Disease In Urban Population Research Articles

'Monkeypox 2.0': Case series on a reconditioned virus causing sexually transmissible disease in urban population.

MPOX (Monkeypox) viral infection, a zoonotic disease previously confined to the African sub-continent, has caught attention worldwide recently due to its resurgence in a new 'avatar' among urban communities. Dermatologists in the U. A. E. started to see patients with fever and a self-limiting pustular necrotic rash that was negative for all other infectious investigations. We performed a prospective observational multicenter clinical study of the demographics, skin manifestations, and outcomes of patients presenting with necrotic pustular lesions and/or fever. 35 cases of PCR confirmed MPOX cases, mostly in the expatriate population, were followed up and found to have high-risk heterosexual contact on an average of 1week prior to disease onset. We found that they have characteristic annular pustular lesions with necrotic center or "Smoke ring pustules' in all cases. Lesion tenderness and predilection for the lower abdomen, pubic area, and genitalia were observed. Most cases were systemically stable, with fever lasting for an average of 4days and elevated CRP levels. Genital lesions were prone to secondary bacterial infections. The disease was severe, with larger annular plaques in one of our patients found to be living with HIV. The overall prognosis in healthy individuals is good, with lesions healing within an average of 2weeks without scarring. 'New world MPOX' should be unclassified from zoonosis to a sexually transmitted infection (STI) capable of transmission in an urban population. Our findings can help in early clinical suspicion and differentiation from other STI's for primary and secondary health care physicians.

Comparative evaluation of four rapid diagnostic tests that detect human Trypanosoma cruzi-specific antibodies to support diagnosis of Chagas Disease in urban population of Argentina.

Chagas disease (CD), caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is the most important endemic anthropozoonosis in Argentina. Since 2010, the World Health Organization has highlighted the urgent need to validate diagnostic systems that allow rapid detection of T. cruzi, infection in primary healthcare centers. Serological rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for T. cruzi, infection could be used to improve case management, as RDTs do not require specialized laboratories or highly trained staff to use them. We aimed to generate unbiased performance data of RDTs in Argentina, to evaluate their usefulness for improving T. cruzi, diagnosis rates. This is a retrospective, laboratory-based, diagnostic evaluation study to estimate the clinical sensitivity/specificity of four commercially available RDTs for T. cruzi, using the Chagas disease diagnostic algorithm currently used in Argentina as the reference standard. In total, 400 serum samples were tested, 200 from individuals with chronic T. cruzi infection and 200 from individuals not infected with T. cruzi. All results were registered as the agreement of at least two operators who were blinded to the reference standard results. The sensitivity estimates ranged from 92.5-100% (95% confidence interval (CI) lower bound 87.9-98.2%); for specificity, the range was 76-96% (95% CI lower bound 69.5-92.3%). Most RDTs evaluated showed performances comparable with the reference standard method, showing almost perfect concordance (Kappa 0.76-0.92). Our study demonstrates that, under controlled laboratory conditions, commercially available RDTs for CD have a performance comparable to the Argentinian diagnostic algorithm, which is based on laboratory-based serological tests. For the next stage of our work, the RDTs will be evaluated in real-world settings.

Prediction Modeling and Research on the Relationship Between Urban Air Pollutants and Respiratory Diseases

In recent years, with the development of urbanization, the use of traditional fuels such as oil and coal is increasing, and air pollution is also becoming increasingly serious. In recent years, people have paid more attention to health issues, and the relationship between air pollution and health has gradually become a research hotspot. Based on the data of air pollutant concentration and respiratory diseases in Shijiazhuang, China, this paper analyzes the correlation between air pollutants and respiratory diseases, and finds that a variety of air pollutants will increase the prevalence of acute respiratory diseases, influenza and pneumonia, and acute upper respiratory infection. Then, this paper uses ARIMA model to predict the data of six air pollutants, and uses ridge regression model, Using the predicted air pollutant data, the number of respiratory diseases in urban population is predicted. Finally, this paper provides suggestions on how to prevent diseases for urban residents in the future.

Control of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in urban populations: findings from a cross-sectional prevalence survey in Shenzhen, China.

The prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) among urban populations is generally lower than rural residents, but the disease burden is still high. We conducted a cross-sectional prevalence survey of COPD among residents aged ≥40 years in an emerging city Shenzhen, China from September 2018 to June 2019. Through multi-stage stratified random sampling, a total of 4157 eligible participants were invited to complete a questionnaire and to take the spirometry test; 3591 with available data were enrolled in the final analysis. Individuals were diagnosed with COPD if the post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC ratio was less than 0.7. The estimated standardized prevalence of COPD among residents over 40 years old in Shenzhen was 5.92% (95% confidential intervals[CI] 4.05-8.34). Risk factors for COPD included elder age (adjusted odds ratio 1.206, 95% CI 1.120-1.299 per 10-year increase), smoking over 20 pack-years (1.968, 1.367-2.832), history of chronic bronchitis (1.733, 1.036-2.900) or asthma (4.920, 2.425-9.982), and exposure to higher annual minimum concentrations of ambient SO2 (1.156, 1.053-1.270 per 1-μg/m3 increase). Among 280 spirometry-diagnosed patients, most (221, 78.93%) patients were classified as mild COPD (GOLD stage I). This survey found thatthe prevalence of COPD in Shenzhenis low and most patients had mild symptoms, thus recommended screening using spirometry in primary health care to detect early-stage COPD. Increased risk from the exposure to air pollutants also indicated the urgent need for environmental improvement in city settings.

Analyzing the Changes in Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases in Urban Population of India By Using Medical Certification of Cause of Death Data.

Background:Infectious diseases are important causes of morbidity and mortality globally. At least 25% of about 60 million deaths that occur worldwide each year are estimated to be due to infectious diseases. In India, the burden of infectious diseases is enormous; although it has decreased as a result of overall socioeconomic progress and use of vaccines and antimicrobials, it is still a major health-care burden. Studying a disease trend over a certain time period is important in a country's public health system as it guides agencies to prioritize funds and other measures for its control.Objectives:The present study tries to understand its transition in an urban population of India.Materials and Methods:“Medical Certification of Cause of Death” data for the period from 1989 to 2015 have been used. Deaths under the head “age not stated” have been distributed in all age groups in proportion to total deaths at those age groups for all the years, and the percentage of the cause of death to total deaths has been calculated. Three years' moving average of these percentages have been calculated.Results:The overall age group analysis showed a downward trend in both males and females. However, age-segregated analysis showed that mortality is declining among children and youth population, specifically showing a steep decline among infants and under-five population.Conclusion:Infectious diseases are still a major public health problem in India.

S1166 Prevalence and the Risk Factors of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Urban Population of Karachi, Pakistan: A Community-Based Study

S1166 Prevalence and the Risk Factors of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Urban Population of Karachi, Pakistan: A Community-Based Study

Prevalence and pattern of risk factors for non-communicable diseases in urban population of Jaipur, Rajasthan

Background: Majority of the risk factors for NCDs are measurable and modifiable thus continuous surveillance of the levels and pattern of these risk factors is of fundamental importance. Taking cognizance of Jaipur city rapidly adopting to metropolitan culture; this study may mark an important milestone in surveillance activities and setting preventive priorities for NCDs in the state of Rajasthan. Aim of the study is to measure prevalence and associated variables of major risk factors for NCDs in the age group of 25-64 years.Methods: It is a cross sectional, descriptive study, conducted on 1454 person aged 25 to 64 years, residing in Jaipur city, from 1st June 2012 to 31st December 2013, using two steps of ‘standard WHO STEPS structured instrument’. Categorical data were expressed in form of percentage. Chi-square test was used to analyse difference in proportions. Continuous data were summarized in form of mean and SD. The differences in means were analysed by student’s t test.Results: At least one risk factor was present in all persons moreover 35% had multiple risk factors. Multiple risk factors were present even in 20% of relatively young adults (25-34 years). Tobacco and alcohol consumption was seen in 28% and 29% respectively. Standard of living index was associated with obesity, hypertension and low physical activity but not with alcohol use, smoking and daily consumption of fruit & vegetable. Male consumed more alcohol, indulged in less physical activity and smoked more than twelve times than females.Conclusions: Educating younger population for healthy lifestyle adoption and focused educational intervention with strict enforcement of existing laws will be helpful in controlling this epidemic of NCD.

Prevalence of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases in Urban Population of Nagaland

Prevalence of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases in Urban Population of Nagaland

Comparison of Mustard Oil and Ghee Consumption on the History of Coronary Heart Disease in Urban Population of India

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is one of the leading causes of mortality in India, due to high consumption of mustard oil and ghee among urban population. To find out the relationship of mustard oil and ghee consumption on CHD history. By a random cross-sectional, house-to-house survey in North India, 137 people aged between 40-80 years (70 males and 67 females) were selected by dietary history of Mustard Oil (MO) and Ghee consumption (G), but having no other CHD precipitating factor. Using food frequency questionnaire, the study population was divided into two groups based on the amount of MO and G consumption; Group A (n = 75): MO >1L/month, but G <0.5Kg/month and Group B (n = 62): MO =0.2 to 0.5L/month but G >1.25Kg/month. Serum lipid profile estimation and resting ECGs recording were done from all the subjects. There was no statistical significant difference in CHD history between the two groups. Mustard Oil had positive correlation with CHD history. CHD was higher by 50.9% in Group A and was independent of gender. However, the odds of CHD history were higher among males by 32.2% irrespective of the groups. The results demonstrated that CHD history was associated with higher relative consumption of mustard oil than ghee and CHD is positively correlated with increase mustard oil intake, blood level of TG, TC, LDL, VLDL, TC/HDL and LDL/HDL ratio.

Obstructive airway disease in urban populations

Obstructive lung disease (OLD), including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, has a more substantial prevalence and morbidity in urban populations. This review highlights recent publications examining the epidemiology, risk factors and interventions concerning OLD in urban populations. Using a variety of approaches, estimates of asthma prevalence in urban populations range from 5 to 25%. Early life exposures including in-utero cigarette smoke, postnatal bisphenol A, home and school particulates, and environmental air pollution contribute to increased OLD prevalence and symptom manifestations. Individuals with increased exposure to traffic-related pollution demonstrate abnormal inflammatory and lung function profiles. Obesity, more common in urban populations, is likely both a risk factor for asthma as well as contributor to poor control. Interventions targeted at home-based education and assessments are efficacious and cost-effective in improving outcomes of OLD in urban settings. The burden of OLD in urban populations is driven by maternal, environmental and acquired factors. There are few recent data regarding risk factors and interventions for urban cohorts with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The complex interplay of race, socioeconomic status, environmental exposures and healthcare access in the urban population requires continued research efforts.

Risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in urban population with arterial hypertension-have they changed in five years in Bulgaria?

Risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in urban population with arterial hypertension-have they changed in five years in Bulgaria?

O70 Prevalence of rheumatic diseases in urban population of Bikaner (North West India): A WHO ILAR COPCORD study

O70 Prevalence of rheumatic diseases in urban population of Bikaner (North West India): A WHO ILAR COPCORD study

A case-control study of Parkinson's disease in urban population of southern Israel.

In recent years, an increased prevalence of Parkinson's disease (PD) in southern Israel was observed. The aim of this study was to determine which exposures are associated with PD in the urban population of this region. Ninety-three PD patients living in towns were compared to 93 age and sex matched controls. A previously validated questionnaire, including demographic data, education, data on exposures, previous diseases, family history and habits, was administered. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, it was found that history of work in construction sites was the strongest predictor of PD risk, followed by exposure to pesticides. In contrast, there was a negative association with smoking and history of mechanical factory employment. When the same statistical analysis was limited to association of PD with smoking, pesticides and construction work, the latter was found to be the strongest risk factor. The risk factors for PD in this population are work on a construction site and exposure to pesticides.

Evaluation of Lp[a] and other independent risk factors for CHD in Asian Indians and their USA counterparts

Conventional risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) do not completely account for the observed increase in premature CHD in people from the Indian subcontinent or for Asian Indians who have immigrated to the USA. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of immigration to the USA on plasma levels of lipoprotein [a] (Lp[a]) and other independent risk factors for CHD in Asian Indians. Three subject groups were studied: group 1, 57 subjects living in India and diagnosed with CHD (CHD patients); group 2, 46 subjects living in India and showing no symptoms of CHD (control subjects); group 3, 206 Asian Indians living in the USA. Fasting blood samples were drawn to determine plasma levels of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein [LDL cholesterol (LDL-Chol)], high density lipoprotein [HDL cholesterol (HDL-Chol)], apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100), and Lp[a]. Apolipoprotein [a] (apo[a]) size polymorphism was determined by immunoblotting. Plasma TG, apoB-100, and Lp[a] concentrations were higher in CHD patients than in control and USA groups. CHD patients had higher levels of TC and LDL-Chol and lower HDL-Chol than control subjects. However, the USA population had higher levels of TC, LDL-Chol, and apoB-100 and lower HDL-Chol than control subjects. Plasma Lp[a] levels were inversely correlated with the relative molecular weight of the more abundant of each subject's two apo[a] isoforms (MAI), and CHD patients showed higher frequencies of lower relative molecular weights among MAI. Our observed changes in lipid profiles suggest that immigrating to the USA may place Asian Indians at increased risk for CHD. This study suggests that elevated plasma Lp[a] confers genetic predisposition to CHD in Asian Indians, and nutritional and environmental factors further increase the risk of CHD. This is the first report implicating MAI size as a predictor for development of premature CHD in Asian Indians. Including plasma Lp[a] concentration and apo[a] phenotype in screening procedures may permit early detection and preventive treatment of CHD in this population.