Dimensions Of Discrimination Research Articles

Experiences and Impact of Stigma and Discrimination among People on Antiretroviral Therapy in Dar es Salaam: A Qualitative Perspective.

Background. The impact of stigma on adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been less studied in Tanzania. Recent studies indicate that people on ART still experience stigma. Qualitative information on the subject matter is especially insufficient. Objective. This paper reports on the dimensions of stigma and discrimination and their impact on adherence to ART as experienced by people living with HIV (PLHIV). Design. A phenomenological approach was used to gather information on the lived experiences of stigma and discrimination. The sample size was determined according to the saturation principle. Results. Respondents experienced different forms of HIV-related stigma such as verbal, social, and perceived stigma. Various forms of discrimination were experienced, including relational discrimination, mistreatment by health care workers, blame and rejection by spouses, and workplace discrimination. HIV-related stigma and discrimination compromised ART adherence by reinforcing concealment of HIV status and undermining social suppport. Conclusion. After nearly a decade of increasing the provision of ART in Tanzania, PLHIV still experience stigma and discrimination; these experiences still appear to have a negative impact on treatment adherence. Efforts to reduce stigma and discrimination remain relevant in the ART period and should be given more impetus in order to maximize positive treatment outcomes.

Intertemporal Price Discrimination via Reference Price Effects

We consider the dynamic pricing problem a monopolistic seller faces when customers arrive in heterogeneous time periods and their purchase decisions are affected by reference prices formed from their past purchase experiences. We illustrate that a new form of price discrimination opportunity exists in such situations, where the seller’s optimal pricing strategy is a cyclic one, even when the customers are loss-neutral and their demand functions are identical. This result differs from those in prior studies where the optimal price paths are shown to be asymptotically constant when customer arrival times are homogeneous or when there are no reference price effects, thus is unique due to the interaction between the heterogeneous arrivals and the reference price effects. We also provide the length of the cycle when the demand function is linear. In this era where customer information becomes easier accessible, our results suggest the seller consider this new dimension of price discrimination in conjunction with the old ones, in order to take advantage of the full power of customer data.

Expanding discriminative dimensions for analysis and imaging.

Eliminating the contribution of interfering compounds is a key step in chemical analysis. In complex media, one possible approach is to perform a preliminary separation. However purification is often demanding, long, and costly; it may also considerably alter the properties of interacting components of the mixture (e.g. in a living cell). Hence there is a strong interest for developing separation-free non-invasive analytical protocols. Using photoswitchable probes as labelling and titration contrast agents, we demonstrate that the association of a modulated monochromatic light excitation with a kinetic filtering of the overall observable is much more attractive than constant excitation to read-out the contribution from a target probe under adverse conditions. An extensive theoretical framework enabled us to optimize the out-of-phase concentration first-order response of a photoswitchable probe to modulated illumination by appropriately matching the average light intensity and the radial frequency of the light modulation to the probe dynamics. Thus, we can selectively and quantitatively extract from an overall signal the contribution from a target photoswitchable probe within a mixture of species, photoswitchable or not. This simple titration strategy is more specifically developed in the context of fluorescence imaging, which offers promising perspectives.

Exploring Discrimination and Mental Health Disparities Faced By Black Sexual Minority Women Using a Minority Stress Framework.

Black sexual minority women are triply marginalized due to their race, gender, and sexual orientation. We compared three dimensions of discrimination-frequency (regularity of occurrences), scope (number of types of discriminatory acts experienced), and number of bases (number of social statuses to which discrimination was attributed)-and self-reported mental health (depressive symptoms, psychological well-being, and social well-being) between 64 Black sexual minority women and each of two groups sharing two of three marginalized statuses: (a) 67 White sexual minority women and (b) 67 Black sexual minority men. Black sexual minority women reported greater discrimination frequency, scope, and number of bases and poorer psychological and social well-being than White sexual minority women and more discrimination bases, a higher level of depressive symptoms, and poorer social well-being than Black sexual minority men. We then tested and contrasted dimensions of discrimination as mediators between social status (race or gender) and mental health outcomes. Discrimination frequency and scope mediated the association between race and mental health, with a stronger effect via frequency among sexual minority women. Number of discrimination bases mediated the association between gender and mental health among Black sexual minorities. Future research and clinical practice would benefit from considering Black sexual minority women's mental health in a multidimensional minority stress context.

The effect of gender discrimination in organization

Since discrimination against women in the workplace is generally regarded as having a negative impact on quality of life, systematic managerial efforts to prevent such discrimination have been enforced. However, there are very few studies on whether or how this discrimination affects the subjective well-being in Asia where the unequal treatment of women has been traditionally accepted. Our study examines whether perceived/experienced discrimination against women consistently influences two subjective kinds of well-being: job satisfaction and work engagement. It will consider how the impact varies according to different dimensions of discrimination, what kinds of moderators intervene to influence the effect on subjective well-being and how they do so. Empirical findings from three-wave panel data with a sample of 5987 female workers show the negative effects of discrimination on these two forms of subjective well-being.

Unexplored dimensions of discrimination in Europe: homosexuality and physical appearance

We study labor-market discrimination of individuals with “specific” characteristics in Italy. We conduct a field experiment in two Italian cities: Rome and Milan, by sending “fake” CVs to real ads. We find that there is a strong penalty for homosexuals, i.e., about 30 % less chance to be called back compared to a heterosexual male and even more so if they are highly skilled. On the other hand, we find no penalty for homosexual females. We also find a beauty premium for females only but this premium is much lower when the “pretty” woman is skilled.

Adapting the posterior probability of diagnosis index to enhance evidence-based screening: an application to ADHD in primary care.

This study adapts the Posterior Probability of Diagnosis (PPOD) Index for use with screening data. The original PPOD Index, designed for use in the context of comprehensive diagnostic assessments, is overconfident when applied to screening data. To correct for this overconfidence, we describe a simple method for adjusting the PPOD Index to improve its calibration when used for screening. Specifically, we compare the adjusted PPOD Index to the original index and naïve Bayes probability estimates on two dimensions of accuracy, discrimination and calibration, using a clinical sample of children and adolescents (N = 321) whose caregivers completed the Vanderbilt Assessment Scale to screen for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and who subsequently completed a comprehensive diagnostic assessment. Results indicated that the adjusted PPOD Index, original PPOD Index, and naïve Bayes probability estimates are comparable using traditional measures of accuracy (sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve), but the adjusted PPOD Index showed superior calibration. We discuss the importance of calibration for screening and diagnostic support tools when applied to individual patients.

Neuroticism and impulsivity: Their hierarchical organization in the personality characterization of drug-dependent patients from a decision tree learning perspective

ObjectiveNeuroticism and impulsivity are the personality variables most consistently associated with drug-dependent patients. To date, no data mining procedures have been applied to explore the differential role of personality variables in this population. MethodsThe personality profile of 336 drug-dependent patients was compared with that of a sample of community participants in the context of a decision tree learning approach using the Alternative Five Factor Model. The resulting discriminant model was cross-validated. ResultsNeuroticism and impulsivity were the most relevant variables in the resulting model, but their association appeared to be hierarchically organized. In the personality characterization of these patients, neuroticism became the main discriminant dimension, whereas impulsivity played a differential role, explained by means of an interaction effect. Decision tree learning models appear to be a heuristic theoretical and empirical approximation to the study of relevant variables, such as personality traits, in drug-dependency research.

SED-Stream: discriminative dimension selection for evolution-based clustering of high dimensional data streams

Clustering of high dimensional data streams become one of the most challenging data mining tasks. Our previous work, SE-Stream is a standard-deviation based projected clustering method to support high dimensional data streams. Besides its ability to find clusters within subgroups of dimensions, SE-Stream is able to monitor and detect change in the clustering structure during the progression of data streams. Extended from SE-Stream, some selected dimensions are used to represent the clusters. Our idea is to select a better set of dimensions to increase the quality of the output clustering. Our proposed SED-Stream projects any cluster to its discriminative dimensions that are highly relevant to the cluster itself but distinguished from the other clusters. Experimental results on both real-world and synthetic stream datasets show that SED-Stream is better than its previous version, SE-Stream, in terms of both purity and f-measure. Compared with HPStream, a state of the art algorithm for projected clustering of high dimensional data streams, SED-Stream outperforms HPStream in terms of f-measure, and has comparable purity.

Structural Dimensions of Roma School Desegregation Policies in Central and Eastern Europe

Scrutiny of the socio-economic exclusion of the Roma in Central and Eastern Europe has brought attention to the widespread practice of school segregation of Romani children who are automatically placed in classes for the mentally disabled or shunted into separate and inferior schools and classrooms. It is now widely recognised that such practices adversely affect the educational development of Romani children, which in turn dramatically constrains their possibilities to succeed in adult life. Thus far the legislative changes and political commitments to desegregation and integration measures have delivered limited outputs and outcomes. While national programmes face implementation challenges at the local level, the grassroots initiatives are rarely mainstreamed into wider policy strategies. At the end of the day the status quo is preserved. Given that little analytical effort has been made to explain the causes of desegregation failure, this article aims to address the void. It argues that the narrow desegregation aims prevents creation of comprehensive approaches sensitive to structural dimensions of segregation and discrimination. It builds on the policy design theory in order to capture the impact of discourse and policy content on the implementation outputs.

Is Family Responsibilities Discrimination the New Sex Discrimination? Lessons from School TeachersÂ’ Perceptions

This exploratory mixed-methods study uses grounded theory to examine the organizational and individual dimensions of Family Responsibilities Discrimination (FRD) and perceptions of FRD as a phenomenon and emerging law. By employing a primarily qualitative embedded research design, semi-structured interviews and exit surveys were conducted in three New Jersey public schools to study a sample of teachers and similarly situated professional staff to investigate these topics. This study is the first of its kind to examine FRD, as opposed to gender discrimination, in relation to public sector employees, specifically public school professionals. The results of the analysis of the data, consisting of qualitative themes extracted from the interviews and descriptive statistics from the exit surveys, show that current organizational factors not only fail to mitigate effects of FRD on the work/family balancing act but sometimes contribute to them, and that there is a lack of awareness of the legal concept of FRD, despite knowledge of the existence of discrimination against people with family responsibilities. Based on these preliminary results, recommendations for future research and action in the field are suggested.

Discrimination, Other Psychosocial Stressors, and Self-Reported Sleep Duration and Difficulties

To advance understanding of the relationship between discrimination and sleep duration and difficulties, with consideration of multiple dimensions of discrimination, and attention to concurrent stressors; and to examine the contribution of discrimination and other stressors to racial/ ethnic differences in these outcomes. Cross-sectional probability sample. Chicago, IL. There were 2,983 black, Hispanic, and white adults. Outcomes included self-reported sleep duration and difficulties. Discrimination, including racial and nonracial everyday and major experiences of discrimination, workplace harassment and incivilities, and other stressors were assessed via questionnaire. In models adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, greater exposure to racial (β = -0.14)) and nonracial (β = -0.08) everyday discrimination, major experiences of discrimination attributed to race/ethnicity (β = -0.17), and workplace harassment and incivilities (β = -0.14) were associated with shorter sleep (P < 0.05). The association between major experiences of discrimination attributed to race/ethnicity and sleep duration (β = -0.09, P < 0.05) was independent of concurrent stressors (i.e., acute events, childhood adversity, and financial, community, employment, and relationship stressors). Racial (β = 0.04) and non-racial (β = 0.05) everyday discrimination and racial (β = 0.04) and nonracial (β = 0.04) major experiences of discrimination, and workplace harassment and incivilities (β = 0.04) were also associated with more (log) sleep difficulties, and associations between racial and nonracial everyday discrimination and sleep difficulties remained after adjustment for other stressors (P < 0.05). Racial/ethnic differences in sleep duration and difficulties were not significant after adjustment for discrimination (P > 0.05). Discrimination was associated with shorter sleep and more sleep difficulties, independent of socioeconomic status and other stressors, and may account for some of the racial/ethnic differences in sleep.

Quand le statut du groupe modère les types de discrimination et leurs effets

Résumé D’une part, les individus minimisent la discrimination personnelle par rapport à la discrimination groupale. D’autre part, alors que la discrimination personnelle est négativement liée à l’estime de soi, la discrimination groupale lui est positivement associée. Jusqu’à présent, ces patterns de résultats ont uniquement été observés auprès de groupes de bas statut. Cette étude vise à examiner l’écart existant entre les deux types de discrimination mais également leurs effets sur l’estime de soi des individus suivant le statut social de leur groupe. Pour les membres de groupes de bas statut, les données montrent un phénomène de déni de la discrimination personnelle par rapport à la discrimination groupale et des effets distincts des deux types de discrimination perçue sur l’estime de soi personnelle. En revanche, les membres de groupes de haut statut perçoivent autant de discrimination personnelle que groupale et leur estime de soi personnelle n’est associée à aucun des deux types de discrimination perçue. Ces différents résultats sont interprétés à la lumière de la littérature sur la comparaison sociale.

AGEISM AND AGE DISCRIMINATION IN THE WORKPLACE

Abstract The overall quality of life of older people is largely impacted by their participation and engagement in society and remaining active within the work place. This article researches this area in greater depth in terms of the impact of the ever increasing ageing population has on employment opportunities for this group of people and the political and social changes that are being implemented to support this issue. Using a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches looks to investigate key dimensions of age discrimination that can lead to the elder generation being unable to fulfill this requirement. It views the perspective from both employee and employer regarding changes in legislation and how 3 individual organisations have implemented policies to align with these changes and then further explore the employees’ knowledge of this legislation and their rights within the work place.

Perceived stigma reductions following participation in mental health services integrated within community-based HIV primary care

HIV stigma remains a significant challenge for individuals living with HIV disease that can adversely affect overall well-being and patterns of HIV health service engagement. Finding ways to effectively address stigma concerns is, therefore, an important consideration in the clinical management of HIV disease. This study examined changes in perceived stigma in a sample of 48 adults living with HIV disease as an outcome of their participation in a mental health services program integrated with community-based HIV primary care. Participants completed a self-report instrument that provided a multidimensional measure of perceived HIV stigma, including distancing, blaming, and discrimination dimensions. This scale was administered at the baseline mental health service visit and then re-administered at the three-month follow-up point. Study results showed reductions in self-reported perceived HIV stigma over time for the distancing (t = 4.01, p = 0.000, d = 0.43), blaming (t = 2.79, p = 0.008, d = 0.35), and discrimination (t = 2.90, p = 0.006, d = 0.42) dimensions of stigma. These findings suggest that participation in HIV mental health services may have a favorable impact on perceived HIV stigma. Implications of these findings are discussed, including possible mechanisms that might explain the observed results as well as suggested directions for future research in this area. Randomized controlled trials would represent an important next step to investigate the extent to which HIV mental health services can reduce levels of perceived HIV stigma.

A Mixed Two-dimensional Linear Discriminate Method

Feature extraction is one of key technologies of the palmprint identification. In the light of the characteristics subspace palmprint identification technology, the two-dimensional principal component analysis, two-dimensional fisher linear discriminant and two-way two-dimensional principal component analysis algorithm is deeply analyzed. Based on two-dimensional subspace palmprint identification algorithm is a direct projection of the palmprint image matrix and is achieved very good results for dimension reduction. This paper proposed a mixed two-dimensional linear discriminant dimension reduction algorithm which can eliminate the relevance of rows and columns to get the best projection vector and extract optimal discriminant information. Experimental results show that the proposed method has faster extraction speed, higher recognition rate and better robustness. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v11i6.2608

Discrimination, drugs, and alcohol among Latina/os in Brooklyn, New York: Differences by gender

BackgroundBased on a stress-coping framework, the present study investigates the relationship between discrimination and substance use, and the moderating effects of gender. MethodsThis cross-sectional study analyzes data from Latina/o young adults aged 18–25 (N=401) from Brooklyn, New York. Multinomial logistic regression was used to test the association between discrimination and substance use. ResultsDiscrimination was significantly associated with increased odds of substance use adjusting for covariates (e.g. age, education). Gender was a moderator. Discrimination was associated with increased risk of alcohol/cannabis and hard drug use among young Latina women. However, discrimination was associated with decreased risk of alcohol/cannabis use and increased risk of hard drug use among young Latino men. ConclusionThese findings suggest that discrimination is generally associated with risk for substance use, but further that the outcomes vary by gender. Future research should explore gender-specific dimensions of discrimination and their associations with other outcomes.

Tackling disability-based discrimination in international and European law

Discrimination against people with disabilities remains one of the greatest human rights issues of our time. This article represents a critical overview of international, and in particular European, human rights and of the non-discrimination frameworks relevant and applicable to the unequal treatment of persons with disabilities in order to ascertain whether these norms provide for adequate legal, policy and institutional bases for dealing with discrimination on the grounds of disability. Having considered the contents and scope of relevant international human rights and non-discrimination provisions, the author turns to the questions of how these provisions might be exercised, who the rights holders and duty bearers would be and what the challenges of balancing different rights and needs are. The article also includes the definition of the concept of disability in the context of non-discrimination law and examines the dimensions of disability discrimination as defined in international and EU law. The author concludes that international, and especially modern EU, non-discrimination law establishes a wide and inclusive legal framework for dealing with disability discrimination. However, the actual scope of the realisation of international and European legal standards on disability discrimination in each state will depend on the consistency and effectiveness of their national implementation and on the manner of putting them into practice.

COMBATING DISCRIMINATION ON THE GROUNDS OF DISABILITY IN INTERNATIONAL AND EU LAW

The article provides for a critical overview of international and in particular EU human rights and non-discrimination frameworks relevant and applicable to unequal treatment of persons with disabilities. Having considered the contents and scope of relevant international human rights and non-discrimination provisions the author turns to the questions as to how these provisions might be exercised, who the rights holders and duty bearers would be and what the challenges of balancing different rights and needs are. The article also includes the definition of the concept of disability in the context of non-discrimination law and examines the dimensions of disability discrimination as defined in international and EU law. The author concludes that international and especially modern EU non-discrimination law establish a wide and inclusive legal framework for dealing with disability discrimination. However, the actual scope of the realisation of international and European legal standards on disability discrimination in each state will depend on the consistency and effectiveness of their national implementation and on the manner of putting them into practice.

Colleen Sheppard: Inclusive Equality the Relational Dimensions of Systemic Discrimination in Canada

Colleen Sheppard: Inclusive Equality the Relational Dimensions of Systemic Discrimination in Canada