Faba Bean Disease Research Articles

Effect of Some Agronomic Practices on Ascochyta Blight Severity and Yield of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) in Tunisia

Background: In Tunisia, faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is the first major food legume. The development of faba bean production is facing several biotic constraints. Faba bean Ascochyta blight caused by Ascochyta fabae is one of the most destructive diseases of faba bean and can cause significant yield loss under favorable conditions. As only incomplete resistance ABL varieties are available, some agronomic practices should be applied to control and reduce Ascochyta blight incidence wherever possible. Therefore, this work was undertaken to evaluate the effect of spacing row and seed rate on ABL severity, growth and yield of faba bean. Methods: A split-plot design with three replications was adopted to carry out this study during 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons. ‘Bachaar’ faba bean variety was sown at 40 and 60 cm row spacing and at three seed rates (100, 140 and 200 kg ha-1). ABL severity was assessed visually on a 0-9 scale and agro-morphological traits were measured. Analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. Correlations between agronomic traits, row spacing, seed rate and ABL severity were investigated. Result: Results showed that seed rate has a larger effect on yield than row spacing. In both cropping seasons, the highest grain yield was recorded in 60 cm row spacing and 140 kg ha-1 seed rate treatment. So, this treatment is recommended for obtaining high yield of faba bean. Most of the variation in disease severity was associated with seed rate (r=0.62). The highest ABL score severity was noted at 200 kg ha-1 rate. Over both years, wide row spacing and low seed rate reduced ABL severity. In this study, the small amounts of ABL disease (which reached a score of 5.3 and 4.7 in 2018 and 2019, respectively) had little or no effect on yield.

Role of Elemental Sulfur and Copper Oxychloride against Damping- Off Disease of Faba Bean Caused by Fusarium solani.

The efficacy of the organic fungicides elemental sulfur (S) and copper oxychloride (Cu) as well as a soil treatment Rhizobium leguminosarum were evaluated under laboratory, plastic houses and the field conditions, to control faba bean damping-off disease caused by Fusarium solani. Under laboratory conditions, the fungicides produced reduced mycelial growth of F. solani compared to R. leguminosarum as their effect was weak in reducing its growth. Under plastic houses and/or field conditions during (2015/2016 and 2016/2017) growing seasons, the faba bean plant was treated with the organic fungicides elemental sulfur at 500 ppm, copper oxychloride at 500 ppm (as a soil treatment) and / or seed packaging with R. leguminosarum, individually or combined. All treatments reduced the pre- and post-emergence damping-off, as well as increased the remaining plants, fresh & dry weight shoots and Nodulation of faba bean compared to the comparison treatment. In addition, under field condition, it caused a significant increase in the yield components for example (the number of pods per plant and total yield per Fed of both seasons. The combination of R. leguminosarum and the fungicide elemental sulfur was the best of these treatments compared to the other treatments.

Discrimination of leaf diseases affecting faba bean (Vicia faba)

ABSTRACT Faba bean is susceptible to several leaf diseases caused by pathogenic fungi. With the increasing importance of faba bean in northern European cropping systems, the importance of its leaf diseases is likely to increase. The aim of this study was to discriminate the diseases and to test agronomic strategies for limiting their spread in a five-year experiment. Chocolate spot disease caused by Botrytis spp. and leaf blotches caused by an Alternaria/Stemphylium complex dominated, the severity of rust was lower, and downy mildew occurred in only one year. The severity of the diseases depended on weather conditions and cultivar, but not on sowing rate. Application of fungicides significantly decreased the severity of chocolate spot, leaf blotch and rust, but not downy mildew, and in no case was the disease progress stopped. None of the cultivars showed strong resistance to disease. The Alternaria/Stemphylium leaf blotch is an emerging disease of faba bean in northern Europe. Work continues on the identification of the responsible species in the chocolate spot and leaf blotch complexes and the determination of their relative importance in causing disease.

Physoderma, not Olpidium, is the true cause of faba bean gall disease of Vicia faba in Ethiopia

AbstractFaba bean gall (FBG) is a devastating disease of faba bean (Vicia faba) in Ethiopia. Studies were undertaken first to compare and contrast similarities between FBG disease symptoms and morphology in Ethiopia with those reported earlier in China and, secondly, to identify definitively the FBG causal agent, previously considered as Olpidium viciae, through molecular studies. Morphological studies confirmed an epibiotic phase of zoosporangia for dispersing zoospores, characteristic of Physoderma but not Olpidium, and did not show critical diagnostic characteristics of Olpidium such as presence of numerous short zoosporangial discharging tubes, or binucleate resting sporangia. Recognizing this epibiotic phase is a foundation for comprehending FBG epidemiology and will allow forecasting of zoospore release to highlight best timings for applications of chemical sprays to reduce reinfection cycles. Sequences of partial ITS1‐5.8S‐partial ITS2, the 18S‐ITS1‐5.8S‐ITS2‐part of 28S rRNA, and LSU (28S rRNA) derived from tissue with symptoms confirmed Physoderma, and not Olpidium, as the causal agent. Sample sequences were either close to Physoderma or the contaminant ascochyta pathogen Didymella. From symptom, morphological, and molecular data, the causal agent of FBG disease in Ethiopia is Physoderma. From observations of symptoms that Physoderma can cause, it was determined that this Physoderma crosses over between different legume host genera (e.g., Vicia, Pisum, Trifolium), highlighting the significant biosecurity risk for countries currently free of FBG.

Temporal and spatial dynamics of ascochyta blight caused by Ascochyta fabae speg. In faba bean fields in Tunisia

Ascochyta blight of faba bean, caused by Ascochyta fabae (teleomorph: Didymella fabae) is one of the most destructive diseases of faba bean in Tunisia. Temporal and spatial development of ascochyta blight were studied and characterized during 2010–2011 and 2011–2012 in three faba bean fields located in Oued Mliz, Oued Beja and Mornag, using mathematical and geostatistical analyses. Mass Disease Index (MDI) was assessed every two weeks in each quadrat located around the central source of inoculum. Richards’ function well described disease progress in all sites except for Oued Beja in 2011–2012, the shape parameter m is significantly close to 1 placing the model in its particular form of Gompertz and confirming the polycyclic characteristic of the epidemic. Empirical analysis showed that the effect to locations on epidemic dynamics was explained by highly significant environmental effect (temperature, rain events). These differences in epidemic dynamics were confirmed by the analysis of parameters estimated by the Richards’ model (average relative disease progression rate (rw), proportional average relative disease progression rate (rwp), maximum disease progression rate at inflection point (ri), time at inflection point (ti), MDI at the inflection point (yi)). Analyzing the spatial structure dynamics of the disease using Lloyed Index of Patchiness (LIP) and the mapped disease distribution at different dates showed that LIP was estimated by an exponential functionthat decreased over time in all sites and seasons. LIP dropped below 1 (limit value for aggregated distribution) after 12, 25, 30, 36 and 48 daysat Oued Beja and Oued Mliz during both seasons and during the second season in Mornag. After these periods, the disease distribution is randomly distributed. However, according to the mapping, disease distribution was aggregated in terms of severity even at the end of the epidemics, indicating different temporal dynamics such as changes in distance from the inoculum source.

The severity of diseases of faba bean depending on sowing rate and variety

ABSTRACT Little research has been published about the occurrence of diseases in faba bean such as chocolate spot, ascochyta blight, or rust in Northern Europe. There is also little data about the impact of sowing rate or variety on disease development. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the impact of variety and seeding rate on disease severity at Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und CHemische Industrie (BBCH) 75 (which is when 50% of pods have reached full length). Five varieties were tested from multiple Northern European countries: Bauska (Latvia), Jõgeva (Estonia), Gloria (Sweden), Julia (Sweden) and Lielplatones (Latvia). Two sowing rates were used: 30 seeds m-2 (100%) and 36 seeds m-2 (120%). The sowing rate did not influence disease severity. The varieties which were most damaged by chocolate spot were Gloria and Jõgeva and the varieties least damaged were Julia and Lielplatones. Variety did not influence the severity of ascochyta blight. The variety most damaged by rust was Gloria and the variety least damaged was Julia. The varieties most susceptible to disease Gloria and Jõgeva while Julia was least susceptible. Thus, Julia can be recommended for faba bean production in Northern Europe.

Faba Bean Gall (Olpidium viciae K.) as a Priority Biosecurity Threat for Producing Faba Bean in Ethiopia: Current Status and Future Perspectives

The diploid cool-season legume species, faba bean (Vicia faba L.), is one of the vital pulses for the people in the world as it maintains the sustainability of agriculture and provides nutrient-rich grains. Biotic and abiotic stresses are, however, challenging the faba bean production in many countries. The foliar diseases of faba bean are among the major constraints for the production and productivity of faba bean. Recently, a new foliar disease “Faba bean gall” caused by plant debris and soil-borne pathogen (Olpidium viciae K.) is rapidly spreading and causing high yield losses in Ethiopia. This review paper presents the distribution, impact, epidemiology, and biology of faba bean gall pathogen and principally illustrates how the application and investigation of the various diseases’ management approaches such as avoiding crop residues, crop rotation, intercropping, use of elicitors to induce host resistance, use of resistant genotypes, bioagents, compost teas, plant extracts, and lastly use of chemical fungicides could be important to control the faba bean gall disease underlying in faba bean.

Antifungal potential of extracts produced from decomposed agricultural wastes by Bosea thiooxidans

This work aimed to produce antifungal bioactive compounds from agro-wastes using cellulolytic bacteria, and to evaluate their in vitro and in vivo antifungal activities against faba bean damping off disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani. To achieve this purpose, a total of 34 rhizospheric bacterial isolates were screened for their abilities to degrade cellulosic compounds. The bacterial isolate which gave the best cellulolytic activity was identified as Bosea thiooxidans, according to its morphological, biochemical characteristics, and according to its 16S rRNA sequencing. Five native plants remains including; Pomegranate peel, chili waste, prickly peel, olive leaves and garlic stalks, were hydrolyzed by the selected cellulolytic B. thiooxidans strain UAB7, and their extracts were tested for in vitro antifungal potential against a number of fungal phytopathogens mainly; Rizoctonia solani, Fusarium moniliform; Pythium sp. and Phytophothora sp. Extracts of the decomposed garlic and olive wastes gave inhibition percentages ranging from 25-100%, against the tested fungal pathogens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed cyto-morphological alterations and empty cavities in hyphae of the treated R. solani. Moreover, qualitative and quantitative analyses of the phenolic compounds present in the tested extracts were carried out. Results showed that among the tested phenolic compounds, kaempferol and phenanthrene were more abundant in the decomposed garlic and olive extracts, respectively. The fermented garlic and olive extracts were evaluated for their in vivo potency to suppress the damping off disease of faba bean caused by R. solani. Faba bean plants treated with the fermented garlic and olive extracts demonstrated significantly better disease suppression, compared to the infested control. Furthermore, bands recovered through the electrophoretic patterns of the superoxide dismutase and peroxidase isozymes in the infested control plants, showed wide differentiation in their intensities and forms, compared to the healthy and the treated plants.

Impact Assessment of Abiotic Production Constrains of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) and Breeding Mechanisms for Acid Soil, Drought and Waterlogging Affected Environments

Faba bean is one of the oldest crops grown in Ethiopia. It is used as a source of protein in human diets, as fodder and a forage crop for animals and for soil fertility improvement. Its production in Ethiopia is totally rainfed on nitosols, cambisol and vertisol. Ethiopia is the second largest faba bean producer next to China. However, its productivity has remained very low compared to the potential due to biotic and abiotic stresses coupled with poor crop management practices provided by farmers. Thus, this review deals with impacts of abiotic stress on the growth and performance of faba bean and its remedial measures for continues production. Among the abiotic stresses soil acidity, drought and waterlogging provide a hostile environment for faba bean growth. Both soil acidity and drought are worldwide problem and sensitivity to acid soils limits the usage of faba bean in some cropping systems. Hence, the low production of faba bean is attributed by high moisture stress in the northern block of the country and soil acidity in the western and central highlands of Ethiopia. As chocolate spot the major faba bean disease it can be aggravated by any abiotic stress. To overcome low production of faba bean on acidic soils liming is an immediate option but choice of acid-tolerant varieties may further reduce the amounts of lime requirement and makes farming more attractive. Likewise, terminal drought can be managed by early planting and use of early varieties. Additionally, physiological traits like deep root, stomatal conductance and osmoregulation enables as drought resistant mechanisms. Breeding faba bean for acid soil, drought and water logging problem areas is the best option for sustainable production of the crop and to address the resource poor farmers that produce faba bean in their cropping system. Keywords: Abiotc stress, Breeding, Drought, Faba bean, soil acidity, Waterlogging DOI: 10.7176/JBAH/10-11-06 Publication date: June 30 th 2020

Characterization of Growth Morphology and Pathology, and Draft Genome Sequencing of Botrytis fabae, the Causal Organism of Chocolate Spot of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.).

Chocolate spot is a major fungal disease of faba bean caused by the ascomycete fungus, Botrytis fabae. B. fabae is also implicated in botrytis gray mold disease in lentils, along with B. cinerea. Here we have isolated and characterized two B. fabae isolates from chocolate spot lesions on faba bean leaves. In plant disease assays on faba bean and lentil, B. fabae was more aggressive than B. cinerea and we observed variation in susceptibility among a small set of cultivars for both plant hosts. Using light microscopy, we observed a spreading, generalized necrosis response in faba bean toward B. fabae. In contrast, the plant response to B. cinerea was localized to epidermal cells underlying germinated spores and appressoria. In addition to the species characterization of B. fabae, we produced genome assemblies for both B. fabae isolates using Illumina sequencing. Genome sequencing coverage and assembly size for B. fabae isolates, were 27x and 45x, and 43.2 and 44.5 Mb, respectively. Following genome assembly and annotation, carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZymes) and effector genes were predicted. There were no major differences in the numbers of each of the major classes of CAZymes. We predicted 29 effector genes for B. fabae, and using the same selection criteria for B. cinerea, we predicted 34 putative effector genes. For five of the predicted effector genes, the pairwise dN/dS ratio between orthologs from B. fabae and B. cinerea was greater than 1.0, suggesting positive selection and the potential evolution of molecular mechanisms for host specificity in B. fabae. Furthermore, a homology search of secondary metabolite clusters revealed the absence of the B. cinerea phytotoxin botrydial and several other uncharacterized secondary metabolite biosynthesis genes from B. fabae. Although there were no obvious differences in the number or proportional representation of different transposable element classes, the overall proportion of AT-rich DNA sequence in B. fabae was double that of B. cinerea.

Genetic Diversity Studies and Identification of Molecular and Biochemical Markers Associated with Fusarium Wilt Resistance in Cultivated Faba Bean (Vicia faba).

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is one of the most important legume crops in Egypt. However, production of faba bean is affected by several diseases including fungal diseases. Fusarium wilt incited by Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. was shown to be the most common wilt disease of faba bean in Assiut Governorate. Evaluation of 16 faba bean genotypes for the resistance to Fusarium wilt was carried out under greenhouse conditions. Three molecular marker systems (inter-simple sequence repeat [ISSR], sequence related amplified polymorphism [SRAP], and simple sequence repeat [SSR]) and a biochemical marker (protein profiles) were used to study the genetic diversity and detect molecular and biochemical markers associated with Fusarium wilt resistance in the tested genotypes. The results showed that certain genotypes of faba bean were resistant to Fusarium wilt, while most of the genotypes were highly susceptible. The percentage of disease severity ranged from 32.83% in Assiut-215 to 64.17% in Misr-3. The genotypes Assiut-215, Roomy-3, Marut-2, and Giza-2 were the most resistant, and the genotypes Misr-3, Misr-1, Assiut-143, Giza-40, and Roomy-80 performed as highly susceptible. The genotypes Assiut-215 and Roomy-3 were considered as promising sources of the resistance to Fusarium wilt. SRAP markers showed higher polymorphism (82.53%) compared with SSR (76.85%), ISSR markers (62.24%), and protein profile (31.82%). Specific molecular and biochemical markers associated with Fusarium wilt resistance were identified. The dendrogram based on combined data of molecular and biochemical markers grouped the 16 faba bean genotypes into three clusters. Cluster I included resistant genotypes, cluster II comprised all moderate genotypes and cluster III contained highly susceptible genotypes.

PERFORMANCE AND GENE ACTION FOR EARLINESS, YIELD AND CHOCOLATE SPOT DISEASE OF FABA BEAN

In order to determine performance, gene action and heritability for earliness, yield and chocolate spot disease of faba bean, a half diallel crosses among six parental genotypes were evaluated under control and artificial infection by chocolate spot disease (Botrytis fabae sard). The results indicated highly significant differences among faba bean genotypes for all the studied characters under these conditions. All faba bean genotypes under study appeared to be high resistant or resistant for chocolate spot disease with a few exception under different conditions. Whereas, genotypes Misr 3, Wadi 1, Sakha 4 x Misr 3, Sakha 4 x Nubaria 1, and Misr 3 x Wadi 1 under the natural infection conditions. However, Sakha 4, Nubaria 1, NA 112, Sakha 4 x Misr 3, Sakha 4 x NA 112, Misr 3 x Wadi 1, Nubaria 1 x T.W, Wadi 1 x NA 112 and T.W x NA 112 under the artificial infection were less resistant or susceptible to chocolate spot disease. The results revealed that additive (D) and dominance (H1 and H2) appeared to be significant for days to flowering and maturity, chlorophyll content (SPAD), seed weight/plant and resistance to chocolate spot under both conditions. The additive genetic component was higher in its magnitude as compared to the dominance ones for resistance to chocolate spot under the natural infection condition, resulting in average degree of dominance (H1/D)0.5 less than the unity. Whereas, dominance component (H1 and H2) made up the most part of the total genetic variation as it was larger in its magnitude than the corresponding additive one for earliness characters, chlorophyll content and seed weight/plant under both conditions and resistance to chocolate spot under the artificial infection only. Thus, the average degree (H1/D) 0.5 was more than the unity for these characters. Narrow sense heritability (h2n) was moderate (39.1%) to low (20.4%) for seed weight/plant and high (65.1%) to moderate (45.0%) for chocolate spot disease under control, natural infection and artificial infection of chocolate spot disease, respectively.

Effects of nitrogen management and intercropping on faba bean chocolate spot disease development

Chocolate spot disease, incited by Botrytis fabae, is a serious faba bean disease that occurs globally. The exploration of reasonable fertilization and planting patterns will help better control this disease. Four N levels (N0: 0 kg N ha−1, N1: 45 kg N ha−1, N2: 90 kg N ha−1, and N3: 135 kg N ha−1) and two cropping patterns (faba bean monocropping, faba bean and wheat intercropping) were examined for their effects on faba bean chocolate spot disease in Kunming, Yunnan Province, China, from 2015 to 2017. Nitrogen application increased the incidence and disease index of faba bean chocolate spot disease using monocropping and intercropping. Compared with the N0 level, the N1–N3 levels increased the incidence and disease index by 5.8%–42.0% and 3.8%–46.3%, respectively. Nitrogen application also reduced the temperature and increased the relative humidity of the canopy. Compared with monocropping, intercropping created a better ecological environment within the canopy by significantly increasing the temperature and reducing the relative humidity of the canopy. The incidence and incidence index of faba bean chocolate spot disease were significantly reduced, and the disease index decreased the most using the N2 level, which showed the best disease control effect. Compared with monocropping, the faba bean yield using intercropping increased by 21.6%–46.7%, and intercropping had a high land equivalent ratio (1.28–1.42). Considering the effects of faba bean disease control and increased yield, faba bean-wheat intercropping and a nitrogen application level of 90 kg N ha−1 is a good method to control chocolate spot disease and increase the faba bean yield. This work will increase the understanding of the impact of biodiverse cultivation and fertilization on sustainable agriculture and provide information on food security.

Evaluation of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Varieties against Faba Bean Gall Disease in North Shewa Zone, Ethiopia

Faba bean gall disease is a newly emerging and devastating disease of faba bean that threaten its production and productivity in Ethiopia. Thus, this study was conducted with the objective to evaluate the reactions of faba bean varieties against faba bean gall disease. A field experiment was conducted at Basona Werana and Ankober Districts, in 2014. Sixteen faba bean varieties along with local check were tested in RCBD design with three replications. Faba bean varieties varied significantly (p<0.05) for both disease and yield parameters. The lowest disease severity, AUDPC and infection rates were recorded from variety Gachena (Lay Gorebela) and Gora and Gachena (Mush). Moreover, the highest (2737 and 3374%-days) AUDPC values were recorded from the variety local and Selale at Mush and Lay Gorebela. The highest yield was obtained from varieties Gora, Gebelcho, Degaga, Gachena and Walki (Mush) and from varieties Gora and Gachena (Lay Gorebela). Also, yield of faba bean correlated negatively and significantly with AUDPC and final severity at both locations, whereas, AUDPC and severity associated positively and significantly from each other. From this study it can be concluded that relatively resistant and high yielder varieties can be used in combination with other control measures. Therefore, in the future, researches on integration of resistance and high yielder varieties with other management options should be conducted.

Combination between Benzothiadiazole and Trichoderma Viride to Control Chocolate Spot Disease of Faba Bean and Their Effects on some Biochemical Characters

Combination between Benzothiadiazole and Trichoderma Viride to Control Chocolate Spot Disease of Faba Bean and Their Effects on some Biochemical Characters

Biocontrol of Alternaria alternata Causing Leaf Spot Disease on Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Using Some Trichoderma harzianum Isolates Under In vitro Condition

Faba bean is among common legume crops used as a fresh vegetable in Turkey. Alternaria alternata is one of the main fungal diseases attacking faba bean in Turkey. Investigation of leaf spot disease of faba bean was carried out to find out suitable management strategies under laboratory condition. Five A. alternata (A1, A2, A3, A4, and A5) and five Trichoderma harzianum isolates (T1, T2, T3, T4, and Tc) including control were arranged in complete randomized design factorial, forming a total of 25 treatments. Dual culture plate test revealed that the percentage growth inhibition of A. alternata by T. harzianum was in the range of 53.85 to 82.81 %. In addition, Trichoderma isolates (T2 and T3) were found the most effective with the highest antagonistic activity against A. alternata isolates fungal pathogen caused minimum length and width diameter of leaves lesions. The species of Alternaria and Trichoderma isolates were identified according to cultural characteristics and alignment analysis of ITS sequences in GenBank of NCBI. The results point out that T. harzianum provides the use of high potential antagonists capable of controlling the leaf spot disease of faba bean plant.

English

Field survey was done in North Gondar during 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 cropping seasons with the objective of, assessing the importance of faba bean diseases. Disease severity varied across and within districts. Chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae), gall-forming (Olpidium viciae), rust (Uromyces fabae) and aschochyta blight (Aschochyta fabae) were the most dominate and frequently occurring diseases of faba bean. The highest mean severity of chocolate spot (43%) and rust (36%) were recorded at Takusa district whereas the highest mean severity (42%) of gall-forming disease was recorded at Debark district. The association of independent variables with faba bean disease varied among themselves. Variables such as year, altitude, growth stage of the crop and crop conditions were significantly associated with the chocolate spot, gall-forming, and rust diseases. Chocolate spot, gall-forming, and aschochyta blight diseases severity was higher in surveyed fields with an altitude greater than 2,700 m above sea level (masl). However, rust severity was higher in areas with an elevation below 2,200 m.a.s.l. Among growth stages, the highest disease severity of chocolate spot, rust, and aschochyta blight was recorded on fields during the flowering stage. Therefore, integrated disease management options should be developed for the future for those major diseases of faba bean. Key words: Aschochyta blight, chocolate spot, gall-forming disease, severity, rust.

Fungicidal management of the newly emerging faba bean disease “gall” (Olpidium viciae Kusano) in Tigray, Ethiopia

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is by far the most important legume in Ethiopia and the most important single subsistence crop after the staple cereals. However, its production is constrained by biotic and abiotic stresses. Among the biotic constraints, the emerging faba bean gall disease, caused by Olpidium viciae, is the major and most destructive disease in regions where faba bean is grown. Field experiments were conducted at two locations to evaluate the efficacy and application frequency of fungicides that effectively and efficiently control faba bean gall disease. Four fungicides: Baylaton 25 WP, Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WG, Mancozeb 80% WP (each 2–4 sprays), and Aster (liquid copper fungicide) with 2–5 sprays, and combination of Aster and the former three fungicides were tested along cultural practices in three replications using a randomized block design. The results revealed that the use of Baylaton 25 WP and Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WG was significantly (P < .05) reduce faba bean gall explained by the lower area under disease progress curve (AUDPC), percentage severity index(PSI) and incidence of the disease as well as higher yield at both locations. The application of Baylaton 25 WP and Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WG with all sprays (2–4) reduced the AUDPC by at least by 1288.7%/day and 1187%/day in Ofla (Menkere) and 369.2%/day and 364.2%/day in Enda-Mekoni (Mekhan) compared to control/unsprayed, respectively. The yield advantage of the two fungicides compared to control was 68.5% and 46.1% (in Ofla) and 24.9% and 32.5% (in Enda-Mekoni), respectively. The biomass and grain yield of faba bean showed significant difference (p < .05) and negative correlation with AUDPC and PSI. This indicated that the PSI and AUDPC were very important in determining the extent of losses in yield and yield components. AUDPC of the disease had a perfect positive correlation (r = 0.99 in Ofla and r = 0.96 in Enda-Mekoni) with PSI ascertained that linear interaction. The use of recommended rate of Baylaton 25 WP (0.3 kg ha-1) and Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WG (2.5 kg ha-1) with 2–3 sprays at 10-day intervals could effectively control faba bean gall depending on its intensity and weather conditions. Integrating of the effective fungicides with other management options like host plant resistance could reduce the application frequency and more economically feasible.

Effect of Water and Seeds Magnetization on Root Rot and Wilt Diseases of Faba Bean

Effect of Water and Seeds Magnetization on Root Rot and Wilt Diseases of Faba Bean

Botrytis fabae and Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) are the most common diseases of Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) in TRNC

Surveys were conducted on the fields of faba bean culture in Turkish republic of North Cyprus (TRNC) during 2011-2013 indicated that Botrytis fabae and Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) are the diseases that cause crop loss at economic level. During the field surveys 117 infected plants that have the symptoms of both diseases were collected from 38 different locations. Symptomatologic, morphologic and classic tests indicated that 96 of the faba bean samples had Chocolate spot disease caused by Botrytis fabae and the conidia lengths have been measured between 12.7-22.4 x 9.4-17.8 microns. Faba bean samples with virus symptoms that were collected from 38 locations. All samples were infected by Bean common mosaic potyvirus (BCMV) serologically (DAS-ELISA). The 850 bp section of BCMV isolates coat protein was increased using RT-PCR method. This section was sequenced directly using ClonJet and characterization was determined. According to Blast obtained from sequences 98% and 96 % resemblances with Mexican and Columbian isolates have been found.