Discriminatory Expression Research Articles

Analysis of ‘Publicity’ and ‘Information’ in Public Language of Administrative Agencies : Focusing on the Press Release of Gyeongsangbuk-do Office of Education and Korea Housing Finance Corporation

Since the Press Release of the Administrative Agency is it is necessary to deliver accurate information regarding Public Nature. If the Public Language of the Press Release undermines the publicity, some readers may perceive the Press Release itself negatively. In addition, if the information of the Press Release is not accurately communicated, the public may have difficulty understanding the content of the article. In particular, topics such as education and housing directly affect the lives of the people, so this is especially true. Therefore, in this study, press releases from the the Gyeongsangbuk-do Office and Korea Housing Finance Corporation of Education were analyzed focusing on Public Nature and Informativity. First, Public Nature was examined based on overbearing or authoritative expressions and discriminatory expressions, In the case of discriminatory expressions, direct, indirect, and personal information were examined. Next, Informativity was reviewed focusing on the format, quantity, and arrangement of information. As a result, there were few cases in which overbearing or discriminatory expressions were directly revealed in press releases from the Gyeongsangbuk-do Office of Education and the Korea Housing Finance Corporation. However, indirect discriminatory expressions or unnecessary personal information exposure were found. In terms of Informativity, errors were found in the format of information common to both institutions, and there were differences in the amount and arrangement of information in the two institutions. It is hoped that the results of this study, which reviewed Press Releases focusing on Public Nature and Informativity, will be helpful in writing better and easier to understand Press Releases.

Hate speech mainstreaming in the Greek virtual public sphere: A quantitative and qualitative approach

Abstract This study delves into the manifestation and characteristics of hate speech in the Greek online public sphere, specifically exploring its most prominent forms, namely racism, anti-immigrant sentiment, nationalism, sexism, and homophobia/transphobia. Combining quantitative and qualitative methods, the research analyzes popular Greek online news media. It aims to uncover the visibility and operational patterns of hate speech, addressing key questions about its prevalence and presentation on these platforms. Findings reveal the normalization of discriminatory speech, particularly sexism and nationalism, in the digital landscape. Moreover, distinct themes and linguistic elements associated with different forms of hate speech highlight the intertwined nature of these discriminatory expressions. This research sheds light on the pervasive nature of hate speech in Greece’s online realm, emphasizing its implications for democratic principles.

The Translation of Specialized Discriminative Expressions in Political Speeches within a CDA Framework

Language is said to be the primary means of communication among humans and plays a significant role in daily living, including idea sharing and educating others about cultural differences. There are many different languages spoken around the world, and occasionally more than one in a single nation. Without a doubt, translation plays a minor role in language because it permits the sharing of ideas, cultures, and even points of view. Language is extremely crucial for communication and the exchange of knowledge and information among individuals who speak various languages.
 This study focuses on the manner in which discriminatory expressions and the role of CDA in discriminative expression are translated, as well as how translators handle these expressions when they appear in speeches by prominent Americans, such as John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King, discussing racism between Black and White Americans.

Racism detection by analyzing differential opinions through sentiment analysis using stacked ensemble GCR-NN

Because of the unquestionable person of the stage on the worldwide field, a few surviving and new types of bias have arisen. Prejudice has surfaced through online entertainment in both concealed and open forms, concealed through the use of images and open through the distribution of discriminatory expressions under fake characters, to generate contempt, viciousness, and cultural flimsiness. Prejudice is currently flourishing on the basis of diversity, origin, language, culture, and, most importantly, religion, despite the fact that it is frequently associated with nationality. It has been deemed a grave threat to global harmony as well as social, political, and social fortitude that web-based entertainment's capacity to incite racial tensions. Therefore, it is necessary to keep an eye on social media, which serves as the primary channel through which racist ideas are disseminated, identify racist expressions, and swiftly criminalize them. By analyzing the sentiment of tweets, this study aims to identify biased tweets. By combining gated recurrent units (GRU), convolutional neural networks (CNN), and recurrent neural networks (RNN), gated convolutional recurrent neural networks (GCR-NN) are formed. This is done to make use of the superior presentation provided by deep learning. GRU is at the top of the GCR-NN model for extracting acceptable and recognizable characteristics from unrefined text, whereas CNN dissects fundamental components for RNN to create precision expectations. The proposed GCR-NN's presentation within the framework of machine learning (ML) and deep learning models is the subject of numerous analyses. The results show that GCR-NN performs better and has a precision of 0.98 that is higher. In 97% of tweets, the proposed GCR-NN model can recognize extremist remarks.

Identifying Hate Speech and Attribution of Responsibility: An Analysis of Simulated WhatsApp Conversations during the Pandemic.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, public confrontations between people who had agreed to be vaccinated and those who had not, highlighted the relevance of the deepening dissemination of violent and discriminatory expressions and determined a level of perception of hate discourses. A cross-sectional observational study was carried out, based on an innovative methodology: simulations of WhatsApp conversations. In addition, the following variables were considered among others: level of empathy, personality traits and conflict resolution. The participants were 567 nursing students (413 females, 153 males and 1 person who did not identify with any gender). The results showed that, for the most part, the participants correctly identified hate speech, but were unable to discern the frame of reference. It is necessary to implement intervention strategies to minimize the impact of hate speech, which continues to be used on many levels to harass others, justify violence or undermine rights, generating an environment of prejudice and intolerance that encourages discrimination and violent attacks against certain individuals or collectives.

Discrimination against Migrants in the Moscow Rental Market (Case Study of Iranian and Tajik Students)

For finding accommodation in Moscow, international students face many discriminatory advertisements and landlords who refuse to lend their properties to immigrants because of their ethnicities, religion, etc., which puts tremendous pressure on international students. However, the landlords might believe that their behavior is not discriminating. Therefore, in this study, we aim to investigate the existence of discrimination against Iranian and Tajik students in Moscow’s rental market. We have chosen Iranian and Tajik students currently studying in Moscow since the students from these two countries share a similar language, religion, and culture. This study uses a qualitative approach based on a structured interview consisting of 15 questions to understand the problems Iranian and Tajik students face in Moscow’s rental market. Also, we analyzed 1,221 rental advertisements to determine the number of discriminatory expressions on Russian real estate websites and applications. The results show that discriminative words such as “Strictly Slav,” “Only Slav,” and “Slav (Russian citizens only)” include almost 25% of the advertisements on internet websites. The study results also show that landlords refuse to lend an apartment, room, or bed to Iranian and Tajik students for almost the same reasons, such as their ethnicities, religion, and a citizen of another country rather than the Russian federation being a student. We can conclude that the role of universities in facilitating the housing problems of international students and the role of the government in providing juridical access in terms of discrimination is essential.

Challenges of diversity in languages: the dilemma of using English as a medium of learning in Nigeria – report

Nigeria, just like many other African countries and Asian countries were colonized by the first world countries, The British adopted the policy of assimilation, which the learning of ‘English language’ by Nigerians was one of them. The reason was not far-fetched from the fact that we needed a united language for political, economic and social stability and convenience because of our diversity in cultures and languages. This however was an accomplished agenda because everyone had no option but to learn English language right from childhood and pass mark of this language subject was a criterion to get into the higher education. My experience as an educational instructor of English language, I discovered that students find it easier to express themselves in their native languages than English language, there is stigmatization, disdain or discriminatory expression given to a student finding it hard to make correct grammatical expression by his or her colleagues. Students even feel embarrassed to make presentations, debates and even engage with their colleagues in extracurricular activities because they consider it a deficiency and an embarrassment.

『새한글성경 신약과 시편』의 국어학적 의의

Reading the Bible written in an old-fashioned style is difficult for the younger generation to read, so it is necessary to translate the Bible into a modern language for the next generation. The New Korean Translation The New Testament and Psalms (hereinafter NKT NT&Ps) was introduced at this time in response to the need of a translated Bible that uses easy native language instead of difficult Sino-Korean words, and fits the story structure of the Bible by utilizing the grammatical characteristics of discourse (text) and genre. The significance of the NKT NT&Ps in terms of its lexis, syntax, discourse, and notation is listed in the numerical order as follows:BR (1) In pursuit of a new native language translations, native-language-centered translation was thoroughly conducted, and expanded the breadth of expression of the Korean translation Bible.BR (2) While respecting the principle of direct translation of the original text, paraphrase was performed with its focus on the native language. The old-fashioned style of writing mixed with compound sentences and complex sentences was avoided, and sentences were cut as short as possible.BR (3) The old-fashioned-style of two-level honorification was converted into the six-level, modern language honorification, and it was adjusted according to the genre characteristics of each book in the Bible. Discriminatory expressions were avoided and modified.BR (4) Modern orthography was followed, and punctuation marks were introduced. Modern measurement systems and Arabic numerals were introduced to improve readability.BR The NKT NT&Ps should be viewed as an experimental and positive challenge.

A semi-supervised algorithm for detecting extremism propaganda diffusion on social media

Abstract Extremist online networks reportedly tend to use Twitter and other Social Networking Sites (SNS) in order to issue propaganda and recruitment statements. Traditional machine learning models may encounter problems when used in such a context, due to the peculiarities of microblogging sites and the manner in which these networks interact (both between themselves and with other networks). Moreover, state-of-the-art approaches have focused on non-transparent techniques that cannot be audited; so, despite the fact that they are top performing techniques, it is impossible to check if the models are actually fair. In this paper, we present a semi-supervised methodology that uses our Discriminatory Expressions algorithm for feature selection to detect expressions that are biased towards extremist content (Francisco and Castro 2020). With the help of human experts, the relevant expressions are filtered and used to retrieve further extremist content in order to iteratively provide a set of relevant and accurate expressions. These discriminatory expressions have been proved to produce less complex models that are easier to comprehend, and thus improve model transparency. In the following, we present close to 70 expressions that were discovered by using this method alongside the validation test of the algorithm in several different contexts.

Othering discourse and stigma amidst the identity formation process among gays, bisexuals and other men who have sex with men on HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP).

With the global emergence of the HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), questions have emerged on which ways the social identity formation process among gays, bisexuals and other men who have sex with men on PrEP arise and constitute beyond exclusive sexual orientation expressions. We conducted a content analysis with thematic categories in a PrEP online group guided by group-web affiliation and individualization approaches. Individuals identify themselves as PrEPsters as part of a PrEP club, while dealing with conflicts on serosorting sexual partners and stigmatizing reactions towards people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH). Self-worth and othering discourses towards PLWH emerged as complex themes in men's production of identity processes across four overlapping domains: (1) self-worth as a strategy to challenge individual HIV-acquisition-related anxiety and fear, (2) group-worth and group empowerment, (3) body control and reclaiming power on sexual health, and (4) othering discourses, HIV/AIDS stigma and criminalization of PLWH. Paradoxically, internal and external discourses to the group constitute and challenge identity differentiation; individuals on PrEP claim to fight against the HIV/AIDS stigma, while this reverberates alongst HIV-related discriminatory expressions in their discourses.

Differential Image Representation and Discriminatory Language Expressions Regarding Women: Focused on 2014~2019 Films

Differential Image Representation and Discriminatory Language Expressions Regarding Women: Focused on 2014~2019 Films

Homonegativity and sport: A systematic review of the literature

The hypermasculine subculture of individual and team sports is a context where discriminatory attitudes toward lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) people can occur at a higher rate, although conflicting results emerged in the literature. In order to clarify these data, a systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA statement, with the aim to analyze the research on expressed homonegativity among athletes and the discrimination perceived by LGB people involved in sport contexts. Thirty-eight articles were included. Although half of the included research identified, mainly among younger generations, positive attitudes toward homosexuality, an adherence to an orthodox masculinity and veiled discriminatory expressions persist. In addition, several papers identified overt discrimination, and LGB athletes often perceive sport contexts as discriminatory. Even seemingly “positive,” results should therefore be interpreted with caution. Evidence suggests the connection with stereotypical requirements and a heteronormative and homonegative cultural system could be maintained in apparently innocuous behaviors and expressions. Further interventions are necessary in order to sensitize sporting contexts regarding homosexuality-related issues and to promote inclusive attitudes.

차별어에 관한 연구 - 차별의 정의와 차별어 대체표현의 한일비교를 중심으로 -

이 연구는 한국과 일본의 차별어 사용과 그 대체표현 도입에 대해 기술한 것이다. 먼저 한국과 일본의 사전에서 각각 차별을 어떻게 정의하고 있는지 비교를 했다. 그 결과, 일본의 사전에서는 차별에 대해 ‘비대칭성’에 관한 명확한 언급이 있는 반면, 한국 사전에서는 비대칭성에 대한 기술이 보이지 않는다. 한국 사회에서는 차별에 관한 표현이 매스미디어나 소셜 미디어에 상대적으로 자주 등장한다. 고든 올포트가 지적했듯이 “잘못되고 유통성 없는 일반화에 근거한 반감”에 따른 차별이다. 고바야시 겐지가 지적했듯이, 차별어는 “사회의 부(負)의 유산으로 인식하여 그것을 계승하면서 문화나 사회 의식을 바꾸어 가야” 할 대상이다. 본고에서는 기존의 연구 결과를 참고하면서, 기존에는 거의 다루어지지 않았던 ‘구체명사’에 장애자 차별어가 이용되는 표현에 대해 새로운 대체표현의 도입을 제안하였다. 수식부의 교체를 통한 새로운 표현의 도입이다.

Distribution of Nitrogen-Fixation Genes in Prokaryotes Containing Alternative Nitrogenases.

Biological nitrogen fixation is an inherent trait exclusive to a select number of prokaryotes. Although molybdenum nitrogenase is the dominant catalyst for dinitrogen reduction, some diazotrophs also contain one or two additional types of nitrogenase that use alternative metal content as the active-site cofactor. The occurrence of alternative nitrogenases has not been well studied due to the discriminatory expression of the molybdenum nitrogenase and lack of comprehensive genomic data. This study reports on the genomic analysis of 87 unique species containing alternative nitrogenase sequences. The distribution of nitrogen-fixing genes within these species from distinct taxonomic groups shows the presence of the minimum gene set required for nitrogen fixation, including catalytic and biosynthetic enzymes of the Mo-dependent system (NifHDKENB) and the varying occurrence of additional Nif-dedicated components. These include NifS and NifU, found primarily in aerobic species, thus suggesting that these genes are necessary to accommodate the high demand for Fe-S clusters during aerobic nitrogen fixation.

Identification of a novel diagnostic gene expression signature to discriminate uterine leiomyoma from leiomyosarcoma

Leiomyosarcomas are rare, aggressive tumors, which exhibit a poor prognosis regardless of stage. Pre-operative diagnosis can be difficult as leiomyosarcoma can mimic features of the more common, benign uterine leiomyoma. The goal of this study was to identify specific molecular markers to discriminate between uterine leiomyosarcomas and leiomyomas to facilitate timely, accurate diagnosis and treatment.Gene expression profiles of three leiomyosarcomas, leiomyomas, and normal myometrial tissue samples were analyzed using the Affymetrix Human Gene 1.0 ST Array. GC-robust multiarray average calculation and ANOVA statistical testing were used to identify differentially expressed genes. Sixty genes, with functional roles in tumor progression or suppression, exhibited divergent expression profiles in leiomyosarcomas and leiomyomas, compared to normal myometrium. Differential RNA and protein levels of seven genes, with the most discriminatory expression patterns, were confirmed by RTPCR and immunohistochemistry in an additional 10 leiomyosarcoma and 20 leiomyoma independent samples. CHI3L1, MELK, PRC1, TOP2A, and TPX2 were overexpressed in leiomyosarcomas, while HPGD and TES were overexpressed in leiomyomas. Distinguishing leiomyosarcomas from leiomyomas represents a diagnostic challenge, particularly in the context of minimally invasive surgery. The unique gene expression signatures identified in this study may accurately differentiate between these tumor types at the earliest stage and provides potential prognostic factors and novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of leiomyosarcoma.

Analyzing the Types of Discrimination in Turkish for Foreigners Books

Textbooks might be one of the main resources of teachers even today however there have been many changes in education media and Technologies. Especially language course books used in foreign language teaching can be the basic source of learning when the target language is not spoken in the country where the language is thought. Thus, it can be mentioned that the resources used in education, indirectly play an important role in shaping the historical, cultural and social perception of the learners. By the way, as textbooks especially language textbooks should be considered as one of the important items in education, and they should be designed as free of stereotypical and ideological sources, discriminative expression and offer objective information. However, It is an indisputable fact that the cultural heritage of the textbooks and its contribution to transfer the values to the future generations, It is argued that the explicit or implicit messages in text books may lead to social polarization and the formation of societal mental boundaries and the stereotypical beliefs in society. Although discrimination is a concept in educational researches on discrimination in text books is limited to militarism and sexism. So the aim of this research to analyze the Turkish Language Text Books according to the discrimination types - age, race, ethnicity, disability, color, sexism, sexual orientation, property, religion, belief, language, addiction, social class, differentiation, occupation, pregnancy, individual differences, marital status- which is declared in European Non Discrimination Law by European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. The aim of this research to analyze the Turkish Language Textbooks for Foreigners to answer the questions stated below by using a content analyzing scale according to the types of discrimination: 1.Are there discriminatory expressions in written and vocalized texts? 2. Are there elements of discrimination in the visuals (graphics, pictures)?

1 差別的表現とマス・メディア

1 差別的表現とマス・メディア

Violencia intersubjetiva y discriminación racista en la escuela: representaciones desde los maestros en Huánuco

Son diversas las palabras, que se encuentran en el vocabulario de los pobladores de la región y, estas se complementan cuando explican las frases que conjugan dentro de estas expresiones discriminatorias: “No sirves para nada”. “Eres un serrano”, “Eres un shuco”, “Cholo apestoso”, “Indio cochino”, “Cholo de m...”, “Cholo cochino”, “Serrano asqueroso”. A los maestros, cuando se les enunciaban las preguntas con el temario a la mano, muchas de las palabras y las frases la describían dentro de un jolgorio, que parecían dar cuenta de un hecho que les incluía en su forma discriminatoria en la que también se veían participantes. Además, las cifras demuestran que es muy común escuchar palabras racistas entre alumnos. Lo que concuerda con todas las nominaciones que se han realizado al respecto. Y aquí, lo primero, que sale a relucir es la palabra “cholo”. Pero hay que tener cuidado, porque estamos con profesores de la sierra huanuqueña donde, los indicios testimoniales ponían el sujeto “cholo” como el sentido de lo serrano o de lo andino.

The Character and the Creation of the Discriminatory Expression

The Character and the Creation of the Discriminatory Expression

Unintentional Use of Discriminatory Expressions by Netizens

Unintentional Use of Discriminatory Expressions by Netizens