Increase In Incidence Of Disease Research Articles

Genetic variants in mitochondrial sirtuins associated with brain tumor risk: a case-control study.

Previous studies on brain tumors have been performed on the nuclear genome, but limited studies have been reported on the mitochondrial genome. The mitochondrial sirtuin (SIRT3/SIRT4/SIRT5) has been mutated in different cancers. Limited studies have been performed on brain tumors. Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) is an important marker, and polymorphism in the IDH gene has been reported to differentiate the brain tumor subtypes. The present study was designed to screen mitochondrial sirtuins and IDH polymorphisms in brain tumor patients. One thousand blood samples were collected (500 brain tumor patients and 500 controls). Two SNPs for each gene SIRT3 (rs12226697, rs570591), SIRT4 (rs184496260, 1925909), SIRT5 (rs2841522, rs2841523), and one SNP for IDH (rs11554137) was screened using Tetra-ARMS PCR. Logistic regression showed that the mutant genotype of selected SNPs was associated with increased disease incidence compared to wild type. Haplotype analysis and linkage disequilibrium (LD) showed a strong LD in brain tumor patients. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that mutant allele frequency was found to be associated with a significant decrease in the survival of brain tumor patients. The present study showed that the mutant allele of selected mitochondrial sirtuins' SNP was associated with increased brain tumor risk.

Spatiotemporal distribution and ecological factors of brucellosis among children from 2016 to 2020 in Inner Mongolia, China

ObjectiveIn recent years, the increasing incidence of brucellosis in children has become more serious. However, relatively few studies have been conducted to characterize the spatialtemporal distribution of brucellosis in children. This study aimed to analyze the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics and ecological influencing factors of brucellosis incidence among children in Inner Mongolia.MethodsThis study used data on brucellosis incidence in children aged 0–14 years reported in Inner Mongolia from 2016 to 2020. A Bayesian model was used to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution of brucellosis in children from 2016 to 2020 in Inner Mongolia. Geographical weighted regression model was used to analyze the ecological factors related to the incidence of brucellosis in children.ResultBayesian spatiotemporal analysis indicated that the highest brucellosis risk and increased disease incidence were observed in Hinggan, Inner Mongolia, in children aged 0–14 years. Alxa had the lowest risk but the incidence rate increased rapidly. The incidence of childhood brucellosis was positively associated with the number of sheep at the year-end (β: 2.5909 ~ 2.5926, P < 0.01), average temperature (β: 2.8978 ~ 2.9030, P < 0.05), and precipitation level (β: 3.3261 ~ 3.3268, P < 0.01).ConclusionFrom 2016 to 2020, the overall incidence of brucellosis in children in Inner Mongolia showed an upward trend, with cases exhibiting spatial aggregation. We should focus on areas where the incidence of brucellosis in children is rising rapidly. The incidence of childhood brucellosis was associated with the number of sheep at the year-end, average temperature and precipitation level.Implications and contributionThe findings suggest that brucellosis in children is not to be taken lightly. For children should also focus on protection, take corresponding protective measures. While we focus on high-risk areas, we must also monitor areas where the risk of disease is low, but the incidence is rising fast, to prevent outbreaks in low-risk areas from becoming high-risk areas.

Unveiling Fusaria mycoflora associated with natural occurrence of lisianthus wilt and stem rot in Central-highland Vietnam.

Wilt and stem rot (WSR) is an emerging syndrome threatening cut lisianthus (Eustoma russellianum) production in Lam Dong province, Vietnam. The disease was observed in all 13 inspected commercial lisianthus greenhouses across major lisianthus cultivation areas in Lam Dong, including Da Lat, Lac Duong, Don Duong, and Duc Trong, with incidence increasing with plant age, ranging from 7.5 to 32.4%. Infected plants displayed stunting, wilting, stem rot and blight, and dieback, with predominance of wilt and stem rot. The disease showed polycyclic behavior, with symptoms shifting from random or scattered in young plants to clustered patterns after the initial flower cutting. Forty-one Fusaria-like fungal isolates recovered from diseased lisianthus plants were identified as Fusarium vanleeuwenii (28 isolates), Neocosmospora solani (11 isolates), and F. annulatum (2 isolates) based on morphological observations and phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF-1α) genes. The composition of Fusaria species varied across sites, with F. vanleeuwenii being consistently present. Pathogenicity tests confirmed that isolates of F. vanleeuwenii Li-Fo9511, N. solani Li-Fs4311, and F. annulatum Li-Fp3051 caused typical stem rot in in-vitro assays. In-planta assays showed wilting in seedlings starting two weeks post-infection, with a remarkable increase in disease incidence and severity between five and six weeks, particularly for F. vanleeuwenii Li-Fo9511. The pathogens were re-isolated and morphologically confirmed, fulfilling Koch's postulates. This is the first report of F. vanleeuwenii, N. solani, and F. annulatum as pathogens of lisianthus WSR in Vietnam, highlighting the need for effective control strategies.

Adaptation, Path Coefficient and Correlation Study of Yield and Associated Traits in Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Genotypes

The study evaluated new biofortified, high-yielding and disease-resistant bean varieties for their adaptability in Zimbabwe. The secondary objective was to assess the association between yield and other traits that contribute to grain yield and identify traits that have direct and indirect effects on grain yield. The study was conducted between December 2016 and June 2017 using an augmented design with 24 varieties replicated three times at Chinhoyi University of Technology Research Farm. Data was analysed using analysis of variance in the statistical analysis system (SAS) software. DAB482, DAB494 and DAB539 were identified as high-yielding varieties with desired disease tolerance to common bean blight (CBB), common leaf rust (CLR) and angular leaf spot). Therefore, these improved common bean varieties recommended for further multilocation evaluation with the potential to be released as commercial varieties. Correlation coefficient values and path analysis values (direct and indirect) showed that the weight of 100 randomly selected seeds per variety and the percentage number of plants that germinated per plot could be used for indirect selection for grain yield (kg/ha). A negative correlation indicates an inverse relationship between traits. This study observed significant negative correlations for CBB and CLR relative to grain yield (kg/ha). This suggests that the grain yield (kg/ha) decreases with increased disease incidence and severity, highlighting the importance of disease tolerance in achieving high grain yield. Hence, there is a need for the breeding program to select and advance varieties that are tolerant to diseases to achieve the desired improvement in grain yield performances.

Unravelling the Complexity of Ginger Rhizome Rot Disease: A Focus on Pathogen Interactions

ABSTRACTRhizome rot poses a significant threat to ginger cultivation, caused by a complex interaction of pathogens such as Pythium aphanidermatum, Fusarium oxysporum, Ralstonia solanacearum, Sclerotium rolfsii and Meloidogyne incognita. The pathogens were individually inoculated at 75, 105 and 135 days after planting (DAP), as well as in various combinations, to evaluate disease severity and symptom development. Results revealed that R. solanacearum exhibited the highest disease severity and fastest symptom development across all stages of inoculation, followed by P. aphanidermatum, F. oxysporum, S. rolfsii and M. incognita. The combined inoculation of pathogens significantly increased disease incidence and rhizome rot compared to individual inoculations, indicating synergistic interactions among the pathogens. Sequential inoculation experiments demonstrated that pre‐infection by M. incognita exacerbated disease severity, highlighting the role of nematodes in predisposing plants to secondary infections.

Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus Is an Emerging Pathogen Contributing to Brood Disease of Apis cerana.

Larval mortality is the primary symptom of diseased Apis cerana colonies, often attributed to sacbrood virus (SBV) and Melissococcus plutonius. However, the impact of other common honeybee viruses is frequently overlooked, and their pathogenicity to A. cerana remains poorly understood. To investigate the causes of the increasing disease incidence in A. cerana brood, we conducted an epidemiological survey, collecting 70 samples from 19 sites across nine provinces in China. Furthermore, we examined the pathogenicity of Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV) in A. cerana brood through artificial inoculation experiments. Our results demonstrate that, besides SBV and M. plutonius, the infection rate and viral load of IAPV in diseased brood are significantly high. Brood artificially inoculated with high concentrations of IAPV exhibited a significant increase in mortality and displayed clinical symptoms similar to those observed in naturally infected colonies. Moreover, a limited resistance to IAPV was observed in A. cerana brood, with some individuals able to restrict viral proliferation. Our study highlights the previously unrecognized pathogenicity of IAPV to A. cerana brood, demonstrating that IAPV poses a significant threat similar to SBV and M. plutonius. We emphasize that IAPV should be recognized as an emerging pathogen causing brood disease in A. cerana and managed accordingly in beekeeping practices.

Efficacy &amp; Significance of LYSO HERB Herbal Lysine in the nutrition, metabolism and health in Poultry &amp; Efficacy and significance of the phytogenic METHO ADD Herbal Methionine as replacer of Synthetic DL- Methionine in nutrition and health of Poultry

In poultry industry, amino acids are supplied along with vitamins and minerals since these play a pivotal role as protein building units which are the essentialities of growth and metabolism. Of the 9 essential amino acids Methionine is the first limiting one followed by Lysine, these cannot be synthesized by animals hence to be obtained from external sources majorly the feed. Amino acids act as intermediates in all the metabolic and physiological functions of the bird like calcium absorption, production of collagen, antibodies, hormones, enzymes. Their deficiency causes de-pigmentation, reduced hemoglobin, poor FCR, reduced production, retarded growth, poor feathering and egg production, immune suppression and increased disease incidence. Cells in the body are constantly being broken down and restored, so the body needs these amino acids to produce new hormones and restore the body. Of late the use of synthetic Lysine and Methionine as supplement has increased due to high demand of meat. The safety of these is questionable due to higher pricing, emergence of drug resistance, residual toxicity and other side effects. Therefore, a renewed interest in developing natural alternatives to maintain production, performance and health in poultry, hence Phytogenic herbals are considered the best option.. The results obtained here provide clear evidence of the potential of Phytogenic Herbal Lysine as Lyso Herb and Herbal Methionine as Metho Add as substitute of synthetic Lysine &amp; Methionine with unaltered activity throughout, without reducing growth performance, increasing fat accretion and changing serum biochemical characteristics, with better performance and economics.

Inflammation dynamically regulates steroid hormone metabolism and action within macrophages in rheumatoid arthritis

RationaleIn inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), steroid metabolism is a central component mediating the actions of immuno-modulatory glucocorticoids and sex steroids. However, the regulation and function of cellular steroid metabolism within key leukocyte populations such as macrophages remain poorly defined. In this study, the inflammatory regulation of global steroid metabolism was assessed in RA macrophages. MethodsBulk RNA-seq data from RA synovial macrophages was used to assess transcripts encoding key enzymes in steroid metabolism and signalling. Changes in metabolism were assessed in synovial fluids, correlated to measures of disease activity and functionally validated in primary macrophage cultures. ResultsRNA-seq revealed a unique pattern of differentially expressed genes, including changes in genes encoding the enzymes 11β-HSD1, SRD5A1, AKR1C2 and AKR1C3. These correlated with disease activity, favouring increased glucocorticoid and androgen levels. Synovial fluid 11β-HSD1 activity correlated with local inflammatory mediators (TNFα, IL-6, IL-17), whilst 11β-HSD1, SRD5A1 and AKR1C3 activity correlated with systemic measures of disease and patient pain (ESR, DAS28 ESR, global disease activity). Changes in enzyme activity were evident in inflammatory activated macrophages in vitro and revealed a novel androgen activating role for 11β-HSD1. Together, increased glucocorticoids and androgens were able to suppress inflammation in macrophages and fibroblast-like-synoviocytes. ConclusionsThis study underscores the significant increase in androgen and glucocorticoid activation within inflammatory polarized macrophages of the synovium, contributing to local suppression of inflammation. The diminished profile of inactive steroid precursors in postmenopausal women may contribute to disturbances in this process, leading to increased disease incidence and severity.

Transcriptomic Insights and the Development of Microsatellite Markers to Assess Genetic Diversity in the Broodstock Management of Litopenaeus stylirostris.

The Pacific blue shrimp (Litopenaeus stylirostris) is a premium product in the international seafood market. However, intensified farming has increased disease incidence and reduced genetic diversity. In this study, we developed a transcriptome database for L. stylirostris and mined microsatellite markers to analyze their genetic diversity. Using the Illumina HiSeq 4000 platform, we identified 53,263 unigenes from muscle, hepatopancreas, the intestine, and lymphoid tissues. Microsatellite analysis identified 36,415 markers from 18,657 unigenes, predominantly dinucleotide repeats. Functional annotation highlighted key disease resistance pathways and enriched categories. The screening and PCR testing of 42 transcriptome-based and 58 literature-based markers identified 40 with successful amplification. The genotyping of 200 broodstock samples revealed that Na, Ho, He, PIC, and FIS values were 3, 0.54 ± 0.05, 0.43 ± 0.09, 0.41 ± 0.22, and 0.17 ± 0.27, respectively, indicating moderate genetic variability and significant inbreeding. Four universal microsatellite markers (CL1472.Contig13, CL517.Contig2, Unigene5692, and Unigene7147) were identified for precise diversity analysis in Pacific blue, Pacific white (Litopenaeus vannamei), and black tiger shrimps (Penaeus monodon). The transcriptome database supports the development of markers and functional gene analysis for selective breeding programs. Our findings underscore the need for an appropriate genetic management system to mitigate inbreeding depression, reduce disease susceptibility, and preserve genetic diversity in farmed shrimp populations.

Psychopharmacotherapy factor in the variants of COVID-19 course in psychiatric inpatients

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between the severity and duration criteria of COVID-19 and the psychopharmacotherapy administered to patients in within a psychiatric hospital.Materials and Methods. We analyzed 169 case histories involving completed clinical cases of COVID-19 treatment in a specialized infectious psychiatric department in St. Petersburg, covering the period from May 2020 to January 2021. Correlation, dispersion, and regression analyses were employed to evaluate severe and mild COVID-19 progression indicators, as well as the duration of persistent SARS-CoV-2 viral shedding. We assessed the clinical and laboratory parameters in patients, along with the psychopharmacotherapy administered, including antidepressants, antipsychotics, and acid sphingomyelinase inhibitors (FIASMA-active drugs).Results. Cardiovascular diseases emerged as a predictor of severe COVID-19 when combined with an increasing platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), increasing the risk of severe course by over two-fold. The use of any psychotropic agents was associated with a 0.9% increase in the risk of severe course of COVID-19 for each unit increase in the systemic inflammation index PLR, specifically in patients with intellectual disability (ICD-10 codes F70-79), when compared to patients with schizophrenia (ICD-10 codes F20-29). High PLR values and the use of FIASMA-active drugs were associated with prolonged COVID-19 duration, while antidepressant therapy and elevated C-reactive protein levels were associated with a reduced predicted duration of viral shedding in 13.8% of variance. Additional consideration of the nosology of psychiatric disorders in the regression model increased the proportion of explained variance to 22.8%.Conclusion. Consideration should be given to thymoanaleptic therapy for individuals with psychiatric disorders during periods of increased disease incidence leading up to potential SARS-CoV-2 infection, as it may serve as a protective factor against COVID-19. Furthermore, there is no evidence to suggest adverse effects of antipsychotics on the severity and duration of COVID-19. Further research is required to investigate the effects of FIASMA-active psychopharmacological agents within nosologically homogeneous groups.

The tuberous sclerosis complex: a review of the literature

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a neurocutaneous autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by mutations in the TSC1 and TSC2 genes, this leads to dysregulation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway resulting in cellular hyperplasia and the formation of benign tumors in various organs, including the brain and skin. Clinical manifestations encompass a wide range of mainly neurological and dermatological symptoms, often presenting during early childhood and posing diagnostic challenges due to phenotypic variability. Recent advancements in diagnostic criteria, genetic testing, and imaging techniques have facilitated earlier diagnosis and increased disease incidence awareness. Neurologically, TSC commonly presents with cortical tubers, subependymal nodules (SENs), and epilepsy, with seizure control being paramount in preventing long-term neurodevelopmental sequelae. Dermatologically, hypomelanotic macules, facial angiofibromas, and ungual fibromas are hallmark features, often causing significant psychological distress due to disfigurement. Management of TSC requires a multidisciplinary approach, with emerging therapies such as mTOR inhibitors showing promise in addressing both neurological and dermatological manifestations. Early intervention, including epilepsy surgery and targeted treatments for skin lesions, is essential for optimizing outcomes and improving the quality of life for patients with TSC. Continued research into novel therapeutic modalities holds potential for further enhancing the management and prognosis of this complex disorder.

Sustained Increase in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Incidence Across the South West United Kingdom Over the Last 10 Years.

Pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (pIBD) incidence has increased over the last 25 years. We aim to report contemporaneous trends across the South West United Kingdom. Data were provided from centers covering the South West United Kingdom (Bristol, Oxford, Cardiff, Exeter, and Southampton), with a total area at-risk population (<18 years of age) of 2 947 534. Cases were retrieved from 2013 to 2022. Incident rates were reported per 100 000 at-risk population, with temporal trends analyzed through correlation. Subgroup analysis was undertaken for age groups (0-6, 6-11, and 12-17 years of age), sex, and disease subtype. Choropleth maps were created for local districts. In total, 2497 pIBD cases were diagnosed between 2013 and 2022, with a mean age of 12.6 years (38.7% female). Diagnosis numbers increased from 187 to 376, with corresponding incidence rates of 6.0 per 100 000 population per year (2013) to 12.4 per 100 000 population per year (2022) (b = 0.918, P < .01). Female rates increased from 5.1 per 100 000 population per year in 2013 to 11.0 per 100 000 population per year in 2022 (b = 0.865, P = .01). Male rates increased from 5.7 per 100 000 population per year to 14.4 per 100 000 population per year (b = 0.832, P = .03). Crohn's disease incidence increased from 3.1 per 100 000 population per year to 6.3 per 100 000 population per year (b = 0.897, P < .01). Ulcerative colitis increased from 2.3 per 100 000 population per year to 4.3 per 100 000 population per year (b = 0.813, P = .04). Inflammatory bowel disease unclassified also increased, from 0.6 per 100 000 population per year to 1.8 per 100 000 population per year (b = 0.851, P = .02). Statistically significant increases were seen in those ≥12 to 17 years of age, from 11.2 per 100 000 population per year to 24.6 per 100 000 population per year (b = 0.912, P < .01), and the 7- to 11-year-old age group, with incidence rising from 4.4 per 100 000 population per year to 7.6 per 100 000 population per year (b = 0.878, P = .01). There was no statistically significant increase in very early onset inflammatory bowel disease (≤6 years of age) (b = 0.417, P = .231). We demonstrate significant increases in pIBD incidence across a large geographical area including multiple referral centers. Increasing incidence has implications for service provision for services managing pIBD.

Hyperthermia-induced changes in leukocyte survival and phagocytosis: a comparative study in bovine and buffalo leukocytes.

Heat stress negatively affects health, welfare, and livestock productivity by impairing immune function, increasing disease incidence. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in understanding the immune system of water buffalo due to the growing economic impact of this species for the high quality and nutritional value of buffalo milk. While there are common responses across bovine and buffalo species, there are also some species-specific variations in the physiological responses to heat stress, mainly attributed to differences in metabolism and heat dissipation efficiency. At cellular level, the exposure to thermal stress induces several anomalies in cell functions. However, there is limited knowledge about the differential response of bovine and buffalo leucocytes to early and late exposure to different degrees of thermal exposure. The aim of this study was to compare the in vitro effect of hyperthermia on apoptosis and phagocytosis in leukocytes from bovine and buffalo species. For this, whole blood samples of six bovines and nine buffaloes were incubated at 39°C (mimicking normothermia condition) or 41°C (mimicking heat stress condition) for 1, 2, and 4 h. Two flow cytometric assays were then performed to evaluate apoptosis and determine functional capacity of phagocytic cells (neutrophils and monocytes). The results showed that the viability of bovine and buffalo leukocytes was differently affected by temperature and time of in vitro exposure. A higher percentage of apoptotic leukocytes was observed in bovines than in buffaloes at 39°C (3.19 vs. 1.51, p < 0.05) and 41°C (4.01 vs. 1.69, p < 0.05) and for all incubation time points (p < 0.05). In contrast, no difference was observed in the fraction of necrotic leukocytes between the two species. In both species, lymphocytes showed the highest sensitivity to hyperthermia, showing an increased apoptosis rates along with increased incubation time. In bovine, apoptotic lymphocytes increased from 5.79 to 12.7% at 39°C (p < 0.05), in buffalo, this population increased from 1.50 to 3.57% at 39°C and from 2.90 to 4.99% at 41°C (p < 0.05). Although no significant differences were found between the two species regarding the percentage of phagocytic neutrophils, lower phagocytosis capacity values (MFI, mean fluorescence intensity) were found in bovines compared with buffaloes at 41°C (27960.72 vs. 53676.45, p > 0.05). However, for monocytes, the differences between species were significant for both phagocytosis activity and capacity with lower percentages of bovine phagocytic monocytes after 2 h at 39°C and after 1 h at 41°C. The bovine monocytes showed lower MFI values for all temperature and time variations than buffaloes (37538.91 vs. 90445.47 at 39°C and 33752.91 vs. 70278.79 at 41°C, p < 0.05). In conclusion, the current study represents the first report on the comparative analysis of the effect of in vitro heat stress on bovine and buffalo leukocyte populations, highlighting that the leukocytes of buffalo exhibit relatively higher thermal adaptation than bovine cells.

Assessing the nutritional quality of Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).

There is a huge gap between food production and the exploding population demands in various parts of the world, especially developing countries. This increases the chances of malnutrition, leading to increased disease incidence and the need for functional foods to reduce mortality. Pleurotus ostreatus are edible mushrooms that are cheaply sourced and rich in nutrient with the potential to be harnessed toward addressing the present and future food crisis while serving as functional foods for disease prevention and treatment. This study evaluated the nutritional, proximate, vitamins and amino acids contents of Pleurotus ostreatus. The proximate composition of Pleurotus ostreatus in this study revealed that it contains 43.42% carbohydrate, 23.63% crude fiber, 17.06% crude protein, 8.22% ash, 1.21% lipid and a moisture content of 91.01 and 6.46% for fresh and dry samples of Pleurotus ostreatus, respectively. The monosaccharide and disaccharide profile of Pleurotus ostreatus revealed the presence of glucose (55.08 g/100 g), xylose (7.19 g/100 g), fructose (19.70 g/100 g), galactose (17.47 g/100 g), trehalose (7.37 g/100 g), chitobiose (11.79 g/100 g), maltose (29.21 g/100 g), sucrose (51.60 g/100 g) and lower amounts of cellobiose (0.01 g/100 g), erythrose (0.48 g/100 g) and other unidentified sugars. Potassium, Iron and Magnesium were the highest minerals present with 12.25 mg, 9.66 mg and 7.00 mg amounts, respectively. The vitamin profile revealed the presence of vitamin A (2.93 IU/100 g), C (16.46 mg/100 g), E (21.50 mg/100 g) and B vitamins with vitamin B2 having the highest concentration of 92.97 mg/kg. The amino acid scores showed that Pleurotus ostreatus had more non-essential amino acids (564.17 mg/100 g) than essential amino acids (67.83 mg/100 g) with a ratio of 0.11. Lysine (23.18 mg/100 g) was the highest essential amino acid while aspartic acid (492.12 mg/kg) was the highest non-essential amino acid present in Pleurotus ostreatus. It had a higher concentration of acidic amino acids, 492.12 mg/100 g (77.87%), followed by neutral amino acids, 106.66 mg/100 g (16.88%) and least were the basic amino acids, 23.18 mg/100 g (3.67%). Based on the nutritional assessment of the Pleurotus ostreatus analyzed in this study, it can be concluded that it can serve as an important functional food source that can be exploited to meet the increasing food demands and reduce micronutrient deficiencies in many parts of the world, especially developing countries.

Delivery of Stem Cell-Rejuvenating Compounds via Subcutaneous Osmotic Pumps.

Aging is widely regarded as an irreversible physiological process throughout the mammalian lifespan, characterized by functional tissue deterioration and increased disease incidence. One hallmark of mammalian aging is reduced tissue regeneration, primarily attributed to the declining function of tissue-specific stem cells. In recent years, various strategies aimed at rejuvenating stem cells through drug-delivery systems have been extensively explored. Here we describe a method for the long-term, controlled, systemic delivery of drugs using subcutaneous implantations of osmotic pumps.

ПРОГНОЗ И АКТУАЛЬНАЯ ДИНАМИКА ЗАБОЛЕВАЕМОСТИ БОЛЕЗНЯМИ СИСТЕМЫ КРОВООБРАЩЕНИЯ ВЗРОСЛОГО НАСЕЛЕНИЯ РОССИИ И ДАЛЬНЕВОСТОЧНОГО РЕГИОНА

Significance. The study analyzes dynamics in incidence of the most common socially significant pathology - diseases of the circulatory system in the Far Eastern Federal District and the Russian Federation as a whole with due regard to the territorial and economic prospects for the Far East development. The purpose of the study was to analyze incidence of diseases of the circulatory system and their individual types on the example of the Far Eastern Federal District and the Russian Federation as a whole, as well as to compare short-term and long-term projections and actual data. Material and methods. The study has undertaken a comparative analysis of the dynamics in predictive and actual indicators of the overall incidence and incidence of diseases of the circularity system and individual nosological forms over five-year and ten-year periods until 2021. The period of the coronavirus infection (COVID-19) pandemic has been separately analyzed. Results. In general, a more intensive increase in morbidity in the Russian Federation and the Far Eastern Federal District has been identified in comparison with the projected increase. For 5 years prior to 2019, the increase in the overall incidence of diseases of the circulatory system in the Russian Federation turned out to be almost 4 times higher than projected, while incidence was more than 2 times higher than projected. During the COVID-19 pandemic (from 2017 to 2021), the growth dynamics slowed down significantly, 2-fold exceeding the projected overall incidence and more than 1.5-fold the projected incidence. Such trends may be a consequence of the effective ongoing preventive measures aimed at early detection of diseases. Against this background, there is a decrease in the growth rate of the incidence of diseases of the circulatory system in the Russian Federation and the Far Eastern Federal District in the context of the pandemic of a new coronavirus infection. In the Far Eastern Federal District in 2017-2021, compared with the pre-pandemic period, there was a decrease in the overall incidence increase by 65.5% with the increase inversion in incidence. During the period including the pandemic, the Russian Federation and the Far Eastern Federal District registered a negative growth rate of the overall incidence and incidence of ischemic and cerebrovascular diseases. The noted decrease in the actual incidence rates of diseases of the circulatory system, which is not comparable with the projected trends, requires an analysis of causes of the change in the epidemiological situation under the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion and scope of application. In general, we suppose that a decrease in the growth rate in incidence indicators in the Russian Federation and the Far Eastern Federal District during the pandemic of a new coronavirus infection cannot have a long-term impact on epidemiological indicators of diseases of the circulatory system. However, it indicates the necessity to develop reserves of the healthcare system in order to prevent such situations in future.

Adapting Plant Protection Strategies to Meet the Challenges Posed by Climate Change on Plant Diseases: A review

Climate change poses a significant challenge to global agriculture, with profound implications for plant disease dynamics and plant protection strategies. This review aims to synthesize current research on the impact of climate change on plant diseases, particularly focusing on how these changes affect pathogen life cycles, host resistance, and disease distribution. Emphasizing the Indian context, this paper explores the adaptation of plant protection strategies in response to these challenges, including the integration of traditional methods and advanced scientific approaches. It provides a comprehensive overview of the key aspects of climate change relevant to agriculture, including changes in temperature, precipitation patterns, and atmospheric CO2 levels. It delves into the direct and indirect impacts of these climatic changes on plant diseases, highlighting how altered environmental conditions influence pathogen virulence and the susceptibility of host plants. This section also discusses the shifted patterns in pest and disease distribution due to climate change, with a focus on the Indian agricultural scenario. Then it examines the current challenges in plant protection, assessing the limitations of traditional methods like chemical, biological, and cultural control in the context of a changing climate. It identifies critical areas such as increased disease incidence, pathogen resistance development, and the necessity for sustainable and adaptable plant protection strategies. Further it explores various adaptive strategies, including Integrated Disease Management (IDM), advances in breeding for disease resistance, biotechnological approaches, and climate-smart agricultural practices. It outlines how IDM principles and practices are being adapted to new climate scenarios, the role of genetic engineering and traditional breeding in developing disease-resistant varieties, the development of biopesticides and biocontrol agents, and the application of climate forecasts in disease management. Case studies and practical applications from different regions of India provide real-world examples of effective adaptation strategies, drawing lessons and best practices. The review concludes by identifying research gaps, advocating for multidisciplinary collaborations between plant pathology, climatology, and agronomy, and emphasizing the critical role of policy in supporting adaptive strategies. This comprehensive synthesis and analysis aim to contribute to the broader understanding of plant protection in the era of climate change and guide future research and policy-making in this vital field.

Abstract A081: Testing the effect of culturally targeted, normative messaging on Black women’s intentions to participate in a breast cancer clinical trial

Abstract Despite increasing disease incidence and remarkably high mortality rates, Black women are underrepresented in breast cancer (BC) clinical trials (CTs), likely limiting the generalizability of BC research findings to Black patients. Evidence demonstrates that the BC research community could exert more effort to ensure the recruitment of Black women into CTs. Although Black and white women have similar BC incidence rates, Black women are 40% more likely than all other races and ethnicities to die of the disease. Clear disparities exist even after controlling for socioeconomic inequalities. Black participation in CTs has been declining, which is particularly unfortunate given the increasing health problem of a lack of Black representation in medical research. Successfully swelling the percentages of Black women who participate in BC research is important and likely reliant on increasing group members’ motivations to surmount existing historical, cultural, and social barriers. Guided by normative and cultural theoretical frameworks, this study examined the effects of culturally informed messaging on Black women’s intention to participate in a preventive BC CT. Six hundred thirty-five Black women aged 18 and over were recruited through Qualtrics to participate in an online, posttest only, control-group design message testing study using random assignment to condition (the control or one of four injunctive-, descriptive-, and/or legacy norm-focused messages). They answered survey questions designed to measure the messages’ effects on the women’s intention to participate in the CT. The study employed univariate and multivariate logistic regression and yielded statistically nonsignificant results; none of the four hypotheses were supported. However, the findings trended overall toward having higher probability of intending to perform the behavior (overall intention M = 3.35). All conditions had means higher than three (out of a five-point scale) and the relatively high resulting intention outcome variables were promising. Important knowledge was gained from this study showing that dissemination of culturally targeted, norms-based messaging to Black women could elicit positive intentions in their willingness to donate healthy breast tissue. The most important implication is that message content is affected by the medium through which it is delivered. Additional implications include the importance of overlaying cultural factors onto normative theories, and that Black women really need culturally aware, norms-focused relational communication to enable an understanding that CT participation is something in which they and others like them have interest and—despite other research that implies otherwise—really want to do, particularly after having been comprehensively informed. Given that previous successful recruitment methods to this CT for this population were grounded in research practices involving face-to-face, interpersonal interactions, future research should consider employing a multi-level approach in testing these messages. Citation Format: Katherine E. Ridley-Merriweather. Testing the effect of culturally targeted, normative messaging on Black women’s intentions to participate in a breast cancer clinical trial [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 16th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2023 Sep 29-Oct 2;Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2023;32(12 Suppl):Abstract nr A081.

Cost items in melanoma patients by clinical characteristics and time from diagnosis.

Costs related to the care of melanoma patients have been rising over the past few years due to increased disease incidence as well as the introduction of innovative treatments. The aim of this study is to analyse CMM cost items based on stage at diagnosis, together with other diagnostic and prognostic characteristics of the melanoma. Analyses were performed on 2,647 incident cases of invasive CMM that were registered in 2015 and 2017 in the Veneto Cancer Registry (RTV). Direct melanoma-related costs per patient were calculated for each year ranging from 2 years before diagnosis to 4 years after, and were stratified by cost items such as outpatient services, inpatient drug prescriptions, hospital admissions, hospice admissions, and emergency room treatment. Average yearly costs per patient were compared according to available clinical-pathological characteristics. Lastly, log-linear multivariable analysis was performed to investigate potential cost drivers among these clinical-pathological characteristics. Overall, the average direct costs related to melanoma are highest in the first year after diagnosis (€2,903) and then decrease over time. Hospitalization costs are 8 to 16 times higher in the first year than in subsequent years, while the costs of outpatient services and inpatient drugs decrease gradually over time. When stratified by stage it is observed that the higher expenditure associated with more advanced stages of CMM is mainly due to inpatient drug use. The results of the present study show that grouping patients according to tumour characteristics can improve our understanding of the different cost items associated with cutaneous malignant melanoma. CMM patients experience higher costs in the first year after diagnosis due to higher hospitalization and outpatient services. Policy makers should consider overall and stage-specific annual costs when allocating resources for the management of CMM patients.

PSVI-20 Trends in Mycotoxin Contamination of the 2022 United States Corn Crop

Abstract Mycotoxins are harmful secondary fungal metabolites detrimental to animal health, even at reduced quantities. Focus on clinical signs such as decreased feed intake and vomiting overlook impacts of mycotoxicosis, including increased disease incidence and severity, immune modulation, inflammation, and gastrointestinal disorders. This study was conducted to compare mycotoxin contamination of initial samples of the 2022 corn crop with previous year trends. Samples were analyzed utilizing the liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for six major mycotoxin groups: aflatoxins (Afla), type A trichothecenes (A-Trich), type B trichothecenes (B-Trich), fumonisins (FUM), zearalenone (ZEN), and ochratoxin A (OTA). The 2022 crop year data were compared with the prior four harvest years using GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with harvest year as fixed effect and sample as the experimental unit. A limited number of samples is available thus far (n = 44) as harvest is still progressing, therefore the risk profile of this crop year is likely to change as the sample pool expands. Contamination levels in corn for the tested toxin groups have remained consistent over the survey period. To date, 97% of the samples evaluated contained at least one mycotoxin, compared with 90% that was observed in 2021. The percentage of Afla contaminated samples increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in 2022 corn compared with the 2020 and 2021 harvest years (42 vs. 5 and 7%). The percentage of FUM contaminated samples in 2022 corn is greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) compared with 2020 and 2021 (88 vs. 64 and 64%). The preliminary results of the 2022 US corn crop survey indicate mycotoxin occurrence and contamination levels are similar or greater (Afla and FUM) to the prior crop year and will continue to challenge animal health and performance as these ingredients are fed out.