Disease In India Research Articles

Saliva as a potential non-invasive liquid biopsy for early and easy diagnosis/prognosis of head and neck cancer

Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are the most devastating diseases in India and southeast Asia. It is a preventable and curable disease if detected early. Tobacco and alcohol consumption are the two major risk-factors but infection of high-risk HPVs are also associated with development of predominantly oral and oropharyngeal carcinomas. Interestingly, unlike cervical cancer, HPV-induced HNSCCs show good prognosis and better survival in contrast, majority of tobacco-associated HPV−ve HNSCCs are highly aggressive with poor clinical outcome. Biomarker analysis in circulatory body-fluids for early cancer diagnosis, prognosis and treatment monitoring are becoming important in clinical practice. Early diagnosis using non-invasive saliva for oral or other diseases plays an important role in successful treatment and better prognosis. Saliva mirrors the body's state of health as it comes into direct contact with oral lesions and needs no trained manpower to collect, making it a suitable bio-fluid of choice for screening. Saliva can be used to detect not only virus, bacteria and other biomarkers but variety of molecular and genetic markers for an early detection, treatment and monitoring cancer and other diseases. The performance of saliva-based diagnostics are reported to be highly (≥95 %) sensitive and specific indicating the test's ability to correctly identify true positive or negative cases. This review focuses on the potentials of saliva in the early detection of not only HPV or other pathogens but also identification of highly reliable gene mutations, oral-microbiomes, metabolites, salivary cytokines, non-coding RNAs and exosomal miRNAs. It also discusses the importance of saliva as a reliable, cost-effective and an easy alternative to invasive procedures.

Characterization of field isolates of Fusarium spp. from eggplant in India for species complexity and virulence

Eggplant wilt, despite emerging as a severe disease in India, the etiology must be better studied for its species' complexity and variability. The identity of fungal isolates associated with eggplants of India was established morphologically followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Three species, Fusarium falciforme, Fusarium incarnatum and Fusarium proliferatum, were observed for the first time in India. The isolates were tested for pathogenicity. Though all of them were pathogenic, the isolates displayed varying degrees of virulence. In further studies, the genetic relatedness of the isolates for virulence was assessed with candidate avirulent (SIX effectors), virulent (Fow1 and Fow2) and SSR markers. The SIX effector genes could not delineate the virulent isolates and were expressed in some non-F. oxysporum isolates for the first time. Likewise, the virulent genes, Fow1 for expression across the isolates and Fow2 for random expression across the isolates, were unsuitable markers for identifying the virulent groups. Hence, the F. oxysporum and F. solani isolates were genotyped with SSR markers. Though the clustering did not correlate with their virulence levels, the dendrogram grouping revealed variability among the F. oxysporum and F. solani isolates. This study concludes that although multiple species of Fusarium are associated with eggplant wilt in India, only F. oxysporum and F. solani are widespread in the surveyed areas. Though the three markers could not delineate the race specificity of the isolates, only the SSR makers could identify the genetic variability and hence, would help screen eggplant germplasm for fusarium wilt resistance.

Geographic distribution, host preference and phylogenetic relationships among Pyricularia species inciting millet and rice blast disease in India

AbstractBlast disease causes significant damage to millets (pearl millet, finger millet and foxtail millet) and rice in India. This study investigates strains of Pyricularia, the causal agent of blast disease, in rice and millets in India in terms of their diversity, host preferences and phylogeny. One hundred and thirty‐six Pyricularia isolates causing rice and millet blast were collected from 46 locations in India. They displayed morphological diversity irrespective of host or location. All Pyricularia isolates were separated into two major clusters by a multilocus sequence‐based phylogenetic tree, which also demonstrated that most isolates are grouped according to their host associations. In contrast, a few finger millet isolates were found to be grouped with foxtail millet isolates. We explored how Pyricularia isolates behaved when exposed to rice and millets. Finger millet isolates were shown to be pathogenic on a wide variety of millets, whereas rice isolates were only found to infect rice and wheat. The majority of the blast isolates of millets were shown to be pathogenic on common weed species of the millet ecosystem, such as Echinochloa crusgalli, Eleusina indica and Erogrotis gagantica. Our findings emphasize the importance of pathogen surveillance in both cultivated crops and weed hosts, as well as the possible risk of blast fungus infection in Indian millets due to host expansion. Blast disease control programmes in India will be greatly enhanced by the knowledge gained in this study on the diversity and host association of Pyricularia strains.

Evaluation of risk factors for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in India: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

NAFLD is emerging as an important cause of liver disease in India. It is estimated that 16-32% of general population in India (nearly 120 million) has NAFLD. This study aimed to identify the risk factors of NAFLD and to identify the association of lifestyle (dietary and physical activity), genetic, and environmental factors with NAFLD in India. A systematic literature search was conducted using an international electronic database: PubMed (MEDLINE) and Google Scholar from the date of inception 31st March 2021 to 28th September 2021. We included studies examining patients with NAFLD: Adults above 18 years of age. Studies with or without a control population were both eligible. The studies with a diagnosis of NAFLD based solely on abnormal liver tests were excluded. We tried to get unpublished data but they were not of the quality of inclusion. Meta-analysis was performed using the software STATA 14.2 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA). For each of the studies, the standard error was calculated using the reported number of outcomes and the sample size. A forest plot was used to graphically represent the study-specific and pooled prevalence estimates for overall and subgroup analysis. In a systematic review and meta-analysis of 8 studies including data from over 1800 individuals, we found that among components of lipid profile, LDL and HDL had a negative effects on NAFLD while triglycerides had a positive effect on NAFLD. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension, and Obesity were the potential risk factors for NAFLD but the evidence generated was only from single studies.

Non-communicable Diseases in India: The Growing Public Health Challenge and the Role of Health Insurance

Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the connection between non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and out-of-pocket (OOP) medical expenses in India. Methods: The study utilized information from the National Sample Survey (NSS) conducted in 2018 to examine the prevalence of NCDs and their relationship with OOP health expenditures. Results: There is a significant association between NCDs and higher OOP health spending in India. For individuals with NCDs, the average health expense per hospitalization episode was INR 19,420, with 89.3% covered by OOP payments and only 10.7% supported by health insurance. Additionally, the prevalence of NCDs varied by state, with Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal, and Madhya Pradesh experiencing the highest burden of NCDs. Conclusions: The study underscores the urgent need for a comprehensive and multi-sectoral strategy to address the growing burden of NCDs in India. This strategy should encompass NCD prevention, early identification, and management. Policy initiatives should focus on reducing the financial strain of NCDs on Indian households, potentially through increased public health spending, enhanced insurance coverage, and specialized programs targeting NCD prevention and management.

Tungro Virus Disease in India: Historical Insights and Contemporary Prevalence Trends in Rice Cultivation

Tungro virus disease poses a significant threat to rice cultivation in India, impacting yields and livelihoods of farmers. This review provides historical insights and examines contemporary prevalence trends of Tungro virus disease in rice cultivation across India. The historical evolution of the disease, from its initial emergence to its spread across different regions of the country, is analyzed to understand its trajectory over time. Contemporary prevalence trends, influenced by factors such as climate, agricultural practices, and vector dynamics, are explored to assess the current status of Tungro virus disease in India. The epidemiology, transmission mechanisms, and host plant interactions are discussed, shedding light on the complex dynamics of disease spread and management. The review highlights the importance of ongoing research, surveillance, and collaborative efforts among stakeholders to effectively mitigate the impact of Tungro virus disease and ensure the sustainability of rice production in India and the historical context and contemporary trends of Tungro virus disease is essential for developing targeted strategies and interventions to address this significant challenge facing rice cultivation in India.

Homoeopathy in Diabetic Encephalopathy

People usually know Type 1 diabetes & Type 2 diabetes. The current article deals with Type 3 diabetes. Gradually, the common man is getting aware about the emerging brain issues in diabetic individuals. This is ‘Diabetic Encephalopathy’ or the Type 3 diabetes. The article discusses the History, Patho Physiology, Epidemiology, Burden of the disease in India. Thereafter, the article explores the role of Homoeopathy of the AYUSH ministry in dealing with the problem. The article gives a suggestive treatment protocol based on Homoeopathy. Finally, the article focuses upon the ‘cost effectiveness’, ‘clinical effectiveness’ & ‘zero side effects’ qualities of Homoeopathy. Hence, its use on a mass scale to deal with the ensuing diabetic related encephalopathy is discussed at the national level.

Screening of Promising Genotypes of Isabgol against Downy Mildew Disease (Peronospora plantaginis)

Isabgol (Plantago ovata) is an important Rabi crop grown in dry regions of India. It plays an important role in reducing stomach disorders. The crop of Isabgol suffers with number of diseases. Downy mildew disease of Isabgol caused by Peronospora plantaginis is one of the wide spread and destructive diseases in India. The symptoms of downy mildew of Isabgol appear 30-35 days after sowing. As the disease progressed, the leaves become necrotic and started drying from the tip to backward and plant become stunted. The genotype screening is an eco-friendly method for management of plant diseases; hence an experiment was conducted to identify the resistant genotypes against downy mildew of Isabgol under natural field condition. Out of 36 genotypes, 8 genotypes were found resistant, 15 genotypes were found moderately resistant, 8 genotypes were found moderately susceptible and 5 genotypes were found susceptible against downy mildew of Isabgol.

Behavioral Activation for Comorbid Depression in People With Noncommunicable Disease in India: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Feasibility Trial.

The increasing burden of depression and noncommunicable disease (NCD) is a global challenge, especially in low- and middle-income countries, considering the resource constraints and lack of trained human resources in these settings. Effective treatment of depression in people with NCDs has the potential to enhance both the mental and physical well-being of this population. It will also result in the effective use of the available health care resources. Brief psychological therapies, such as behavioral activation (BA), are effective for the treatment of depression. BA has not been adapted in the community health care services of India, and the feasibility of using BA as an intervention for depression in NCD and its effectiveness in these settings have not been systematically evaluated. Our objective is to adapt BA for the Indian NCD context and test the acceptability, feasibility, and implementation of the adapted BA intervention (BEACON intervention package [BIP]). Additionally, we aim to test the feasibility of a randomized controlled trial evaluation of BIP for the treatment of depression compared with enhanced usual care. Following well-established frameworks for intervention adaptation, we first adapted BA (to fit the linguistic, cultural, and resource context) for delivery in India. The intervention was also adapted for potential remote delivery by telephone. In a randomized controlled trial, we will be testing the acceptability, feasibility, and implementation of the adapted BA intervention (BIP). We shall also test if a randomized controlled feasibility trial can be delivered effectively and estimate important parameters (eg, recruitment and retention rates and completeness of follow-up) needed to design a future definitive trial. Following the receipt of approval from all the relevant agencies, the development of the BIP was started on November 28, 2020, and completed on August 18, 2021, and the quantitative data collection was started on August 23, 2021, and completed on December 10, 2021. Process evaluation (qualitative data) collection is ongoing. Both the qualitative and quantitative data analyses are ongoing. This study may offer insights that could help in closing the gap in the treatment of common mental illness, particularly in nations with limited resources, infrastructure, and systems such as India. To close this gap, BEACON tries to provide BA for depression in NCDs through qualified NCD (BA) counselors integrated within the state-run NCD clinics. The results of this study may aid in understanding whether BA as an intervention is acceptable for the population and how feasible it will be to deliver such interventions for depression in NCD in South Asian countries such as India. The BIP may also be used in the future by Indian community clinics as a brief intervention program. Clinical Trials Registry of India CTRI/2020/05/025048; https://tinyurl.com/mpt33jv5. DERR1-10.2196/41127.

Epitope imprinting of Sip D protein of Salmonella Typhi bacteria through multiple monomers approach

Typhoid fever is an endemic disease in India. An early stage detection of this disease will reduce the burden on healthcare industry and prevent many fatalities. Here a MIP sensor is fabricated to detect Salmonella typhi bacteria through its antigenic epitope sequence identified through immunoinformatic tools. Epitope imprinting through multiple monomers was utilized to deposit the sensing matrix on gold coated electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) electrode. Methacrylic acid, 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine and benzyl methacrylate were used as monomers while ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as crosslinker and azobisisobutyronitrile was used as initiator. The analytical performance of MIP-EQCM sensor was studied by electrochemical as well as piezoelectric measurements. Selectivity of sensor was examined thorugh mismatched peptide sequences and certain plasma proteins also. The detection limit was found to be 0.27 ng mL−1 by DPV and 0.87 ng mL−1 by piezoelectric measurements. The sensor exhibited high selectivity towards imprinted epitope. Additionally, the sensor demonstrated the specific and selective detection in real sample of typhoid infected patients. Thus, the proposed MIP-EQCM sensor could be proposed as diagnostic tool for typhoid fever.

Microbial Waterborne Diseases in India: Status, Interventions, and Future Perspectives.

Water plays a vital role as a natural resource since life is unsustainable without it. If water is polluted or contaminated, it results in several health issues among people. Millions of people are infected with waterborne diseases globally, and India is no exception. In the present review, we have analyzed the outbreaks of waterborne diseases that occurred in several Indian states between 2014 and 2020, identified the key infections, and provided insights into the performance of sanitation improvement programs. We noted that acute diarrheal disease (ADD), typhoid, cholera, hepatitis, and shigellosis are common waterborne diseases in India. These diseases have caused about 11,728 deaths between 2014 and 2018 out of which 10,738 deaths occurred only after 2017. The outbreaks of these diseases have been rising because of a lack of adequate sanitation, poor hygiene, and the absence of proper disposal systems. Despite various efforts by the government such as awareness campaigns, guidance on diet for infected individuals, and sanitation improvement programs, the situation is still grim. Disease hotspots and risk factors must be identified, water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services must be improved, and ongoing policies must be effectively implemented to improve the situation. The efforts must be customized to the local environment. In addition, the possible effects of climate change must be projected, and strategies must be accordingly optimized.

Burden, determinants and treatment status of metabolic syndrome among older adults in India: a nationally representative, community-based cross-sectional survey

IntroductionMetabolic syndrome is a significance driver of mortality and morbidity in India, but nationally representative data regarding disease burden and treatment status are lacking. Here, a cross-sectional study was undertaken...

Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) in Adults with Primary Glomerular Diseases in India

Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) in Adults with Primary Glomerular Diseases in India

A Review Study of Pranavaha Srotas Vikara With Special Reference to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Abstract: Ayurvedic literature refers to the expression "Srotomayam Hi Shariram" which means "the living body is a system of channels consisting of several channels built as an internal transport system to perform various tasks. Srotas are macro channels and pathways in the living body covering visible and invisible organs, molecules, atoms and subatomic layers. Pranavaha Srotas is one of these channels that mediate Pranavayu. In Ayurveda, respiratory diseases are due to binding of Pranavaha Srotas, causing cough, breathing problems and disturbance of the breathing rhythm. COPD is the second largest common lung disease in India after pulmonary tuberculosis. It is common in middle-aged patients and rarely in patients under 35 years of age. COPD is the leading cause of death and morbidity worldwide. It is characterized by progressive and persistent airflow limitation.

AYURVEDIC PERSPECTIVE ON THYROID DISORDER: A CRITICAL REVIEW

Endocrine disorders are most common in India, of which thyroid disorders represent a major subset. Thyroid dysfunction is rising at an alarming rate in the Indian population. Hypothyroidism & hyperthyroidism constitute the maximum percentage of thyroid disease in India. The thyroid gland fails to produce enough thyroid hormone due to structural or functional impairment. The incidence of thyroid disorders is increasing daily, so there is a need to increase demand to treat thyroid disease by the Ayurvedic method, as they are entirely safe and natural. In this article, effort is made to review some Ayurvedic diets, such as medicines, yoga, and pranayama, towards the correction of tridosha and the function of the thyroid gland.

MCIP: Mining Crop Image Data On pysparkdataframe Using Feature Selection and Cluster Based Techniques

Crop-related problems such as pests and diseases in India lead to yearly losses exceeding $500 billion. Leaf blight is identified as the principal factor responsible for the substantial financial losses amounting to $500 billion. Farmers engaged in the cultivation of forage and grain sorghum experience the greatest degree of hardship. This disease has a significant impact on various crops, including maize, rice, tomato, potato, millet, and onion. The timely detection and evaluation of disease in plants can contribute to mitigating the extent of associated losses. However, the task presents difficulties as a result of variations in crop species, varieteis of crop diseases, and environmental factors. The current methodologies lack generalizability in their ability to classify and predict diseases. All of the techniques employed in this study are applied to a dataset with predetermined input values and corresponding output values. The current methodologies involve preprocessing the images and performing segmentation for extracting the appropriate characteristics. The process of segmentation necessitates the implementation of pre-processing techniques, such as dilation and edge detection. As a consequence, the loss of crucial information occurs, which subsequently leads to inaccurate classification. Furthermore, the methodologies employed thus far have not been designed to evaluate the performance of the algorithm on specialised or specific datasets. Deep learning methodologies are susceptible to the issue of overfitting. This paper proposed an approach for extracting and analysing crop image data using the PySpark (MCIP) data frame. The MCIP framework employs Principal Component Analysis (PCA) as a method for selecting pertinent features. The PCA features that have been gathered are subsequently employed to identify homogeneous subgroups through the utilisation of the K-means algorithm. The utilisation of a categorised predictive output facilitates the identification and detection of diseases present in potato leaves. The utilisation of the Multispectral Crop Imaging Platform (MCIP) extends beyond the examination of potatoes exclusively, as it possesses the capability to identify diseases present in the foliage of various agricultural crops. In order to validate our assertion, we conducted an experiment utilising the MCIP algorithm on a dataset pertaining to rice diseases. In order to assess the robustness of MCIP, we conducted an evaluation of its Accuracy, Silhouette score, speed, and F1 score. The MCIP model demonstrated high performance in terms of both speed and accuracy compared to existed approaches. The level of accuracy is remarkably near 100 percent.
 
 Index Terms— Agriculture, clustering, data mining, k-means, pca, pySpark

An update on Tomato Flu Virus: A Mini-review

Abstract: This article aims to highlight the most recent information on the “tomato flu” epidemic in India. A new disease has sprung out in several areas of India. The illness had a rash that was predominantly seen in children under the age of five and was highly infectious. It was known as “tomato flu” because the rash was excruciatingly painful, and the blisters were the size of tiny tomatoes. None of the afflicted children experienced problems that would have resulted in death. The focus of the therapy was primarily symptomatic, supportive care along with isolation and sustaining hygiene standards. The RNA virus Coxsackievirus A16, a member of the Picornaviridae family, was shown to be the cause of this disease. A detailed literature review was performed on the epidemiology, aetiology, evolution, transmission, outbreak, preventive measures and management and treatment of tomato flu. The leading prevention is preventing infected children and infants from sharing clothes, food, and toys. Few drugs are used to prevent fever, but no antiviral drugs or vaccines are available to prevent tomato fever. We came to the conclusion that a novel form of Coxsackievirus A16 may be responsible for the current pandemic of this disease in India.

Healthy Drinking Water as a Necessity in Developing Countries Like India: A Narrative review.

Water is an indispensable part of human life. This article is an extensive review that focuses on the importance of water to sustain human life, the necessity of healthy, safe drinking water, and the health hazards of drinking untreated and contaminated water. We drink treated water thinking it to be safe without the knowledge that it, too, has harmful effects. Detrimental health effects due to water chlorination are mentioned in this article. The usage of nanoparticles for the treatment of water is an alternative to chlorination, but they are little in use as they are expensive. Transmission of waterborne diseases through drinking water is widespread in a developing country like India. A list of the pathogens contaminating drinking water is present in the review. Pathogens pollute water, and heavy metals and chemicals from industries, pesticides, pharmaceutical compounds, and radioactive waste also taint it. The harmful effects of metal and chemical toxicities on human health are discussed in this review. The government of India has launched several programmes to ensure clean, safe drinking water for all its residents. The study reflects on the treatment given to individuals suffering from waterborne diseases in India. Significant changes in health status in India have been seen recently after the execution of various government programmes to provide safe, healthy drinking water to all its residents.

Burden of dengue, leishmaniasis and lymphatic filariasis in India and its states from 1990-2019: Analysis from the Global Burden of Disease study (GBD 2019).

Vector-borne diseases such as dengue, leishmaniasis, and lymphatic filariasis, constitute significant sources of illness, disability, and mortality among the poor and vulnerable in many countries around the world, including India. Based on the global burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors study 2019, we analyse the burden of dengue, leishmaniasis, and lymphatic filariasis, in India from 1990 to 2019. Over this period, there was a reduction in the burden of lymphatic filariasis and leishmaniasis. Notably, dengue emerged as the most common vector-borne disease, exhibiting high fatality rate above 15 years of age and the highest DALY within 15-49 age group. Additionally, dengue cases surged substantially between 1990 and 2019. Leishmaniasis related mortality and DALY declined in the year 2019 compared to the year 1990, with high mortality and DALY in the 0-49-year-old age group. For lymphatic filariasis, DALY was more pronounce among those in the 15-49-year age group, which underwent reduction in 2019. Males had a higher burden in other vector-borne diseases than females, although females had a slightly elevated dengue burden. These findings highlight the evolving epidemiological trends related to vector-borne diseases in India, over the last three decades and underline the critical significance of sustained efforts for the elimination and control of vector-borne diseases.

Cultural and Morphological Variabilty in Rhizoctonia solani Isolates of Different Rice Growing Areas of Chhattisgarh, India

The sheath blight disease of rice caused by Rhizoctonia solani is an economically important disease in India. A survey was carried out to find the disease severity of sheath blight of rice and collected the disease samples from the different locations of Chhattisgarh. Fifty eight isolates of R. solani collected from various locations of Chhattisgarh were studied for their morphological and cultural variation. Cultural and morphological parameters of each isolate like growth pattern of mycelium, colony colour, Colony growth diameter (mm) at different intervals was recorded after inoculation of R. solani on to the sterilized PDA in 90 mm Petri plates incubated at 28 ± 2 0C in B.O.D incubator after 15 days [1]. The isolates were assigned code numbers such as RS1, where "RS" named Rhizoctonia solani and "1" denote the serial number of the isolate. The R. solani isolates RS1, RS2, RS3, RS4, RS5, RS12, RS19, RS34, RS50 and RS57 were recorded as fast growing isolates. The color of the fungal colony was varied from light brown to dark brown.