Diseases Of Oral Cavity Research Articles

Impact of pre-treatment anemia on survival in locally advanced head neck squamous cell carcinomas treated with radiation with or without concurrent chemotherapy.

e18079 Background: Locally advanced head neck squamous cell carcinomas (LAHNSCCs) are treated either with surgery followed by radiation (RT) alone, surgery followed by concurrent chemoradiation (CTRT) or definitive CTRT. Patients receiving RT need to have an optimal hemoglobin (Hb) level, however there is limited data on what is an optimal pre-treatment Hb level required during RT/CTRT in these patients. Hence we performed this analysis. Methods: This data is a pooled analysis of 3 major randomized studies (RCT) performed in the field of chemoradiation over the last decade. These include, a RCT comparing weekly versus (vs) 3 weekly cisplatin in LAHNSCC‘s, weekly cisplatin vs weekly cisplatin plus nimotuzumab in the definitive setting in LAHNSCC‘s and in cisplatin ineligible patients, a comparison of radiation vs docetaxel plus radiation. The baseline demographics, Hb levels, and outcomes were collected and used for analysis. To ensure unanimity, anemia was defined as < 12g/dL in both males and females. Univariate (UVA) and multivariate analysis (MVA) evaluated the factors affecting anemia. The impact of anemia on locoregional control (LRC), disease free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) was studied. Kaplan meier analysis was used for estimation of time to event parameters and log rank test was used for comparison. Cox proportional hazards model was used to test the importance of anemia in presence of other important parameters like age, gender, T and N stage, concurrent chemotherapy including its pattern (weekly vs 3 weekly) and site of disease. Results: We studied 1192 patients. Anemia of any grade was seen in 417 patients (35.0%), with the median Hb levels of the entire cohort being 12.8g/dL (IQR 11.6-13.9). Grade 3 or higher anemia (Hb < / = 8g/dL) was seen in only 2 patients (0.2%). Female gender, oral cavity disease, patients with stage IV disease and those receiving adjuvant CTRT significantly impacted anaemia on UVA (p = 0.000 for all). MVA confirmed advancing age (p = 0.001), female gender (p = 0.000), patients with stage III and IV disease (p = 0.009) and those treated with adjuvant CTRT (p = 0.011) to significantly impact anemia. The LRC in patients with or without anaemia was 12.9 months (95%CI 7.8-18.0) and 23.5 months (95%CI 17.8-29.2) respectively (p = 0.000). Similarly the DFS and OS in anemic and non anemic patients were 9.6months (95%CI 6.0-13.2) vs 18.5months (95%CI 12.4-24.7, p = 0.022) and 21.5months (95%CI 16.3-26.8) vs 39.9months (95%CI 31.0-48.9, p = 0.000) respectively. Conclusions: Pre-treatment anemia in LAHNSCC‘s leads to a decrement in treatment outcomes (LRC, DFS and OS) and is an independent prognostic factor.

Streptococcus mutans sigX-inducing peptide inhibits the virulence of Candida albicans and oral candidiasis through the Ras1-cAMP-Efg1 pathway

Oral candidiasis is the most common fungal infectious disease in the human oral cavity, and Candida albicans is the major pathogenic agent. Increasing drug resistance and the lack of new types of antifungals greatly increase the challenges for treating fungal infections. Targeting hyphal transition provides a promising strategy to inhibit the virulence of C. albicans and overcome drug resistance. This study aimed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of sigX-inducing peptide (XIP), a quorum-sensing signal peptide secreted by Streptococcus mutans, on C. albicans hyphal development and biofilm formation in vitro and oropharyngeal candidiasis in vivo. XIP significantly inhibited C. albicans yeast-to-hypha transition and biofilm formation in a dose-dependent manner from 0.01 to 0.1 µM. XIP significantly downregulated expression of genes from the Ras1-cAMP-Efg1 pathway (RAS1, CYR1, TPK2, EFG1 and UME6), a key pathway to regulate C. albicans hyphal development. Importantly, XIP reduced the levels of key molecules cAMP and ATP from this pathway, while the addition of exogenous cAMP and overexpression of RAS1 restored the hyphal development inhibited by XIP. XIP also lost its hyphal inhibitory effects on ras1Δ/Δ and efg1Δ/Δ strains. These results further confirmed that XIP inhibited hyphal development through downregulation of the Ras1-cAMP-Efg1 pathway. A murine oropharyngeal candidiasis model was employed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of XIP on oral candidiasis. XIP effectively reduced the infected epithelial area, fungal burden, hyphal invasion and inflammatory infiltrates. These results revealed the antifungal effects of XIP, and highlighted that XIP can be a potential antifungal peptide against C. albicans infection.

Dental and oral manifestations of coeliac disease - a literature review

Introduction
 Coeliac disease is a genetic autoimmune disease of the digestive system. It is caused by permanent intolerance to gluten (a protein contained in wheat, rye, barley), which results in the atrophy of the intestinal villi in the small intestine and deficiency of nutrients in the body. It can also manifest itself with various pathologies within the teeth and oral mucosa. 
 Aim of the study 
 The purpose of the study is to present the symptoms of coeliac disease in oral cavity. 
 Materials and methods
 PubMed and Google Scholar medical databases were analyzed, operating with the following keywords: coeliac disease, oral cavity, manifestations, lesions, symptoms, oral health in as many configurations as needed. Twenty-eight related articles published during the last five years (2018-2023) were selected. 
 Results
 In addition to the classic intestinal symptomatology, coeliac disease can also manifest itself in the oral cavity in the form of delayed tooth eruption, enamel defects, MIH, recurrent aphthous stomatitis or xerostomia. The etiology of the changes is still not clear, but studies show that they most likely arise as a result of impaired absorption of vitamins and minerals in the small intestine. 
 Conclusion
 The variety of symptoms of celiac disease makes it a significant diagnostic challenge. It is important to raise awareness among dentists about the symptoms of the disease because a quick diagnosis can prevent many complications.
 

Resting saliva volume as a risk factor for hypogeusia: A retrospective study

ObjectivesThe causes of hypogeusia include zinc deficiency, systemic illness, and consumption of drugs. Notably, patients with oral cavity diseases such as oral candidiasis and salivary gland hypofunction may present with risk factors that remain unreported. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between age, sex, smoking status, serum zinc concentration, oral candidiasis, saliva volume, and taste function in patients with hypogeusia. Subjects and MethodsOverall, 335 participants who complained of taste abnormalities underwent a taste test. Based on the recognition threshold value, the participants were classified as normal individuals (recognition threshold of 1 and 2) and patients with hypogeusia (recognition threshold of ≥3). The clinical characteristics, including resting saliva volume (RSV) and stimulated saliva volume (SSV), were compared, and a multivariate logistic regression analysis focusing on RSV was performed. ResultsPatients with hypogeusia had a lower RSV than normal individuals for all tastes, but not for SSV. Based on the results of regression analysis, RSV was identified as an independent predictor of hypogeusia for salty and bitter tastes. Moreover, the proportion of patients with decreased RSV increased as the number of taste qualities exceeding the reference recognition threshold increased. Furthermore, a decrease in RSV was associated with an increase in the recognition threshold for salty and bitter tastes. ConclusionsBased on the results of the present study, moisturizing the oral cavity may be useful against hypogeusia.

A Current Review of Machine Learning and Deep Learning Models in Oral Cancer Diagnosis: Recent Technologies, Open Challenges, and Future Research Directions.

Cancer is a problematic global health issue with an extremely high fatality rate throughout the world. The application of various machine learning techniques that have appeared in the field of cancer diagnosis in recent years has provided meaningful insights into efficient and precise treatment decision-making. Due to rapid advancements in sequencing technologies, the detection of cancer based on gene expression data has improved over the years. Different types of cancer affect different parts of the body in different ways. Cancer that affects the mouth, lip, and upper throat is known as oral cancer, which is the sixth most prevalent form of cancer worldwide. India, Bangladesh, China, the United States, and Pakistan are the top five countries with the highest rates of oral cavity disease and lip cancer. The major causes of oral cancer are excessive use of tobacco and cigarette smoking. Many people's lives can be saved if oral cancer (OC) can be detected early. Early identification and diagnosis could assist doctors in providing better patient care and effective treatment. OC screening may advance with the implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques. AI can provide assistance to the oncology sector by accurately analyzing a large dataset from several imaging modalities. This review deals with the implementation of AI during the early stages of cancer for the proper detection and treatment of OC. Furthermore, performance evaluations of several DL and ML models have been carried out to show that the DL model can overcome the difficult challenges associated with early cancerous lesions in the mouth. For this review, we have followed the rules recommended for the extension of scoping reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA-ScR). Examining the reference lists for the chosen articles helped us gather more details on the subject. Additionally, we discussed AI's drawbacks and its potential use in research on oral cancer. There are methods for reducing risk factors, such as reducing the use of tobacco and alcohol, as well as immunization against HPV infection to avoid oral cancer, or to lessen the burden of the disease. Additionally, officious methods for preventing oral diseases include training programs for doctors and patients as well as facilitating early diagnosis via screening high-risk populations for the disease.

Sandwich-structured electrospun pH-responsive dental pastes for anti-caries

Dental caries is the most common chronic infectious disease in the human oral cavity and current anti-caries drugs may cause drug resistance and microecological imbalance. In this study, a sandwich-structured electrospun pH-responsive dental paste was engineered via the layer-by-layer electrospinning technique. The top and bottom layers of the dental paste were pH-sensitive layers prepared with Methylmethacrylate polymers IV (E100), and the middle layer was the polylactic acid (PLA) membrane loading with sodium fluorides (NaF). Herein, the surface morphology, chemical as well as physical properties, drug release behaviors, biocompatibility and antibacterial properties of the dental paste were investigated. It was found that the sandwich liked structure enhanced the mechanical properties of the dental paste. The drug release curves of NaF-loaded dental pastes showed that NaF released rapidly and massively in the simulated oral fluid with a risk of dental caries. While in the simulated healthy oral fluid, NaF released slowly and in small amounts. And the dental paste maintained excellent hydrophobic, biocompatibility and antibacterial properties against Streptococcus mutans. Therefore, this sandwich-structured dental paste could respond to pH environment and achieve anti-caries smartly, indicating clinical potential in caries prevention.

Diabetes in the context of dental treatment in an interdisciplinary approach

Instroduction: Diabetes, including its numerous complications, is one of fundamental challenges of modern medicine. Over the years, many types of this disease have been appointed, differing in both etiological background and method of treatment. Dentists, when providing dental care to a patient burdened with diabetes, should pay special attention to the first symptoms reported by the patient as well as manifested in the oral cavity and surrounding tissues, e.g. in the form of xerostomia, hypertrophy of the salivary glands, changes on mucous membranes, impeded healing, or difficulties in combating local inflammation and infections, as well as in the form of physiological microflora disorders. Aim of the study: The aim of the study is to emphasize the need for controlling diabetes for the sake of general and oral health. Materials and methods: Our work is mainly based on the articles published in PubMed, websites or medical books. We were looking for keywords such as ‘diabetes’, ‘dental treatment’, ‘symptoms of diabetes’ or ‘oral cavity diseases’. Results: Diabetes is often manifested by changes in the oral cavity, as evidenced by numerous scientific studies presented in the bibliography. Controlling the disease helps to eliminate lowering quality-of-life general symptoms and oral lesions. Conclusions: Faced with the challenges of modern medicine, the dentist is obliged to inform the patient about the diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities of both diabetes itself and its symptoms occurring in the oral cavity and then take all steps to ensure that the patient's condition is stabilised.

Photodynamic therapy treatment of oral cavity cancer in patients with comorbidities

We report the experience of radical treatment by photodynamic therapy of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity with serious side diseases. Completed treatment of two patients with serious side diseases (HIV infection with associated pulmonary hypertension of high degree and cardiac pathology) suffered from cancer of oral cavity. Extensive surgical treatment and/or aggressive course of chemoradiation therapy were not indicated to them due to concomitant pathology. Both patients were diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity, with appropriate stage Ist. сT1N0M0. Patients received treatment by photodynamic therapy with chorine photosensitizer in dose 1 mg/kg. Options of photodynamic were: output power – 1.5W, power density – 0.31 W/cm2, light dose – 300 J/cm2. After one time session of photodynamic therapy, in both cases full response was diagnosed (according to RECIST 1.1). In one case the second session of photodynamic therapy was performed due to concomitant disease of oral cavity – multiply lesions of leukoplakia and after was diagnosed full remission of all lesions. Major adverse event was pain during the first 5-7 days after treatment, curable by painkillers. Follow-up (IQR) was 12 and 18 month respectively with no evidence of progression. It is available to avoid extensive surgical treatment and aggressive course of chemoradiation therapy (as an alternative) with the use of photodynamic therapy. Photodynamic therapy is minimally invasive method of radical treatment of localized squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity with minimal adverse events, and could be especially relevant in patients with serious concomitant diseases.

A Case Report of Pulpitis Leading to Septic Shock, along with a Series of Cases

Among the diseases of oral cavity, dental caries is the most common microbial diseases affecting the individual’s teeth globally along with the periodontal disease. There could be various reasons for the delay of the treatment for dental caries which includes socioeconomic status, lack of awareness about dental diseases and dental treatments. Life style habits also play a prominent role. Delay of dental caries treatment would lead to pulpitis. Here we present a case report of a 62-year-old male patient with chronic irreversible pulpitis in relation to 36. Patient had a history of smoking and chewing paan. After a month patient died due to septic shock. We also present a few case reports of pulpitis progressing to space infections. It has been documented in the literature that, individuals with systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular disease etc are having highest morbidity and mortality due to dental sepsis. Along with case reports in this article, we are going to make a sincere effort to provide complications of pulpitis. Thus, it would help in educating general public, budding dentists and clinicians in spreading the awareness about pulpitis and its sequeale.

Evaluation of Effects of Scaling with and without Polishing on Oral Hygiene Clinical Parameters – A Concurrent Parallel Randomized Trial

Introduction: Good oral health is a crucial indicator of overall well-being. Oral hygiene maintenance and care is the practice of keeping the oral cavity clean and disease free. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of scaling and polishing on oral hygiene clinical parameters at different intervals. Materials and Methods: A concurrent parallel randomized trial was carried out among 60 college students in the Namakkal district. Subjects were randomly assigned into two groups, the scaling followed by the polishing group and the scaling without polishing group. This was a three-point assessment (baseline, 2nd week, and 3rd week) for plaque, gingival, and marginal line calculus index scores. Data were analyzed using parametric tests: independent t-test and repeated measures ANOVA. Results: A statistically significant difference was found for all three clinical parameters at the final 3rd-week follow-up between the two groups. Between the intervals, both the groups had a significant difference (P < 0.05) for plaque, gingival, and calculus index. Conclusion: Scaling followed by polishing had better results when compared to scaling without polishing. Microlocal irregularities, caused by scaling procedures, might be the cause for further accumulation of debris which can be reduced by polishing procedures.

정선 매둔동굴 출토 청동기시대 사람뼈 연구

At Jeongseon Maedun Cave Site, the Bronze Age human skeletons are almost completely restored and preserved in good condition. It is of great importance, as the Site shows the burial cave customs of a type of tomb that is little investigated in Korean peninsula.
 The burial cave comes under a mass tomb in which several individuals are buried, including at least three persons, adults and children. It may be a joint tomb (family tomb) judging from the aspect of excavation and the sex and age of the buried. In particular, human bones in Tomb No. 1 with the most remaining area were buried by burying aside above an ash layer that was intentionally built. The stone chamber is assumed to be a stone coffin, and burial goods include arrowhead and red burnished pottery.
 Based on the result of an analysis of sex and age, No. 1 is of a woman in her mid-30s to 50s; No. 2, of a late-middle-aged to elderly man; and No. 3, of a young child aged 3-6. Measurement of bones in No. 1 reveals that the height is about 151-156㎝ and the cranium type is classified to be high and long. High cranium type is unique characteristic of the inhabitants of the Korean peninsula like other ancient human skeletons; However, the narrow and long cranium type(hyperdolichocrany, the cranial index 66.9) can be differentiated from that. This morphometric characteristic is considered as an unique and inherent feature that the residents around Maedun Cave shared. It has high correlation in the cranium type and archaeological aspects with the Bronze Age human skeletons excavated in Hwangseok-ri, Jecheon. As for pathological features, porotic hyperostosis and cribra orbitalia were found in the cranium; oral cavity and periodontal diseases, in the upper jaw and teeth; and osteoarthritis in the spine and ribs. Lifestyles including diseases, health, and nutritional status could be inferred from such features. Furthermore, the stable isotope analysis, which is of a chemical analytic method of diet, reveals that the proportion of total animal protein consumed in the diet was low, whereas the intake of farm crops(C4 plant), such as millet, foxtail millet and broomcorn was high. This dietary characteristic corresponds with the results of Hwangseok-ri, Jecheon and Joongdo, Chuncheon, enabling the restoration of dietary life of central region residents of the Korean peninsula in the Bronze Age.

EVALUATION AND COMPARISON OF TOTAL ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY OF SALIVA IN PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS PATIENT

Background: Saliva despite being rich in ions, proteins, and antibodies also contains antioxidants: ascorbic acid, uric acid, albumin, and enzymes, which play an important role against oxidative stresses (OS) that causes oral cavity diseases like periodontitis. The aim of study is to analyze and compare the total antioxidant capacity of saliva between chronic periodontitis patients (at baseline and after therapy) and healthy non-chronic periodontitis patients (control group) in addition to comparing periodontal measurements such as gingival index, pocket depth and clinical attachment loss among chronic periodontitis patients at baseline and after one month from treatment.

Evaluation of Vitamin D Levels in Pediatric Patients With Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis.

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis is one of the most common oral mucosal diseases. It is characterized by recurrent painful attacks. Its etiology is unknown. Vitamin D (vit D) is a steroid vitamin with immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. It is thought that oral cavity diseases may occur in vitamin D deficiency. This study aimed to investigate vit D levels in pediatric patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis. In this retrospective study, 86 children with recurrent aphthous stomatitis and 71 age-matched healthy children were included in the study. The 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels examined with the enzyme immune assay were recorded for both groups. Serum vit D level was 12±4.5 ng/ml in the group with aphthous stomatitis and 31±7 ng/ml in the healthy group. A statistically significant difference was found in vit D levels between the two groups (p<0.001). Vit D levels were significantly low in children with recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Our findings suggestthat low vit D levels may be associated with recurrent aphthous stomatitis.

Recent progress and perspectives on the relationship between hyperuricemia and periodontitis.

Periodontitis is one of the most prevalent diseases in oral cavity, which could not merely lead to the destruction of supporting or surrounding tooth structures but also affect the whole-body health such as the digestive and nervous systems. Epidemiological investigations suggested that in some developed countries, more than 45% or even 50% population were suffering from periodontitis. However, the prevalence increases with age remarkably and it is investigated that a high prevalence (>50%) is affecting the elderly who is over 65 years old. There is an increasing interest in the direct and indirect relationships between periodontitis and hyperuricemia. Currently, hyperuricemia has become the second major metabolic disease in modern society and the prevalence of hyperuricemia among adult males and females was 21.7% and 14.4% respectively. As an inflammatory disease associated with various systemic diseases, periodontitis may have certain connections with hyperuricemia. Partial existing research announced that hyperuricemia could act as an inhibitory factor for periodontitis, while other scholars presented that a high uric acid (UA) level was more likely to aggravate inflammatory immune response and lead to more serious tissue destruction. This article provides a detailed and comprehensive overview of the relationship underlying hyperuricemia and periodontitis in the molecular mechanisms. Given the impact of hyperuricemia, this review could provide insight into its comorbidities.

Relationship between nutrology and oral health: a systematic review of major clinical findings

Introduction: Food and nutrition are fundamental in maintaining the general and oral health of populations. Health status can be affected by nutrient deficiency and vice versa. Dietary guidelines were developed to provide evidence-based food and beverage recommendations to populations to promote a diet that meets nutritional needs and prevents diet-related illness. Objective: Aimed to carry out a concise systematic review to elucidate through clinical studies the real relationship between nutrition and oral health. Methods: The rules of the Systematic Review-PRISMA Platform. The research was carried out from August to October 2022 and developed based on Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, and Google Scholar, using scientific articles from 2005 to 2022. The quality of the studies was based on the GRADE instrument and the risk of bias was analyzed according to the Cochrane instrument. Results and Conclusion: A total of 125 articles were found. In total, 75 articles were fully evaluated and 35 were included and evaluated in this systematic review. It was concluded that food and nutrition are fundamental in maintaining the general and oral health of populations. Health status can be affected by nutrient deficiency and vice versa. Nutrology can promote a diet that meets nutritional needs and prevent diet-related diseases such as tooth decay. It was evidenced that malnutrition can significantly affect oral health and vice versa. A diet lacking in nutrients can lead to the progression of oral cavity disease by altering tissue homeostasis, reducing resistance to microbial biofilm, and decreasing tissue healing. It can also affect the development of the oral cavity.

Comparing the Effectiveness of Ultrasonic Instruments Over Manual Instruments for Scaling and Root Planing in Patients With Chronic Periodontitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Periodontal disease is a chronic, complex, and infectious condition that affects the periodontium. Its progressive form can be identified by the loss and destruction of the periodontal ligament and the alveolar bone, respectively. Periodontal disease, one of the most prevalent oral cavity diseases, is responsible for tooth loss. Scaling and root planing (SCRP) is a standard, non-invasive periodontal therapy for treating patients with periodontitis.However, there have also been connections to disputed results. According to reports, SCRP alone is ineffective in removing pathogenic microorganisms and their by-products from periodontal pockets. In light of this, our current study aims to determine if using manual or ultrasonic instruments for SCRP in patients with a clinical diagnosis of chronic periodontitis is preferable. This systematic evaluation compares the effectiveness of manual and ultrasonic devices for SCRP, a line of therapy for individuals with a clinical diagnosis of chronic periodontitis. The databases searched were Prospero, PubMed, MEDLINE, CENTRAL, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Cochrane Library, which exclusively included English-language papers. The articles were also manually searched for any information missed during the search process.

MEDICAL AND SOCIAL SUPPORT OF DENTAL CARE IN THE CONTEXT OF TODAY'S CHALLENGES

Resume. The article deals with current issues in the organization of providing dental care to the population in today's conditions. Regulatory documents were studied and modern and global approaches to the prevention of common dental diseases in the population were analyzed. The influence of the organization of preventive work in the dental industry on the prevention of common dental diseases in the population has been clarified.&#x0D; Introduction. Dental health is an integral part of the overall health of each individual and society in general. The medical and social significance of the problem of oral cavity diseases is determined not only by its significant spread but also by the high rate of complications [5, 8].&#x0D; The process of treatment of patients with diseases of the oral cavity should be complex and should be part of a multidisciplinary approach and should be carried out with the aim of prevention, complications, or weakening of the functional overload of the periodontium and the tooth as a whole. According to scientists in Ukraine, the rate of dental morbidity among adults and children reaches 93%, which means that this is the proportion of the country's population that needs dental care.&#x0D; It is worth noting that the priority in the activities of executive authorities at all levels is the provision of high-quality and affordable medical care with the orientation of the health care system on the prevention of diseases, a safe and health-friendly environment for human life (working, living, training, relaxing, nutrition), healthy lifestyle of the population and improvement of the demographic situation. The legal regulation of the mentioned activity is ensured by the Law of Ukraine "Basics of the Legislation of Ukraine on Health Protection" dated November 19, 1992 No. 2802-ХІІ (as amended from November 6, 2017), where several articles indicate measures for the prevention of diseases. In the aforementioned Law of Ukraine, the organizational aspects of prevention of all classes of diseases are singled out, in particular, Article 4 "Basic principles of health care" emphasizes one of the principles of the approach to health care, which is preventive [14].&#x0D; The purpose of the article. To analyze domestic and global approaches to the prevention of common dental diseases of the population. To conduct an analysis of modern trends in medical care and medical and social support of dental care to the population in the context of modern challenges.&#x0D; Research materials and methods. Analysis and generalization of data based on domestic and foreign sources. Used methods of systemic and structural-logical analyses. The materials were documents and information sources, normative legal acts of Ukraine regarding medical and dental care for the population.

Identification of Scardovia Wiggsiae in Children Between Severe Early Childhood Caries and Caries-Free Children – A Polymerised Chain Reaction -Based Study

Dental caries is the most common microbial disease of oral cavity, affecting 60 – 90% of children worldwide. Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is a major health problem in developing countries. These lesions are destructive and can affect the development of permanent successors. Although Streptococcus mutans is the primary cause of ECC, some studies support the view that caries can develop in the absence of mutans streptococci. Scardovia wiggsiae, a gram-positive anaerobe was recently found to be associated with Early Childhood Caries in the presence and absence of Streptococcus mutans. The aims were to investigate the cariogenic potential of S. wiggsiae, in ECC. The study was intended to compare the presence of S. wiggsiae, in the saliva samples of caries-free children and children with severe ECC, thereby determine this new acidogenic species noxiousness as a pathogen in Early Childhood Caries.Saliva samples were collected from 40 children, age ranging between three to six years. The sample thus collected at room temperature was then subjected to DNA extraction and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) analysis to evaluate the presence of S. wiggsiae. Numerical parameters were tested for significance using Fisher’s Exact Test and the statistical analysis using Epi Info software.The tested samples revealed almost equal proportion of Scardovia wiggsiae in caries-free group and severe ECC group. S. wiggsiae was isolated and detected in both the study and the control groups. Statistical significance was not pronounced claiming the falsehood of the association between Early childhood caries and Scardovia wiggsiae.

RAKTAMOKSHANA (BLOODLETTING), A MULTI-DIMENSIONAL PREVENTIVE AND CURATIVE APPROACH IN ORAL DISORDERS: A REVIEW

Mukha is considered one of the essential parts of urdhwajatru because it reflects the body's health by acting as the gateway of the alimentary canal. Fast food culture, unhealthy habits like smoking and improper oral hygiene have caused irreversible damage to human health, resulting in different oral cavity diseases. In Ayurveda, mukharoga has been elaborately explained with its symptoms and treatment, which can be well co-related to present oral cavity diseases mentioned in contemporary science. In our classics, various treatment modalities have been explained for different oral cavity diseases, from lips to throat. Raktamokshana is the primary line of treatment mentioned for mukharogas, followed by pratisarana, kavala, gandusha, shastra karma and oral medications. Acharya Vagbhata highlights the importance of Raktamokshana in mukha, danta, dantamoola and gala roga. Since all these diseases are kapha-rakta in origin, they require frequent bloodletting. Specifically, in mukharoga, bloodletting as a method is indicated in puti aasya, paaka of oshtha. In these diseases, bloodletting should be done by shringa, jalouka, and alabu or by cutting the sira. There are many kinds of research undertaken to study the action of bloodletting using leeches and have found plenty of beneficial actions like analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activity. Overall, Raktamokshana is a very effective line of treatment in most of the mukharogas, curing the disease and preventing further recurrence.

Propolis as Natural Product in the Oral Cavity Bacterial Infections Treatment: A Systematic Review

The up-to-date records show that approximately 10% of people worldwide suffer from periodontal diseases and about 50% of adults have some sort of moderate oral cavity disease. Therefore, oral cavity diseases represent the group of the most common chronic inflammatory diseases in the world. Thus, novel, natural, safe, and effective methods of treatment need to be found. In this study, a systematic search was performed in PubMed and Google Scholar up to March 2022 to select research evaluating the activity of propolis against bacteria responsible for oral cavity diseases. Peer-reviewed journals in English containing information about the in vitro and in vivo studies were included in our research. We excluded the records without access, written in another language than English, thesis or book chapters, and review papers, and we rejected the texts when the authors did not write about the antibacterial activity. Collected results of the inhibition zone as well as average MIC and MBC values indicated that propolis exhibits antimicrobial activity against the strains of bacteria which cause, e.g., periodontitis, gingivitis, caries, subgingival plaque, supragingival plaque, recurrent aphthous ulcers (RAS), and pharyngitis. However, before propolis can be commonly used, more research is needed to fully understand its composition and antibacterial mechanism of action.