Discussion Threads Research Articles

Advanced Learning Analytics: Aspect Based Course Feedback Analysis of MOOC Forums to Facilitate Instructors

The use of Massive Online Open Courses (MOOCs) has been noticeably increased in recent times, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic. In the absence of one-to-one interaction with the students, the instructors are no longer able to understand the demands of their students in an intrinsic way. To overcome this problem, the MOOC platforms provide a discussion forum in which students can share their thoughts and problems about the course. The instructors must closely monitor the performance of their students so that they can improve their teaching methodology to enhance the students' understanding. The instructors must go through the long chats in the discussion forums to identify specific problem areas faced by students. In this study, we propose a method that first categorizes discussion threads into topics and subtopics with the help of topic modeling and then performs sentiment analysis on comments to identify the sentiment of the posts. The primary objective of the study is to facilitate the instructors so that they can improve their teaching methodology, thus enhancing the understanding level of the students.

Students’ interest, engagement, and achievement in online high school science courses

Though documented extensively using self-report measures—especially in post-secondary course contexts—the relations among students’ interest, engagement, and academic achievement in high school science courses has been studied far less—especially when considering online versions of these courses. Self-reported interest collected at the beginning of the semester, process measures of emotional, behavioural, and cognitive engagement measured with textual analysis using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) measures of online discussion threads and time spent on the learning management system were collected throughout the semester, and final course grades were collected at the end of the semester. A sample of 622 high school students were recruited from five STEM courses to participate in this study. Results indicate that interest predicts behavioural engagement, behavioural and cognitive engagement predict final course grade, and interest predicts final course grade. Findings extend research by describing the role of engagement in online high school STEM courses.

Thoughts and Experiences of Behçet Disease From Participants on a Reddit Subforum: Qualitative Online Community Analysis.

Behçet disease (BD) is a type of vasculitis with relapsing episodes and multisystemic clinical features, associated with significant morbidity and impact on patients' lives. People affected by BD often participate in discussions of their illness experiences. In-person support groups have limited physical accessibility and a relative lack of anonymity; however, online communities have become increasingly popular. This study investigates the perspectives and experiences of people affected by BD by examining the content shared and discussed on a subforum of the website Reddit-a popular online space for anonymous discussions. All discussion threads posted between March 9, 2021, and March 12, 2022, including posts and comments, were examined from the subforum "r/Behcets," an anonymous online community of 1100 members as of March 2022. A Grounded Theory analysis was completed to identify themes and subthemes, and notable quotes were extracted from the threads. Parameters extracted from each post included the number of comments, net upvotes, category, and subcategories. Two research team members read the posts separately to identify initial codes and themes to ensure data saturation was achieved. Six recurring themes were identified: (1) finding connectedness and perspectives through shared experiences, (2) struggles of the diagnostic odyssey, (3) sharing or inquiring about symptoms, (4) expressing strong emotions relating to the experience of BD, (5) the impact of BD on quality of life and personal relationships, as well as (6) COVID-19 and the COVID-19 vaccination in relation to BD. Subthemes within each theme were also identified and explored. This novel study provides a qualitative exploration of the perspectives and experiences of people affected by BD, shared in the anonymous and accessible online community of Reddit. The study found that people impacted by an illness seek to connect and receive validation through shared conditions and experiences. By examining the content shared in r/Behcets, this study highlights the needs of people affected by BD, identifying gaps and areas for improvement in the in-person support they receive.

ConnectShareCare builds connections among care partners of people with serious illness

AbstractPeople living with chronic illnesses naturally turn to peers and community members to address the need for emotional support, practical advice, and quick help with emergent problems. Health systems have been slower to incorporate the expertise that comes from patients and caregivers/ care partners’ lived experience into the design and delivery of care. A coproduction learning health system model aims to draw on the expertise of all to deliver optimal “whole person” care and to capture learning for improvement in the process of care delivery. This model harnesses naturally occurring peer‐to‐peer connections outside the traditional healthcare system into facilitated support networks, which extend the scope of services offered by the health system to support lay care partners, thereby improving their resiliency and inviting them to share their expertise with others. With patients and care partners, we co‐designed and piloted an online facilitated support network, connectsharecare.org, to help persons providing care or support to an adult with a serious illness better prepare to cope with surprises that arise post diagnosis and/or during bereavement. The team prioritized two network functions (1) connecting care partners to information and (2) facilitating emotional support. Between its launch in April 2021 and January 2023 the network has grown to more than 200 members with more than 3,500 posts over 21‐months. Most members report satisfaction with the support and information received, and say that the network helps them find meaning and purpose by supporting others. The most frequently used discussion threads focus on well‐being, emotions, and sources of joy and hope. The network is being adapted and improved as we learn from the data generated. It is feasible to engage a multi‐stakeholder team to co‐design an online peer‐to‐peer facilitated support network for care partners of people with serious illness. ConnectShareCare is valued by care partners. This work has the potential to contribute to a coproduction learning health system for people living with Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias by (1) prioritizing and addressing potentially unique needs of their care partners, (2) generating data for continuous quality improvement, and (3) contributing to scientific knowledge.

ConnectShareCare builds connections among care partners of people with serious illness

AbstractPeople living with chronic illnesses naturally turn to peers and community members to address the need for emotional support, practical advice, and quick help with emergent problems. Health systems have been slower to incorporate the expertise that comes from patients and caregivers/ care partners’ lived experience into the design and delivery of care.A coproduction learning health system model aims to draw on the expertise of all to deliver optimal “whole person” care and to capture learning for improvement in the process of care delivery. This model harnesses naturally occurring peer‐to‐peer connections outside the traditional healthcare system into facilitated support networks, which extend the scope of services offered by the health system to support lay care partners, thereby improving their resiliency and inviting them to share their expertise with others.With patients and care partners, we co‐designed and piloted an online facilitated support network, connectsharecare.org, to help persons providing care or support to an adult with a serious illness better prepare to cope with surprises that arise post diagnosis and/or during bereavement. The team prioritized two network functions (1) connecting care partners to information and (2) facilitating emotional support.Between its launch in April 2021 and January 2023 the network has grown to more than 200 members with more than 3,500 posts over 21‐months. Most members report satisfaction with the support and information received, and say that the network helps them find meaning and purpose by supporting others. The most frequently used discussion threads focus on well‐being, emotions, and sources of joy and hope. The network is being adapted and improved as we learn from the data generated.It is feasible to engage a multi‐stakeholder team to co‐design an online peer‐to‐peer facilitated support network for care partners of people with serious illness. ConnectShareCare is valued by care partners. This work has the potential to contribute to a coproduction learning health system for people living with Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias by (1) prioritizing and addressing potentially unique needs of their care partners, (2) generating data for continuous quality improvement, and (3) contributing to scientific knowledge.

Weaving in the Threads

Weaving in the Threads

A First Look at Dark Mode in Real-world Android Apps

Android apps often have a “dark mode” option used in low-light situations, for those who find the conventional color palette problematic, or because of personal preferences. Typically developers add a dark mode option for their apps with different backgrounds, text, and sometimes iconic forms. We wanted to understand the actual provision of this dark mode in real-world Android apps through an empirical study of posts from Stack Overflow and real-world Android app analysis. Using these approaches, we identified the aspects of dark mode that developers implemented as well as the key difficulties they experienced in implementing it. We performed a quantitative analysis using open-coding of more than 300 discussion threads to create a taxonomy regarding the aspects discussed by developers with respect to dark mode in Android. Our quantitative analysis of over 6,000 Android apps highlights which dark mode features are typically provided in Android apps and which aspects developers care about during dark mode design. We also examined four app development support tools to see how well they aid Android app development for dark mode. From our analysis, we distilled some key lessons to guide further research and actions in aiding developers with supporting users who require such assistive features. For example, developers should be aware of the potential risks in using unsuitable dark mode design schema and researchers should take dark mode features into consideration when developing app development support tools.

The different faces of online support: A thematic analysis of responses to help-seeking related to depression and suicidal ideation in public online forums

Help-seeking related to depression and suicidal ideations is frequent in internet forums. Forum threads concerning these topics often receive much interest through active replies but are also read by numerous passive users. Previous research indicates that such interactions may be helpful for the help-seeker, even if the underlying mechanisms are less clear. Meanwhile, some studies also suggest that online forum interactions can be less helpful or have a negative impact on the help-seeker. This study examines how online help-seeking is responded to through a qualitative thematic analysis of 72 discussion threads comprising 1,475 posts. We identify six themes that characterize different types of responses: Giving Tips, Teaching, Coaching, Consoling, Sharing One’s Own Experiences, and Bullying. These response types represent different strategies in their attempts to provide help, but sometimes also appear less helpful or even malicious. The responses are heterogeneous and often contradictory, with very different tones, spanning over varied suggestions and topics, leaving the help-seeker to interpret and make sense of the messages.

“I *know* all the things I should be doing …”: accounting for mental health and illness in an online mental health discussion forum during the COVID-19 pandemic

BackgroundMental health is highly correlated with a person’s social and economic circumstances, and the recent COVID-19 pandemic made this connection uniquely visible. Yet a discourse of personal responsibility for mental health often dominates in mental health promotion campaigns, media coverage and lay understandings, contributing to the stigmatisation of mental ill-health.MethodsIn this study, we analysed how the concept of ‘mental health’ was discursively constructed in an online mental health peer-support forum in Australia during 2020, the period of the first two waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. An approach informed by Critical Discursive Psychology was employed to analyse all posts made to a discussion thread entitled “Coping during the coronavirus outbreak” in 2020, a total of 1,687 posts.ResultsTwo main interpretative repertoires concerning mental health were identified. Under the first repertoire, mental health was understood as resulting largely from the regular performance of a suite of self-care behaviours. Under the second repertoire, mental health was understood as resulting largely from external circumstances outside of the individual’s control. The existence of two different repertoires of mental health created an ideological dilemma which posters negotiated when reporting mental ill-health. A recurring pattern of accounting for mental ill-health was noted in which posters employed a three-part concessive structure to concede Repertoire 1 amid assertions of Repertoire 2; and used disclaimers, justifications, and excuses to avoid negative typification of their identity as ignorant or irresponsible.ConclusionsMental ill-health was commonly oriented to by forum posters as an accountable or morally untoward state, indicating the societal pervasiveness of a discourse of personal responsibility for mental health. Such discourses are likely to contribute to the stigmatisation of those suffering from mental ill-health. There is a need therefore for future communications about mental health to be framed in a way that increases awareness of social determinants, as well as for policy responses to effect material change to social determinants of mental health.

Informal Social-Emotional Learning in Gaming Affinity Spaces: Evidence From a Reddit Discussion Thread on Elden Ring

Background Over the past few years, there has been extensive discussion and research on social-emotional learning (SEL) in formal educational settings. However, there is limited research on SEL in informal learning contexts, including online sites such as gaming affinity spaces. Aim This qualitative study aimed to investigate the social-emotional competencies demonstrated by players in a Reddit discussion board focused on Elden Ring, a video game known for its challenging difficulty. Methods The study utilized theoretical qualitative thematic analysis on a focal thread at r/Eldenring. The thread had been upvoted over 18,000 times, included 2,363 comments encompassing 116,911 words, and had 997,765 readers when we extracted it for data analysis. Inductive codes were identified and grouped under preconceived themes based on the conceptual framework of the Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning (CASEL), which comprises five components: self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, relationship skills, and responsible decision-making. Findings The analysis revealed promising social-emotional competencies demonstrated by players across all five components of the CASEL framework. Players exhibited self-awareness by reflecting on their emotions and self-management by regulating their frustration and persevering through challenges. Social awareness was displayed by showing empathy and encouragement towards others, relationship skills by offering support and advice to fellow players, and responsible decision-making by analyzing situations, solving problems, and reflecting on gameplay experiences. Conclusion This study highlights the potential for informal SEL in gaming affinity spaces, as evidenced by players exhibiting social-emotional competencies during a Reddit discussion thread on Elden Ring. Future research should examine, among other aspects, the learning processes that facilitate the acquisition of social-emotional competencies in gaming affinity spaces and other informal learning environments, both online and offline. Additionally, special attention should be paid to the unique features of online platforms (like Reddit’s upvoting/downvoting) and their influence on users’ interactions and SEL.

SUMMIT: Scaffolding Open Source Software Issue Discussion Through Summarization

Issue Tracking Systems (ITS) often support commenting on software issues, which creates a space for discussions centered around bug fixes and improvements to the software. For Open Source Software (OSS) projects, issue discussions serve as a crucial collaboration mechanism for diverse stakeholders. However, these discussions can become lengthy and entangled, making it hard to find relevant information and make further contributions. In this work, we study the use of summarization to aid users in collaboratively making sense of OSS issue discussion threads. Through an empirical investigation, we reveal a complex picture of how summarization is used by issue users in practice as a strategy to help develop and manage their discussions. Grounded on the different objectives served by the summaries and the outcome of our formative study with OSS stakeholders, we identified a set of guidelines to inform the design of collaborative summarization tools for OSS issue discussions. We then developed SUMMIT, a tool that allows issue users to collectively construct summaries of different types of information discussed, as well as a set of comments representing continuous conversations within the thread. To alleviate the manual effort involved, SUMMIT uses techniques that automatically detect information types and summarize texts to facilitate the generation of these summaries. A lab user study indicates that, as the users of SUMMIT, OSS stakeholders adopted different strategies to acquire information on issue threads. Furthermore, different features of SUMMIT effectively lowered the perceived difficulty of locating information from issue threads and enabled the users to prioritize their effort. Overall, our findings demonstrated the potential of SUMMIT, and the corresponding design guidelines, in supporting users to acquire information from lengthy discussions in ITSs. Our work sheds light on key design considerations and features when exploring crowd-based and machine-learning-enabled instruments for asynchronous collaboration on complex tasks such as OSS development.

Identity Struggles as Online Activism in China: A Case Study Based on "The Inviting Plan for 985 Fives" Community on Douban

Online communities support the well-being of their members by encouraging their social identity formation. In the context of an online community, online activism in the form of identity struggles can be particularly helpful for marginalized individuals or groups. Since May 2020, students from the 985 universities, an elite educational project in China, have been coming to an online community named "The Inviting Plan for 985 Fives" on Douban, an interest-based Social Network Site (SNS), to discuss their failure and dissatisfaction in life. Students who were once recognized for their academic excellence now identify as "fives" (or "garbage"). The present study examines how the Douban group, as a social network and collaborative system, supports the group members in their identity struggles in the context of increasingly fierce peer competition in China. We employ a qualitative approach, combining ethnographic methods such as participant observation and semi-structured interviews, with in-depth analysis of the top discussion threads. We discover that while peer competition and social stratification in contemporary China cause students at the top universities to feel anxious and lost, the online community they build collectively supports them to create a new social identity, the identity of "five," which is the basis of their online activism. Through this new identity, they seek unofficial democracy, civic participation, and possibilities of social change.

“I think I Get Why y’all do this Now”: Reckoning With Elden Ring's Difficulty in an Online Affinity Space

The purpose of this study was to understand how players reckon with relentlessly challenging video games by exploring their interactions in a game-specific affinity space. The authors conducted a qualitative thematic analysis of a focal discussion thread on r/EldenRing, a Reddit community, to examine how players lend each other support in response to the game's mechanical, affective, and interpretive difficulty. The findings demonstrate how affinity spaces can play an important role in helping players navigate challenging games like Elden Ring by providing a space for them to strategize, vent, joke, and even philosophize about their experiences with the game. Through this study, the authors suggest that game designers might extend their design perspectives to consider players’ metagaming practices in affinity spaces, where they support one another to construct meaning of their suffering, perhaps leading to more players, more joy, and more joyful players.

Automatic Recommendation of Forum Threads and Reinforcement Activities in a Data Structure and Programming Course

Online learning is quickly becoming a popular choice instead of traditional education. One of its key advantages lies in the flexibility it offers, allowing individuals to tailor their learning experiences to their unique schedules and commitments. Moreover, online learning enhances accessibility to education, breaking down geographical and economical boundaries. In this study, we propose the use of advanced natural language processing techniques to design and implement a recommender that supports e-learning students by tailoring materials and reinforcement activities to students’ needs. When a student posts a query in the course forum, our recommender system provides links to other discussion threads where related questions have been raised and additional activities to reinforce the study of topics that have been challenging. We have developed a content-based recommender that utilizes an algorithm capable of extracting key phrases, terms, and embeddings that describe the concepts in the student query and those present in other conversations and reinforcement activities with high precision. The recommender considers the similarity of the concepts extracted from the query and those covered in the course discussion forum and the exercise database to recommend the most relevant content for the student. Our results indicate that we can recommend both posts and activities with high precision (above 80%) using key phrases to represent the textual content. The primary contributions of this research are three. Firstly, it centers on a remarkably specialized and novel domain; secondly, it introduces an effective recommendation approach exclusively guided by the student’s query. Thirdly, the recommendations not only provide answers to immediate questions, but also encourage further learning through the recommendation of supplementary activities.

Linguistic and discursive properties of hate speech and speech facilitating the expression of hatred

Abstract Examples of posts from three Finnish (236 posts) and one French (410 posts) discussion threads are analyzed with regard to lexicon, grammar, speech acts, and topoi. The aim is to illustrate the different means used to express hatred or speech pertaining to ideological and thematic spaces in which the expression of hatred may be legitimized. The examples represent everyday discourse, which is an influential arena for the materialization of ideologies. Given the lack of linguistic and discursive tools used exclusively to express or legitimize hatred, doing research on hate speech always entails taking a specific ideological stance: neither linguistics nor pragmatics or discourse studies can provide a definition of hate speech that is valid in all contexts. Triangulating different methodological and theoretical perspectives is necessary to produce convincing research results.

A Study on Influential Features for Predicting Best Answers in Community Question-Answering Forums

The knowledge provided by user communities in question-answering (QA) forums is a highly valuable source of information for satisfying user information needs. However, finding the best answer for a posted question can be challenging. User-generated content in forums can be of unequal quality given the free nature of natural language and the varied levels of user expertise. Answers to a question posted in a forum are compiled in a discussion thread, concentrating also posterior activity such as comments and votes. There are usually multiple reasons why an answer successfully fulfills a certain information need and gets accepted as the best answer among a (possibly) high number of answers. In this work, we study the influence that different aspects of answers have on the prediction of the best answers in a QA forum. We collected the discussion threads of a real-world forum concerning computer programming, and we evaluated different features for representing the answers and the context in which they appear in a thread. Multiple classification models were used to compare the performance of the different features, finding that readability is one of the most important factors for detecting the best answers. The goal of this study is to shed some light on the reasons why answers are more likely to receive more votes and be selected as the best answer for a posted question. Such knowledge enables users to enhance their answers which leads, in turn, to an improvement in the overall quality of the content produced in a platform.

(S)Talking women: portrayal of females in online discourse of social media in Albania

The aim of this paper is to explore Albanian social media discussion threads, prioritizing the way women are portrayed. The development of social media discourse has been empowered through the increasing influence of digital media, permeating all areas of life recently. ‘Privacy is no longer a social norm’, and intentional abuse of media-derived power has led to malicious intentions infiltrating online social media discourse, threatening loyal and straightforward communication, and giving rise to denigration, negativity, and dismay. Based on the current view of scholars in the field of language and digital communication that text-based studies need to move forward by incorporating other modes of communication and the fact that all human communication is, after all, multimodal, we intend to bring examples to illustrate the choice of language and images by Albanians in online social media in reaction to current popular events. The common thread that unites all examples is related to the depiction of females, unfortunately, in derogatory terms, and gendered culpability. It is hoped that the paper will raise awareness about such dominating problematic approaches toward females in Albania, as manifested in the language used.

Evidence Hub: A place to exchange medical knowledge and form communities.

Medical knowledge is complex and constantly evolving, making it challenging to disseminate and retrieve effectively. To address these challenges, researchers are exploring the use of formal knowledge representations that can be easily interpreted by computers. Evidence Hub is a new, free, online platform that hosts computable clinical knowledge in the form of "Knowledge Objects". These objects represent various types of computer-interpretable knowledge. The platform includes features that encourage advancing medical knowledge, such as public discussion threads for civil discourse about each Knowledge Object, thus building communities of interest that can form and reach consensus on the correctness, applicability, and proper use of the object. Knowledge Objects are maintained by volunteers and published on Evidence Hub under GPL 2.0. Peer review and quality assurance are provided by volunteers. Users can explore Evidence Hub and participate in discussions using a web browser. An application programming interface allows applications to register themselves as handlers of specific object types and provide editing and execution capabilities for particular object types. By providing a platform for computable clinical knowledge and fostering discussion and collaboration, Evidence Hub improves the dissemination and use of medical knowledge.

Folk conceptualisation of small talk: A view from a Japanese online discussion forum

AbstractThe study explores the perceptions of small talk shared by the users of a Japanese online community, seeking information on their expected speech and behaviour in small talk and factors contributing to positive/negative evaluations of small talk. The study investigates a discussion thread consisting of 73 responses to a contributor's request for advice on improving small talk capabilities from the perspectives of interaction ritual (Goffman 1967), balancing obligations (Ohashi 2008, 2013, 2021) and typology of speech acts (Edmondson & House 1981; House & Kádár 2022b).

Experiences of Diagnosis, Symptoms, and Use of Reliever Inhalers in Patients With Asthma and Concurrent Inducible Laryngeal Obstruction or Breathing Pattern Disorder: Qualitative Analysis of a UK Asthma Online Community.

Breathing pattern disorders (BPDs) and inducible laryngeal obstruction (ILO) cause similar symptoms to asthma, including dyspnea and chest tightness, with an estimated prevalence of up to one-fifth of patients with asthma. Both conditions can be comorbid with asthma, and there is evidence that they are misdiagnosed and mistreated as asthma. This study aims to explore whether the symptoms of ILO and BPD were topics of discussion in a UK asthma online health community and patient experiences of diagnosis and treatment, in particular their use of reliever inhalers. A qualitative thematic analysis was performed with posts from an asthma community between 2018 and 2022. A list of key ILO or BPD symptoms was created from the literature. Posts were identified using the search terms "blue inhaler" and "breath" and included if describing key symptoms. Discussion threads of included posts were also analyzed. The search retrieved a total of 1127 relevant posts: 1069 written by 302 users and 58 posted anonymously. All participants were adults, except 2 who were parents writing about their children. Sex and age were only available for 1.66% (5/302; 3 females and 2 males) and 9.93% (30/302) of participants (27 to 73 years old), respectively. The average number of posts written by each participant was 3.54 (range 1-63). Seven participants wrote >20 posts each. Participants experiencing undiagnosed ILO or BPD symptoms, whether or not comorbid with asthma, expressed frustration with the "one-size-fits-all" approach to diagnosis, as many felt that their asthma diagnosis did not fully explain symptoms. Some suspected or were formally diagnosed with BPD or ILO, the latter reporting relief on receiving a diagnosis and appropriate management. Participants showed awareness of their inappropriate salbutamol use or overuse due to lack of effect on symptoms. BPD and ILO symptoms were frequently comorbid with asthma. The asthma online community was a valuable resource: engagement with peers not only brought comfort but also prompted action with some going back to their clinicians and reaching a diagnosis and appropriate management. Undiagnosed ILO and BPD symptoms and lack of effects of asthma treatment were topics of discussion in an asthma online community, caused distress and frustration in participants, and affected their relationship with health care professionals, showing that patients experiencing BPD and ILO have unmet needs. Clinicians' education on BPD and ILO diagnosis and management, as well as increased access to appropriate management options, such as respiratory physiotherapy and speech and language therapy, are warranted particularly in primary care. Qualitative evidence that engagement with the online community resulted in patients taking action going back to their clinicians and reaching a diagnosis of ILO and BPD prompts future research on online peer support from an established online health community as a self-management resource for patients.