Diseases Of Different Systems Research Articles

Modelling phenotypes, variants and pathomechanisms of syndromic diseases in different systems

Modelling phenotypes, variants and pathomechanisms of syndromic diseases in different systems

Qual a importância das tenascinas na fisiopatologia de diversas doenças?

Tenascins are a group of proteins that make up the extracellular matrix of different tissues. They are involved with signaling and structural functions in different organs, which justifies the development of studies on their relationship with diseases in different systems. Our objective was to shed light, through an in-depth review, of the way in which tenascins are involved in triggering various organic disorders. Each type of Tenascin is related to specific disorders. Tenascin X is involved in triggering collagen diseases, while types C and W stand out in situations of trauma, inflammation and tumors. Tenascin R is involved exclusively in the central nervous system and in neuronal migration and differentiation processes. Understanding the real role of these proteins is a valuable resource for understanding the pathophysiology of various diseases, in addition to providing research into new diagnostic methods and prospecting therapeutic targets for drug development.

BODY MASS INDEX (BMI) - PREDICTOR OF DISEASES ONSET AND REGULATOR OF PREVENTION?

The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a well-known tool for measuring normal, healthy weight. Nowadays, we can also use it as a prognostic factor for various diseases. Purpose: Our study aims to confirm or decline the correlation between body mass index and the onset of different diseases. Methods: The study was conducted among a random sample of 550 people (324 women and 226 men) from the district of Stara Zagora, Republic of Bulgaria. The participants in the study were aged between 18 and 65. The connection between BMI and the occurrence of diseases of different systems has been researched. A statistically significant relationship was found at p<0.05. The statistically significant influence of BMI on the occurrence of diseases is proved by the results of the ANOVA procedure. Results: The results give us reason to believe that not only obesity but also overweight is a risk of cardiovascular disease. This is evidenced by our study, according to which people with the highest average BMI (BMI = 28.72 kg/m2) have diseases of the cardiovascular system. People with a BMI around and above 25.87 kg / m2 often suffer from diseases of the endocrine system, and those with a BMI around 25.60 kg / m2 are at risk for diseases of the musculoskeletal system. Conclusions: BMI would find its daily implementation in the activities of every physician working in every field of medicine. BMI can be used as a tool to predict the onset of disease and a regulator of prevention.

CCL2: An important cytokine in normal and pathological pregnancies: A review.

C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2), also known as monocytic chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), is an integral chemotactic factor which recruits macrophages for the immune response. Together with its receptors (e.g., CCR2, ACKR1, and ACKR2), they exert noticeable influences on various diseases of different systems. At the maternal-fetal interface, CCL2 is detected to be expressed in trophoblasts, decidual tissue, the myometrium, and others. Meanwhile, existing reports have determined a series of physiological regulators of CCL2, which functions in maintaining normal recruitment of immunocytes, tissue remodeling, and angiogenesis. However, abnormal levels of CCL2 have also been reported to be associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes such as spontaneous abortion, preeclampsia and preterm labor. In this review, we concentrate on CCL2 expression at the maternal-fetal interface, as well as its precise regulatory mechanisms and classic signaling pathways, to reveal the multidimensional aspects of CCL2 in pregnancy.

Hypoxia Induced Changes of Exosome Cargo and Subsequent Biological Effects.

Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that are secreted by almost all types of cells and exist in almost all extracellular spaces. As an important mediator of intercellular communication, exosomes encapsulate the miRNA, lncRNA, cirRNA, mRNA, cytokine, enzyme, lipid, and other components from the cytoplasm into its closed single membrane structure and transfer them to recipient units in an autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine manner. Hypoxia is a state of low oxygen tension and is involved in many pathological processes. Hypoxia influences the size, quantity, and expression of exosome cargos. Exosomes derived from hypoxic tumor cells transfer genetics, proteins, and lipids to the recipient units to exert pleiotropic effects. Different donor cells produce different cargo contents, target different recipient units and lead to different biological effects. Hypoxic exosomes derived from tumor cells uptaken by normoxic tumor cells lead to promoted proliferation, migration, and invasion; uptaken by extracellular space or liver lead to promoted metastasis; uptaken by endothelial cells lead to promoted angiogenesis; uptaken by immune cells lead to promoted macrophage polarization and changed tumor immune microenvironment. In addition to various types of tumors, hypoxic exosomes also participate in the development of diseases in the cardiovascular system, neuron system, respiratory system, hematology system, endocrine system, urinary system, reproduction system, and skeletomuscular system. Understanding the special characteristics of hypoxic exosomes provide new insight into elaborating the pathogenesis of hypoxia related disease. This review summarizes hypoxia induced cargo changes and the biological effects of hypoxic exosomes in tumors and non-malignant diseases in different systems.

Small Ruminants and Its Use in Regenerative Medicine: Recent Works and Future Perspectives.

Simple SummarySmall ruminants such as sheep and goats have been increasingly used as animal models due to their dimensions, physiology and anatomy identical to those of humans. Their low costs, ease of accommodation, great longevity and easy handling make them advantageous animals to be used in a wide range of research work. Although there is already a lot of scientific literature describing these species, their use still lacks some standardization. The purpose of this review is to summarize the general principles related to the use of small ruminants as animal models for scientific research.Medical and translational scientific research requires the use of animal models as an initial approach to the study of new therapies and treatments, but when the objective is an exploration of translational potentialities, classical models fail to adequately mimic problems in humans. Among the larger animal models that have been explored more intensely in recent decades, small ruminants, namely sheep and goats, have emerged as excellent options. The main advantages associated to the use of these animals in research works are related to their anatomy and dimensions, larger than conventional laboratory animals, but very similar to those of humans in most physiological systems, in addition to their low maintenance and feeding costs, tendency to be docile, long life expectancies and few ethical complications raised in society. The most obvious disadvantages are the significant differences in some systems such as the gastrointestinal, and the reduced amount of data that limits the comparison between works and the validation of the characterization essays. Despite everything, recently these species have been increasingly used as animal models for diseases in different systems, and the results obtained open doors for their more frequent and advantageous use in the future. The purpose of this review is to summarize the general principles related to the use of small ruminants as animal models, with a focus on regenerative medicine, to group the most relevant works and results published recently and to highlight the potentials for the near future in medical research.

Rate of intersexual interactions affects injury likelihood in Tasmanian devil contact networks

Abstract Identifying the types of contacts that result in disease transmission is important for accurately modeling and predicting transmission dynamics and disease spread in wild populations. We investigated contacts within a population of adult Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii) over a 6-month period and tested whether individual-level contact patterns were correlated with accumulation of bite wounds. Bite wounds are important in the spread of devil facial tumor disease, a clonal cancer cell line transmitted through direct inoculation of tumor cells when susceptible and infected individuals bite each other. We used multimodel inference and network autocorrelation models to investigate the effects of individual-level contact patterns, identities of interacting partners, and position within the social network on the propensity to be involved in bite-inducing contacts. We found that males were more likely to receive potentially disease-transmitting bite wounds than females, particularly during the mating season when males spend extended periods mate-guarding females. The number of bite wounds individuals received during the mating season was unrelated to any of the network metrics examined. Our approach illustrates the necessity for understanding which contact types spread disease in different systems to assist the management of this and other infectious wildlife diseases.

Mammalian Sterile20-like Kinases: Signalings and Roles in Central Nervous System.

Mammalian Sterile20-like (MST) kinases are located upstream in the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, and play an important role in cell proliferation, differentiation, renewal, polarization and migration. Generally, five MST kinases exist in mammalian signal transduction pathways, including MST1, MST2, MST3, MST4 and YSK1. The central nervous system (CNS) is a sophisticated entity that takes charge of information reception, integration and response. Recently, accumulating evidence proposes that MST kinases are critical in the development of disease in different systems involving the CNS. In this review, we summarized the signal transduction pathways and interacting proteins of MST kinases. The potential biological function of each MST kinase and the commonly reported MST-related diseases in the neural system are also reviewed. Further investigation of MST kinases and their interaction with CNS diseases would provide the medical community with new therapeutic targets for human diseases.

Anticancer Studies of Aqueous Extract of Roots and Leaves of Pandanus Odoratissimus f. ferreus (Y. Kimura) Hatus: An In Vitro Approach

A number of medicinal plant extracts are being used against various diseases in different systems of medicine such as Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha, but only a few of them have been scientifically explored. The objective of the present study was to explore the dose-dependent in vitro anticancer effects of the extracts of Pandanus odoratissimus whose scientific documentation as an anticancer agent is lacking despite being used traditionally. The dried parts of roots and leaves were extracted with methanol (MEPO) and water (AEPO). The extracts were then subjected to in vitro cytotoxic and antimitotic screening by brine shrimp lethality assay and onion root tip method, respectively. Further, the behavior of the extracts on calu-6 (non-small cell lung cancer cell lines), PBMC (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) and WI (lung fibroblast cell lines) was studied using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) assay followed by flow cytometric analysis on calu-6 cell lines. AEPO showed significant cytotoxic and antimitotic activities. It showed 100% lethality of brine shrimps at 80 μg/ml and an LC50 of 33.33 μg/ml, which was eightfold higher than that of synthetic standard podophyllotoxin (4.16 μg/ml). AEPO at 10 mg/ml concentration showed significant antimitotic activity by showing 3% mitotic index. which was more than that of standard cyclophosphamide with 4% mitotic index in comparison to control. There was a significant reduction in cell proliferation of calu-6 cells, ranging from 56 to 35%, after 24-48 h of treatment with 200 μg/ml (P < 0.001) of AEPO, while AEPO remained unaffected on PBMC and WI-38 cel lines. Cell cycle analysis revealed that AEPO at 50 μg/ml and 100 μg/ml significantly increased the number of cells in sub G0–G1 phase, indicating the cells entering in to apoptotic phase. These results suggest that aqueous extract of P. odoratissimus possesses better anticancer activity. The plant has the potential to be used in anticancer therapy, and this study scientifically validated the folklore use of this plant.

Disease progress of apple scab caused by Venturia inaequalis in environmentally friendly growing systems

Progression of apple scab epidemic in six apple cultivars, including two current and susceptible (Gala Must, Elstar), two old (Egri Piros, Darusóvári), and two resistant cultivars (Relinda, Releika), were described and analysed in a two-year-study, in two environmental-friendly growing systems (organic and integrated). Curves of disease progress, linear regression analysis of transformed disease incidence data and Area Under Disease Progress Curves (AUDPC) were used to characterise the epidemic processes of the selected cultivars. Cumulative disease progress curves showed continuous but asymmetrical scab development on the moderate or highly susceptible cultivars Gala Must, Elstar and Egri Piros, and on the tolerant or resistant cultivar Darusóvári and Relinda, in both systems. The cultivar Releika showed no symptoms either on fruit or leaf. In linear regression analysis, the best linearisation was given by logistic transformation. Adequate parameters leaf disease incidence rate, of obtained from a regression equation, were higher in the organic system than in the integrated system. Values of AUDPC showed great differences in leaf disease incidences among cultivars and between growing systems. AUDPC gave more differences for comparison of progresses of disease epidemic than growth rate of disease in different systems of disease control. Moreover, the obtained results were compared with similar studies on different pathosystems, and biological interpretations of the analyses are discussed below.

Diseases of Different Systems

Diseases of Different Systems