of viral and bacterial pneumonia, which is based on the determination of clinical signs and symptoms, is recommended. Special attention is paid to the issue of the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in preschool children. A comparative description of the recommendations of national and foreign guidelines and generalized retrospective analyzes regarding the advisability of prescribing and cancelling antibiotics is given. Wider implementation of etiological examination using modern methods is recommended. Conclusions. The final decision regarding the diagnosis of viral or bacterial pneumonia in each specific case should be based on the totality of the anamnesis data, clinical signs and symptoms. The implementation of integrated management of preschool children into the practice of a primary care physician will allow determining the probability of the etiology of pneumonia without auxiliary methods of examination and prescribing empirical therapy during the initial examination. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Epidemiology of Acute and Chronic Diseases in the Population of Preschool Children (Results of A Prospective Study)

It is necessary to study and analyze the diseases of children of different age groups on the basis of improvement of medical and social assistance to children, improvement of effectiveness of preventive activities, and on the basis of these, measures aimed at maintaining and protecting children's health should be developed. In the study, diseases of preschool children were analyzed in depth, and their causes were studied. The obtained results showed that the incidence of children under seven years of age in Andijan depends on age, and the incidence rate decreases with age. In the structure of diseases, diseases of respiratory organs are leading at all ages. If the study of children's diseases under 7 years of age in the cities of Andijan region on the basis of appeals revealed the characteristics of children's diseases specific to this region, then the children who were not identified before the organization and conduct of medical examinations, without clinical symptoms, were registered in treatment-preventive institutions. allowed to identify new chronic diseases.

ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА РАСПРОСТРАНЕННОСТИ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЙ СЛИЗИСТОЙ ОБОЛОЧКИ РТА У ДЕТЕЙ ДОШКОЛЬНОГО ВОЗРАСТА В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ ТИПА СЕМЬИ И МОРФОФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОГО РАЗВИТИЯ РЕБЕНКА

Introduction. The article is devoted to the study of the prevalence of oral mucosa diseases in preschool children living in the Republic of Tatarstan, taking into account family type and morphofunctional development. The subject of the study is diseases of the oral mucosa in preschool children.
 The goal is to study the effect of family type on the occurrence of oral mucosal diseases in preschool children depending on their morphofunctional development.
 Methodology. The study was carried out on the basis of the UniDent dental clinics chain, as well as in the «Fairy Tale» preschool commercial institution and municipal preschool institutions of the Republic of Tatarstan. The voluntary study involved 2,556 children of both sexes from 2,429 families. The children examined were divided into groups depending on the type of family. The study identified 5 types of families: full families, single-parent families, extended families, restored families, and replacement families.
 Results and discussion. The most vulnerable were children from the replacement families, the prevalence of which reached 100%, the least prone children from full families – 40.7%. Some of the most common diseases of the oral mucosa were acute herpes stomatitis and traumatic injuries of oral mucosa. Analysis showed that the group of 4.6–6 years recorded the highest prevalence of diseases. No significant difference was found in the study of the effect of sex on the occurrence of oral mucosa diseases.
 Conclusions. The results of the study indicate a high prevalence of oral mucosal diseases, however, the disparate prevalence of these diseases in children depending on the type of family. There were no significant gender differences in the prevalence of oral mucosal disease. The data obtained on the high prevalence of oral diseases among preschool children indicate a steady increase in dental morbidity, as well as the influence of the child's family type.

Limited clinical role of blood eosinophil levels in early life atopic disease: A mother-child cohort study.

Blood eosinophil count is a well-established biomarker of atopic diseases in older children and adults. However, its predictive role for atopic diseases in preschool children is not well established. To investigate the association between blood eosinophil count in children and development of atopic diseases up to age 6 years. We investigated blood eosinophil count at age 18 months and 6 years in relation to recurrent wheeze/asthma, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, and allergic sensitization during the first 6 years of life in the two Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood cohorts (n = 1111). Blood eosinophil count was investigated in association with remission of existing atopic disease, current atopic disease, and later development of atopic disease. Blood eosinophil count at 18 months was not associated with current wheezing/asthma or atopic dermatitis, while blood eosinophil count at age 6 years was associated with increased occurrence of current wheezing/asthma (OR = 1.1; 1.04-1.16, p = .0005), atopic dermatitis (OR = 1.06; 1.01-1.1, p = .02), and allergic rhinitis (OR = 1.11; 1.05-1.18, p = .0002). Blood eosinophil count at 18 months did not predict persistence or development of recurrent wheeze/asthma or atopic dermatitis at age 6 years. Blood eosinophil count at 18 months was not associated with current wheezing/asthma or atopic dermatitis and did not predict persistence or development of disease. This implies a limited clinical role of blood eosinophil levels in early-life atopic disease and questions the clinical value of blood eosinophil counts measured in toddlers as a predictive biomarker for subsequent atopic disease in early childhood.

Natural history of eosinophil‑derived neurotoxin levels and the onset of allergic airway disease in preschool children.

'Atopic march' is the progression of allergic conditions through infancy and childhood. The present study investigated the association between blood eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN) levels in preschool children with food allergy (FA) or atopic dermatitis (AD) and the onset of allergic airway disease [bronchial asthma (BA), allergic rhinitis (AR)]. A total of 123 children below the age of 1 year were enrolled in the present study, along with controls (n=37). Blood specimens were taken, serum EDN levels were measured and immunoglobulin E was quantified. Finally, a total of 86 subjects were analyzed. EDN values were measured at 3 time-points: before 1 year of age, before 2 years of age and before 3 years of age. The EDN levels were initially similar between those patients who did and those who did not develop allergic airway disease but then markedly diverged at the 2-year time-point (226.6 vs. 65.0 ng/ml; P<0.01) and remained divergent at the 3-year time-point (173.9 vs. 62.7 ng/ml; P<0.01). EDN levels prior to diagnosis were compared between the two groups and they were much higher in the Onset group (n=10) compared to the Non-onset group (n=67) (171.2±34.28 vs. 81.3±10.02 ng/ml; P=0.003), with 4 cases of BA and 6 cases of AR in the Onset group. After diagnosis, EDN levels were compared twice: i) At 1 and 2 years of age; and ii) 1 and 3 years of age. A significant difference was found only in the comparison at 2 years (P=0.001). In conclusion, young children with elevated EDN levels during the FA/AD disease period were more likely to develop allergic airway disease (BA, AR) in their first three years of life. A factor leading to this progression may be increased eosinophil activity.

The impact of indoor microbiome on allergic diseases in preschool children

The impact of indoor microbiome on allergic diseases in preschool children

EPS1.01 Using lateral decubitus computed tomography (CT) to monitor structural lung disease in young children with cystic fibrosis

Objectives: Cystic fibrosis (CF) structural lung disease is monitored using chest computed tomography scans (cCTs) during breath-hold commands. In non-compliant children, cCTs are performed either by free breathing or using a pressure-controlled protocol under general anesthesia, both resulting in expiratory scans near FRC and not residual volume (RV). cCTs taken in lateral decubitus position is thought to result in expiratory scans near RV despite free breathing, due to compression of the lung. We aimed to evaluate the feasibility and sensitivity of lateral decubitus CT to detect structural lung disease in preschool children with CF.

Design, DFT and molecular doping studies of metal complexes as a neurotransmitter modulator of autism spectrum disease in preschool children

Coordination of transition metals with pyrazolines has formed complexes of cobalt(II), nickel(II), copper(II) and zinc(II) utilizing new pyrazoline ligand 3-(2-pyrollyl)-5-(4-bromophenyl)-1-carbomathyl-2-pyrazoline (L). The ligand was synthesized by Micheal addition of chalcone (E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one with excess 4-methylthio-semicarbazide. The metal complexes were isolated using the thin layer chromatography technique and synthesized and characterized based on elemental analyses (C, H, N, and S), IR, UV–visible spectra, thermal analyses,1H-and13C-NMRspectra, molar conductivity and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The results indicated a tetrahedral geometry around the zinc(II) complex and octahedral environments around the copper(II), nickel(II) and cobalt(II) complexes. The density function theory of 2-pyrazoline, L, and its metal complexes showed agreement in the gap energies between HOMO–LUMO levels. The bond lengths (Zn–S) and (Zn–Cl) were less than ones of Ni–S, Co–S and Cu–S. The density functional theory calculations were used to investigate geometry optimization, natural bond orbital analysis, and molecular electrostatic potential maps of the synthesized ligand and its complexes. Additionally, time-dependent density function theory calculations were performed to study their electronic structures. The effect of those complexes on the neurotransmitter GABA offers potential insights into new therapeutic mechanisms. This method relies on coordination to a heterocyclic molecule like pyrazoline to release the excess metal ions.

Prevalence of periodontal disease in preschool-age children in Hue city

Background: Determining the status of periodontal disease will help us have an appropriate prevention strategy from an early age. The objective of the study was to investigate the status of periodontal disease in preschool children in Hue city in 2020. Subjects and methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study of 464 children in some kindergartens of Hue city. Clinical examination of gingivitis and dental plaque for all study subjects. Results: The rate of gingivitis is 54.3%, plaque is 55.2%. The percentage of children with gingivitis and dental plaque in the center of Hue city was significantly higher than in the suburbs of Hue city, this difference was statistically significant (p &lt; 0.01, p &lt; 0.001). The rate of gingivitis increased with age (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: The prevalence of periodontal disease in preschool children in Hue city is still quite high. Therefore, it is necessary to have comprehensive disease prevention programs in order to improve oral health and take care of reasonable nutrition for preschool children. Key words: Gingivitis, dental plaque, preschool-age children.

Atopic march Eosinophil-Derived Neurotoxin levels and the onset of allergic airway disease in preschool children

“Atopic march” is the progression of allergic conditions through infancy and childhood. We investigated the association between blood eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN) levels in preschool children with food allergy (FA) or atopic dermatitis (AD) and the onset of allergic airway disease [bronchial asthma (BA), allergic rhinitis (AR)].

THE INFLUENCE OF NASAL BREATHING DISORDERS ON THE ORAL FLUID PARAMETERS IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN

Dental caries is the most common dental disease in preschool children. Negative changes in the quantitative and qualitative parameters of oral fluid create optimal conditions for the development of cariogenic situation. One of the most important factors of oral cavity homeostasis changes in children of 3-6 years old is a persistent disorder in nasal breathing.&#x0D; The aim of the research is to determine the rate of saliva secretion and mixed saliva viscosity for their possible implementation as the biomarkers of risk of tooth caries appearence and justification of therapeutic and preventive measures prescription for elimination of the cariogenic situation in preschool children with persistent nasal breathing disorders. The rate of salivation and the viscosity of oral fluid were determined according to the method of Redynova T. L., Pozdeev A. R. (1994).&#x0D; The analysis of the obtained data on the rate of salivation of the examined children of the main and control groups revealed that the average value is within the normal range or at the lower margin of the parameter. A 1.5-fold decrease in the rate of salivation was found in children with persistent nasal breathing disorders compared to practically healthy children (р≤0.05). A more pronounced parameter decrease is observed in case of deciduous teeth presense. The average value of the viscosity of oral fluid is 2 times higher in children with persistent nasal breathing disorders than in the control group (р≤0.05). Higher viscosity of mixed saliva was found in children with caries than in children without it, but in the main group the numerical values were significantly higher (р≤0.05).&#x0D; The obtained data confirms the possibility of implementation of the determination of saliva secretion and viscosity rate as biomarkers of the tooth caries development in preschool children and provide an opportunity to control the application of therapeutic and preventive measures, considering the presence of nasal breathing disorders.

Prevalence of bronchial asthma and allergic diseases among children

Bronchial asthma (BA) and allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis (AR) and atopic dermatitis (AtD) are the most common chronic diseases, the prevalence of which is growing among the child population with the urbanization and industrialization of society. These diseases place a heavy burden on patients, their families and society as a whole, which is associated with a chronic course, frequent exacerbations and the need for long-term therapy of these diseases. Traditionally, data on the prevalence of BA and allergic diseases among children are based on the results of the program «International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood», focused on school-age children 6–7 and 13–14 years. Standardized international epidemiological studies of the prevalence of BA and allergic diseases in preschool children have not been conducted and to date, few foreign data have been published demonstrating a high prevalence among children of this age. Studies on the epidemiology of asthma and allergic diseases among preschoolers in Russia are few.&#x0D; &#x0D; The purpose of this article is to systematize the currently available information on the prevalence of BA and allergic diseases among children.&#x0D; &#x0D; Data sources: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using the PubMed database.

Candida albicans and Early Childhood Caries

Early childhood caries (ECC) is a highly prevalent and costly chronic oral infectious disease in preschool children. Candida albicans has been frequently detected in children and has demonstrated cariogenic traits. However, since ECC is a multifactorial infectious disease with many predisposing non-microbial factors, it remains to be elucidated whether the presence and accumulation of C. albicans in ECC is merely a consequence of the adaptation of C. albicans to a cariogenic oral environment, or it plays an active role in the initiation and progression of dental caries. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on C. albicans and the risk of ECC, with a focus on its synergistic relationship with the cariogenic pathogen Streptococcus mutans. We also highlight recent advances in the development of approaches to disrupt C. albicans-S. mutans cross-kingdom biofilms in ECC prevention and treatment. Longitudinal clinical studies, including interventional clinical trials targeting C. albicans, are necessary to ascertain if C. albicans indeed contributes in a significant manner to the initiation and progression of ECC. In addition, further work is needed to understand the influence of other bacteria and fungi of oral microbiota on C. albicans-S. mutans interactions in ECC.

Comparison of the Lung Clearance Index in Preschool Children With Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia and Cystic Fibrosis

Previous studies showed that the lung clearance index (LCI) determined by multiple-breath washout (MBW) is sensitive to detecting early lung disease in preschool children with cystic fibrosis (CF). In preschool children with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), data on the onset and severity of lung disease and on the sensitivity of the LCI as a noninvasive quantitative outcome measure remain limited. Is MBW feasible and sensitive to detect ventilation inhomogeneity in preschool children with PCD? This was a prospective, cross-sectional, multicenter study and included preschoolers with PCD, preschoolers with CF, and healthy control (HC) participants. LCI was determined using nitrogen MBW and was compared among the three groups. LCI was determined in 27 children with PCD, 34 children with CF, and 30 HC participants (mean age, 4.8 years; range, 2.2-6.9 years). The LCI in preschool children with PCD was increased (median, 9.1; 95%CI, 8.6-10.3) compared with HC participants (median, 7.0; 95%CI, 6.7-7.1; P< .0001), but did not differ from preschool children with CF (median, 8.6; 95%CI, 8.4-9.7; P= .71). The feasibility in the PCD group was 93.1%and was similar to that in the CF group (91.9%) and in HC participants (85.7%; P= .55). This study demonstrated early onset of lung disease in preschool children with PCD and indicated that lung disease severity in PCD may be similar to that in CF during preschool years. These data support a need for early diagnostic monitoring and therapy and suggest the LCI as a noninvasive diagnostic tool and as a potential end point in clinical trials testing early interventions in children with PCD.

Therapeutic education and oral health, an opportunity for the child

Early childhood caries is an infectious disease of bacterial origin. It is mainly associated with social inequalities in oral health and affects children from the least privileged backgrounds. Because of its recurrent nature, it is the most common chronic disease in preschool children. Since it shares common risk factors with a number of other chronic conditions (diabetes, obesity), promoting global oral health is essential to achieving a favorable general health status.

Structural lung disease in preschool children with cystic fibrosis: An 18 month natural history study

BackgroundThis study was performed to describe the natural history of CF lung disease in young children over an 18 month period to assess the use of CT scanning as an outcome measure for intervention trials. MethodsChest CT scans were obtained at baseline and after 18 months in 42 two- to six-year-old children with CF. CT scans were scored by 2 experienced radiologists for the presence and severity of bronchiectasis, mucous plugging, and air trapping. ResultsMean age at baseline 3.5 (1.3) (mean, sd) years. One or more findings of CF lung disease was seen on the first CT in 27 (64%) and at 18 months in 30 (75%). From baseline to 18 months bronchiectasis, mucous plugging, and air trapping increased from 50% to 53%, 14% to 28%, and 48% to 58% respectively. There was marked variability in the rate of progression, with subjects commonly showing improvement in lung disease. Bronchiectasis worsened in 14 (33%) and improved in 13 (31%). Single subjects with F508del/class III and F508del/class V demonstrated greater worsening and improvement respectively than F508del homozygous and class I genotypes. ConclusionsThe natural history of CF lung disease over 18 months varies widely between subjects. Factors including genotype may affect natural history as well as the effectiveness of mediators and could be an important confounder if not recognized. These findings suggest that the use of CT scanning as an outcome surrogate for CF lung disease in young children may be more challenging than has been previously recognized.