Diseases In Human Body Research Articles

Antioxidants, its role in preventing free radicals and infectious diseases in human body

Abstract Recent research on herbal field reports various ailments associated with free radicals. The risk of ailments because of oxidative stress increases due to undesirable way of life, exposure of natural and synthetic chemicals, cigarette smoking, medications, stress and so on. Cancer prevention agents are the substances which can search free radicals and help diminish the frequency of oxidative pressure induced harm. The main sources of antioxidants are vitamins, fruits, minerals, plants and vegetables. The functions of antioxidants are to neutralize the effect of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and prevent various diseases such as cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The presence of antioxidants can be evaluated by various methods but the cheapest and easiest available methods are 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), total antioxidants capacity (TAC), total phenolic contents (TPC), reducing power (RP) and ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) methods. This review generally discusses the information related to the antioxidants and their role in changing the free radicals into neutral or less reactive species. It also discusses the role of antioxidant enrich sources in decreasing the risk of different human diseases. Keywords: Antioxidants; Free radicals; Oxidation; Prevention; Species http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2018.700197

Neurosciences in Buddhist India

AbstractNeurosciences in Buddhist era was mainly based on power of mind and thoughts. It emphasized mainly about the power of mind, control of thoughts, purification, and modifications of erroneous thought process, which should result in truthful and correct practices and subsequent actions by human beings to remain happy. Buddhism believes that most diseases of human body are secondary to mind and that these can be healed by controlling the erroneous thoughts and practices of Dhamma. Though the treatment for neurologic disorders such as headache, stress, and anxiety was primitive, it was mainly based on purification of mind and righteous pathway of Dhamma followed by medicines, modification in dietary and other living habits, etc. Enough evidence (including operated case-based commentary) shows that cranial surgery was also performed following appropriate diagnosis. The concept of diagnosis, preoperative evaluation, explanation to the patient, operative procedure, perioperative care, and follow-up was also present in that era.

Investigation of Cavity Length and Mode Spacing Effects in Dual-Mode Sensor

Utilizing the principles of intracavity absorption spectroscopy, a biomedical sensor has been developed. The unique feature is the deployment of dual-mode competition which renders characteristics of feasibility, cost, and investigation in various domains. Insight of the high sensitivity of this sensor, relative intensity noise (RIN) is being explored as one of the detection parameters. Cavity length and mode spacing effects of the sensor on average RIN have been investigated to optimize these parameters for improvement in RIN response of the sensor. It has been found that operating the sensor for increased mode spacing improves its RIN response by 24%. In this mode of operation, change in cavity length has almost negligible effect on RIN response of the sensor. This fact in the proposed sensor system can be used to detect various trace gases with minute concentration levels thereby revealing important information about specific diseases in human body.

Determination of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine oxidative stress biomarker using dysprosium oxide nanoparticles@reduced graphene oxide

Electrochemical detection of 8-OHdG biomarker using Dy2O3@RGO/SPCE.

Mesentery System is a Section of Meraque System in Persian Medicine

Recently an article about Mesentery system in journal of Lancet Gastroenterology Hepatol has been published which has many conflicts with what is called Meraque System in Persian Medicine This system is an ignored system or organ in medicine which has many roles in health and disease of human body In this commentary we try to point to these strength and weakness and conflicts

Palladium nanoparticles functionalized graphene quantum dots with molecularly imprinted polymer for electrochemical analysis of citrinin

Citrinin (CIT) is mutagenic and resistant to decomposition. In addition, it is founded in many foods and causes the significant diseases in human body. In this report, an imprinted electrochemical surface based on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) involved in 5-(4-Hydroxybenzylidenamino)-2-mercaptobenzimidazole (BZ) functionalized graphene quantum dots (GQDs) was formed for CIT analysis. The formation of the surfaces was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). CIT imprinted electrochemical surface was formed in the presence of 80.0mM pyrrole as monomer and 20.0mM CIT as template. The linearity range and the detection limit (LOD) of the developed nanosensorwere calculated as 1.0×10−9–5.0×10−9M and 2.0×10−10M, respectively.

Concept of Vyadhikshamatva with special reference to Immune tolerance and Auto-Immunity

Lives embrace the states of health and disease. Ayurveda, the unbeaten science deals with these states of life. Ayurveda incorporates both the preventive and curative aspects of human ailments, promising it as a holistic science. This holistic approach of Ayurveda resembles to the entire function of Vyadhikshamatva. This can steer away from the origin and or progression of various diseases. Vyadhikshamatva is a broad concept comprising the whole modern understanding of immunology and other gross and subtle factors paying attention to the prevention and progression of diseases in human body. The least understood arm of immunology is the origin and mechanism regarding development of autoimmune disorders. The following article “Concept of Vyadhikshamatva with special reference to Immune tolerance and Autoimmunity” is reviewed through Ayurvedic classics in integration to modern medical facts in the causation and the course of the disease with reference to immunity, immune tolerance and autoimmunity.

Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology of Papulonodular Lesions of Skin: A Study of 50 Cases.

Skin is one of the frequent site of disease in human body. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) is a safe diagnostic method in these cases. FNAC has some limitation, particularly related to representativity of samples, exact typing of skin adnexal tumours and classifying the nature of metastatic cutaneous nodules. Thus, FNAC alone may not give a confirmative diagnosis regarding few skin lesions. Hence, histopathological study has been the standard technique for the diagnosis of skin lesions. To study the FNAC findings in various papulonodular lesions and to correlate them with histopathological findings wherever possible. In the present study, 50 cases of clinically diagnosed papulonodular lesions were evaluated by FNAC and correlated with histopathology wherever possible. There was 100% correlation in cases of epidermal cyst, leprosy, tuberculosis, actinomycosis, acute and chronic inflammatory lesions and 67% accuracy was seen in adnexal tumours. Aspiration cytology along with radiological studies proved very useful in classifying the nature of metastatic cutaneous nodules and suggesting the possible site of unknown primary. Sensitivity of FNAC for epidermal cyst and inflammatory lesions was 100%. In case of adnexal tumours, sensitivity and specificity was 67% and 50% respectively. FNAC is a rapid, efficient, cost effective, relatively painless procedure and produces a speedy result with high diagnostic accuracy. It has high rates of sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing papulonodular lesions of skin and hence, is a valuable tool in the diagnosis and management of patients with papulonodular skin lesions.

Emblica officinalis Garten fruits extract ameliorates reproductive injury and oxidative testicular toxicity induced by chlorpyrifos in male rats.

Organophosphate pesticides have destroying properties on male reproduction and chlorpyrifos adversely affects the male reproductive system. Emblica offcinalis Garten plays a vital role to challenge many diseases in human body. We investigated the induction of oxidative stress in the male reproductive system of adult rats (Wistar Strain) exposed to widely used organophosphate pesticide, Chlorpyrifos, and tried to establish the ameliorative properties of Emblica officinalis Garten with respect to reproductive reconstruction in them. Rats were divided into 2 groups, control group and experimental group, and the experimental group was divided into 3 groups (G1-G3). All the groups had 5 rats each. Control group received water, experimental group, G1, received 20 mg/kg bw/day Emblica officinalis Garten, G2 received 12 mg/kg bw/day chlorpyrifos and G3 received 12 mg chlorpyrifos with 20 mg Emblica officinalis Garten /kg bw/day. Treatment was done orally from 30 days. Thereafter body weight, male reproductive organs weight, sperm count, sperm morphology, ACP, ALP, total protein, uric acid and testis and serum testosterone level were determined using standard methods. The changes recorded are indicative of infertility in male rats because of chlorpyrifos exposure. When the subjects were treated with Emblica officinalis Garten in conjunction with chlorpyrifos, these parameters exhibited recovery and when treated with Emblica officinalis Garten alone, these parameters were more or less near to the control group. This highlights the debilitating effect of chlorpyrifos and scavenging property of Emblica officinalis Garten.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2193-1801-2-541) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Emamectin benzoate residue analysis in ground and terrestrial field water in Lahore suburban area

High performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector was used to determine the ememactin residue in ground water in Lahore suburban area. The samples were extracted with chloroform through solvent extraction by using a separating funnel. The chemicals used were chloroform, methanol (HPLC grade) and acetonitrile (HPLC grade). Mobile phase used was acetonitrile (98%) and methanol (2%). 10 samples were analyzed and emamectin benzoate was detected in 5 samples. Emamectin benzoate residue was detected in terrestrial water and in ground water it was present in trace amount. The concentration range varies from 0.04 to 1.4 ppm of terrestrial field water. With respect to toxicity, it is class II pesticide by W.H.O. Presence of pesticides in large amounts can create a lot of diseases in human body. Key words: New York codes rules and regulations (NYCRR), reference dose (RfD),United States environmental protection agency (USEPA).

DPPH-scavenging antioxidant potential in regenerated tissues of Stevia rebaudiana, Citrus sinensis and Saccharum officinarum

DPPH-scavenging antioxidant potential of in vitro regenerated tissues of Stevia rebaudiana,Citrus sinensis and Saccharum officinarum was carried out to evaluate and explore new potential sources for natural antioxidants. These species are used in every day life and produced valuable secondary metabolites that scavenge toxic free radicals. Toxic free radicals can cause different diseases in human body. The ethanol extracts of callus, regenerated shoots and plantlets along with DPPH solution was checked after 10, 20, 30 and 40 min time intervals. The present study revealed that significantly higher activity (87.7%) was observed in callus of Stevia rebaudiana followed by regenerated shoots (86.3%) and regenerated plantlets (83.5%), respectively. The antioxidant potential in callus of C. sinensis was recorded 51.8% while regenerated shoots and plantlets exhibit 56.4 and 49% activity. Minimum activity was recorded in callus (48.8%) of S. officinarum in overall experiment but regenerated shoots exhibit 77.01% activity seconded by plantlets (54.94%). The present study revealed that in vitro regenerated tissues of S. rebaudiana scavenge and detoxify more DPPH free radicals than C. sinensis and S. officinarum (S. rebaudiana > C. sinensis ≥ ≤ S. officinarum). Key words: Stevia rebaudiana, Citrus sinensis, Saccharum officinarum, antioxidant.

Functional Polymers for Drug Delivery Systems in Nanomedicines

Polymeric based nanomedicines have been developed for diagnosing, treating, and preventing diseases in human body. The nanosized drug delivery systems having various structures such as micelles, nanogels, drug-conjugates, and polyplex were investigated for a great goal in pharmaceutics: increasing therapeutic efficacy for diseases and decreasing drug toxicity for normal tissues. The functional polymers used for constituting these drug delivery systems should have several favorable properties such as stimuli-responsibility and biodegrdability for controlled drug release, and solublization capacity for programmed drug encapsulation. This review discusses recent developments and trends of functional polymers (e.g., pH-sensitive polymers, biodegradable polymers, and cationic polymers) used for nanosized drug carriers.