Issues Of Discrimination Research Articles

Foreign Experience of Punishment Execution in the Form of Imprisonment for Women

The article contains foreign experience in the execution of punishment against women in various countries belonging to different legal families. The main focus is on best practices such as separate housing, rehabilitation and education programs, health and reproductive rights, and support for family ties. The conditions for women in prison should be as close as possible to living conditions in freedom to help them adapt upon release. The issues of gender equality and discrimination in the penitentiary system are discussed. The degree of international cooperation and exchange of experience in the field of execution of punishments is emphasized.

Ethical Standards in Higher Education

A study was conducted regarding ways in which higher education institutions can improve ethics. Theoretical frameworks used included: Virtue ethics, deontological and environmental ethics theories. The total sampled written texts were 94. Non-probability sampling was used. The type that was used was online convenience sampling through web scraping. Philosophical assumption that guided this study was interpretivism and the approach was Qualitative. Case study was used as a design and content analysis as a method of data analysis. Some of the findings of the study included but were not limited to the following: Higher education's ethical and professional standards are critical for retaining the trust of students, staff, and the larger society. Institutions that prioritise ethics and standards will be better positioned to carry out their goal and positively impact society. The study recommended the following to Higher education stakeholders: Create faculty-led ethics committees to evaluate and advise on ethical issues such as teaching, research, and academic freedom. Make certain that these committees are composed of a diverse spectrum of faculty members with ethics expertise; Create explicit rules and protocols for using AI, machine learning, and big data ethically in academic research and administrative processes. Address the issues of discrimination, privacy, and accountability in AI applications; and Involve alumni in ethics programs and projects to encourage them to support and contribute to ethical education and research. Create opportunities for alumni to advise students on how to develop ethical professions

Gender Equality Challenges in 'Wolfish' Workplaces: Examining Stereotypes and Biases

Despite significant progress in women's education and employment opportunities in contemporary China, gender discrimination and objectification continue subtly impacting women's workplace experiences. This study unveils the hidden facets of this inequality, encompassing wage disparities, stigmatization of female leaders, pregnancy-related recruitment biases, and the intricate and enduring "glass ceiling." Employing a framework of culture, workplace culture, and education, this research delves into the deep-rooted causes of gender discrimination. Subsequently, it seeks to provide relevant strategies and recommendations. Through our investigation, we discover that the roots of gender discrimination are entrenched in various aspects of Chinese society, stemming from multiple factors rather than a single cause (such as traditional Chinese culture). This study offers a comprehensive perspective on the multifaceted nature and origins of gender inequality in the Chinese workplace. It provides valuable insights for academic discourse, facilitating a better understanding of the complexity of gender discrimination issues. Additionally, it serves as a source of inspiration for future research and policy interventions.

Examining Name Discrimination and its Effects on Ethnic and Racial Minorities Across the Globe

With the increased diversity in America, issues of discrimination and prejudice will begin to arise in different areas of life for racial and ethnic minorities. Racial and Gender discrimination are two examples of commonly discussed discrimination in the workforce and in academic settings; However along with race, name discrimination is just as prevalent but not as widely discussed and dissected as other forms of discrimination. Name discrimination is a subset of Racial discrimination and they both equally go hand in hand. This literature review examines different forms of Name discrimination, how it looks both in American society and across the globe, and how it manifests itself in diverse ways and actively disadvantages Racial and Ethnic Minorities. As there is limited research in this field, this article hopes to give deeper insight and perspective on Name discrimination, what it looks like and how detrimental it is to the lives of racial minorities.

Examining the Persistence of American Housing Discrimination Through the Asian Lens: A Literature Review

This paper examines the historically controversial and essential issue of racial influences in housing practices through the Asian scope. While many ongoing debates garnered national attention about the roots of the homeownership gap between Black and White Americans, the story of Asians and their housing struggle in America is vastly underreported. Various discriminatory realtor agencies across the United States still demonstrate racially motivated housing malpractices towards Asians, alluding subconsciously to the persisting stereotypes of the race arising in the 19th century. The aim of this literature review is to thoroughly analyze the roots, status quo, and possible modern solutions to the unseen issue of housing discrimination against Asians in the United States.

The Conundrum of Ethnic Discrimination and Identity Crisis in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Americanah

The issue of Racial discrimination has emerged as a pressing concern worldwide in general and in the United States in particular in recent times, posing a significant challenge to human rights. Racial discrimination constitutes a grave violation of human rights, which encompasses a broad spectrum of human rights violations, including the adoption of discriminatory practices, the marginalization of domestic issues, and the unjust targeting of ethnic or religious minorities, refugees, and immigrants, often branding them as criminals, either intentionally or inadvertently (Smith & Johnson, n.d.). In this context, the present study aims to examine the facet of ethnic and racial discrimination that is meted out against the African immigrant community in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s Americanah. This study tries to investigate the instances of racial discrimination that are orchestrated on the protagonist Ifemelu and her deep longing for ethnic identity after she migrated from Nigeria to America. This research paper also examines the myriad forms of racial politics and myths of sexism and racism prevalent in the American discourses in the light of Intersectionality theory.

Workplace Inequality -- The Discrimination Women Has to Face

This abstract delves into the pervasive issue of workplace gender discrimination, encompassing overt and covert manifestations within professional settings. Despite legislative and judicial efforts, bias persists, inhibiting gender parity. Direct discrimination, exemplified through differential treatment and remuneration, is visible. Covert bias, exemplified through seemingly neutral practices that disproportionately affect genders, is subtler. Organizations must embrace comprehensive strategies: providing family support, continuous diversity training, and addressing evaluation biases. By acknowledging, rectifying, and dismantling these biases, workplaces can foster inclusivity and empowerment, thereby ushering in a future where gender bias is eradicated and all individuals thrive unencumbered by discrimination.

Exploring the Links Between Racial Exclusion and Human Trafficking of Migrant Workers in Qatar

Qatar has become a significant destination for migrant workers looking to escape unemployment in their home countries. However, highly active labour migration pathways create migration industries that exploit the increased supply of labour migrants, leading to trafficking. Human trafficking has been a longstanding concern in Qatar, especially with low-skilled migrant workers in the informal, domestic service and construction sectors. United Nations bodies and non-governamental organisations have criticised Qatar over the treatment of its migrant workforce, especially with concerns about trafficking for labour exploitation and forced labour. In addition to complaints of human trafficking, concerns have been raised concerning perceived racialised drivers of exploitation in Qatar. According to the former United Nations Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, Ms Tendayi Achiume, Qatar battles with issues of structural racial discrimination concerning its migrant workforce. This article examines the links between race and the trafficking of migrant workers in Qatar.

'Human Relationships and Gender Identity: Looking into Mahesh Dattani’s Tara

Mahesh Dattani delves into diverse themes such as place of anomalous or so called freaks in society, patriarchal standpoint, male chauvinism, gender discrimination, child sexual abuse, homosexuality etc. In India women/girls have historically suffered both overt and covert discrimination which targets not just the female body, but also indulges in mental and psychological assaults. And the regrettable element is that the hurt is caused by a person, who is considered to be the protector. In ‘Tara’, Dattani portrays the web of human relationships, through the social issues of gender discrimination resulting from long-established social beliefs. ‘Tara’ mainly deals with the theme of gender bias, followed by patriarchal hegemony. Siamese twins Tara and Chandan must be separated to ensure their survival. The ill placed decision of their mother Bharati and grandfather to benefit the male child Chandan with the third leg which rightfully belonged to Tara brings to the fore the ills of patriarchy. The issues of caste system and social hierarchy are also voiced in the play. For Indian psyche mother is next to God, but in ‘Tara’ the mother becomes the instrument of partisanship and unfairness and forces Tara to lead a life of incompleteness, physically as well as psychologically. Bharati remains guilt ridden, and therefore, she tries to recompense to Tara, in every possible way she can. Tara loves her mother the most. She even considers her mother her idol, but she gets the shock of her life when she comes to know the truth of her incompleteness from her father. By this time Bharti’s guilt takes the better of her and before Tara could speak to her mother regarding this injustice, Bharati goes insane. The influence of patriarchy is evident in Bharti’s character too. Besides being a mother, she is also an educated lady. Thus, the decision of favouring the boy child with the leg doesn't agree with her character. She doesn't come across as a woman having a strong personality and it appears that she has been coerced into giving consent for the ill-fated surgery. She is also the victim of patriarchal dominance of her father. Bharati's personal preference and her father's patriarchal dominance, ruin not only the lives of the twins but also that of Bharati because, she also suffers whole life as a result of this action. Sociologically, ‘patriarchy’ may be interpreted as a metaphor for unquestioned authority over women by all those powers that have the conventional social sanctions to perpetrate. Such transgression is not a momentary exploitation; it is often a protracted ploy to marginalize women/girl children. Plays like Tara can foster an environment of awareness, resistance and proactive modalities to counteract prevalent negative gender bias.

On the Illegality and Regulation of Algorithmic Price Discrimination in China's Digital Economy

The legal issue of algorithmic price discrimination sparked by the in-depth use of big data and algorithm techniques has emerged as a significant concern in the development of China's digital economy. Although Chinese law has implemented many regulations on the collection and protection of personal information, data security and governance, as well as on price discrimination, instances of algorithmic price discrimination have arisen in judicial practice. The legal issue surrounding algorithmic price discrimination has not yet been fully resolved. Legal studies in China on this issue mainly uses "big data killing" or "algorithmic price discrimination" to define it. Regarding the legal classification and regulation of algorithmic price discrimination: the Anti-Monopoly Law's regulatory measures are limited from a competition law standpoint. Instead, Anti-Unfair Competition Law provides a more appropriate framework. As for civil law, the question of whether the algorithmic price discrimination qualifies as a civil tort still requires discussion; nevertheless, it satisfies all the constitutive elements of fraud in Chinese civil law.

Unraveling the Twist: Spatial Navigational Challenges in Cervical Dystonia.

Cervical dystonia (CD) is an intricate neurological condition with motor and nonmotor symptoms. These include disruptions in visual perception, self-orientation, visual working memory, and vestibular functions. However, the specific impact of CD on perceiving self-motion direction, especially with isolated visual or vestibular stimuli, remains largely unexplored. This study aimed to examine the effects of CD on linear motion perception, hypothesizing impaired heading discrimination in both vestibular and visual tasks, and that such deficits correlate with the disease severity. We employed a cutting-edge motion platform to precisely control whole-body linear motion. Through repeated two-alternative forced-choice tasks, we assessed vestibular heading direction discrimination. Participants observed dynamic star clouds in immersive virtual reality and indicated their perceived self-motion direction, evaluating visual heading direction discrimination. Sensitivity to direction variations and response accuracy errors were analyzed using robust Gaussian cumulative distribution psychometric functions. Heading perception is impaired in individuals with CD, particularly evident in vestibular heading discrimination. CD severity correlated with elevated thresholds for both vestibular and visual heading discrimination. Surprisingly, lateralized CD did not introduce bias in either system, suggesting widespread disruption over localized effects. Contrary to previous beliefs, our findings challenge the idea that CD-related heading discrimination issues mainly arise from peripheral vestibular effects. Instead, abnormal proprioceptive input from dystonic neck muscles introduces noise into the central mechanism integrating visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive signals. These insights into spatial navigation deficits have implications for future CD research. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.

1.M. Workshop: Health Services Research in Europe: time to dust off the field

Abstract Since the 90s, and in spite of major transformations in health systems and the new challenges they face (e.g. rising social inequities, labour shortages), the health Services Research (HSR) field has seen little evolution in the definition of the ground it covers. In 2021, researchers from the EHESP School of Public Health (France) launched a CNRS- and INSERM-funded research team devoted to Health Services and Management Research. To mark the event, a seminar was held to reflect on what HSR stands for today and the specific contributions of our team to the field. In this workshop, Eric Breton will first briefly present the summary of the conclusions of the seminar and the topic areas our research team addresses. He will point to the specificities of HSR in the context of strong European welfare regimen and the importance of recognising the impact upstream social determinants of health have on health systems. We will then move on to our panellists who will, through their own research, question the current perspectives on HSR and highlight new advances in methodological approaches and tools at hand. Here is the list of topic we will cover. For our first panellist, Nicolas Sirven, the HSR scene is witnessing the coming of age of public policy evaluations in Europe, which is reflected in enhanced capacities to inform health system governance. He will argue that European health systems are increasingly collecting and giving access to large datasets. These datasets stand out as they cover whole populations or at least large shares of them. They will stress the importance of making the best of new evaluation approaches and methods that not only inform on impacts and outcomes but also on contextual conditions for policies to deliver. Drawing lessons from his work on access to kidney transplantation waiting list, Latame Komla Adoli will raise the issue of gender discrimination in health services. After presenting the evidence of this gender gap, he will demonstrate the capacity of HSR to provide valuable insights on how to close the gender gap and the importance of combining bio-statistical analyses with qualitative investigations. Nolwenn Le Meur-Rouillard will share insights on how big data and new data collection tools are opening up a new landscape for HSR. E-health devices, social networks, and electronic medical records (EHR) are all sources that can feed HSR making possible ‘real-life’ longitudinal studies on the entire population of a territory. This is offering a renewed vision of the disparities in access to and use of healthcare services. Carla Perrota, from the University College Dublin will conclude the workshop by offering some general remarks on the French HSR agenda and provide an account of her vision on the future of HSR. This interactive workshop will be facilitated by a web-based survey tool to further engage members of the audience. Highlights of the workshops will be published in a short paper. Key messages • Most definitions of health services research limit investigation to health care services; a situation that does not reflect the scope of actions of the strong welfare systems of Europe. • From a social determinant of health perspective, health services research needs to address programmes and policies governments deliver beyond health care to promote population health and equity.

“It becomes a fight against who I am, rather than what I say”: Gender, positionality, and inclusion in esports leadership

Within this article, we draw upon Kezar and Lester's three components of positionality theory to explore how multiple and overlapping aspects of esports leaders’ identities influence their experiences and perceptions of working within esports organisations. We present findings collected through interviews with 11 leaders from nine Scandinavian esports organisations. Our findings show that the experiences of the esports leaders are strongly gendered. For example, all four women informants reported experiences of discrimination and marginalisation, whilst none of the men informants described incidents of this nature. The positionality of the women influenced the varied nature and extent to which they experienced discrimination and marginalisation, as well as their experiences of agency to resist and transform these practices. Meanwhile, the positionalities of both women and men influenced their recognition of privilege and the value they placed on inclusion and diversity. Furthermore, the gendered experiences of individual leaders were influenced by the specific esports context within which they work, including wider issues of discrimination and marginalisation across the esports community. Overall, our findings demonstrate that future strategies to make esports more gender inclusive need to appreciate how positionality influences the power that individuals have to access and influence esports organisations.

The Mental "Weight" of Discrimination: The Relationship between Perceived Interpersonal Weight Discrimination and Suicidality in the United States.

Extant research has investigated the relationship between body weight and suicidality because obesity is highly stigmatized, leading to social marginalization and discrimination, yet has produced mixed results. Scholars have speculated that factors associated with body weight, such as weight discrimination, may better predict suicidality than body weight itself. We consider this possibility among a sample of 12,057 adult participants ages 33 to 43 in Wave V of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health through investigation of the relationships between weight discrimination and two dimensions of suicidality-suicide ideation and attempts. We also examine gender as a moderator of these relationships. We find that weight discrimination is positively associated with both suicide ideation and attempts, and this relationship is similar among men and women. Our findings underscore the need to address issues of weight discrimination in our society to better promote mental well-being.

Racial Discrimination in Uncle Tom's Cabin and the "Black Lives Matter" Movement

Uncle Tom's Cabin and the "Black Lives Matter" movement are two different themes, but both are related to racial discrimination. For the novel, it depicts the story of a slave named Tom, and describes the pain and inequality brought about by the slavery through the experience of Tom and other characters. This novel caused great repercussions around the American Civil War, helped to promote the struggle against the slavery, and became one of the classics of world literature. While the "Black Lives Matter" movement advocates for equality, justice, and the elimination of violence and discrimination against the black people. The focus of this movement is to protest against violent or arbitrary actions against African Americans, such as illegal arrests, excessive use of force, or intentional killings. Although these two themes emerged in different historical and cultural periods, they share a common goal of opposing racial discrimination and pursuing equality and justice. Moreover, in the current era, the "Black Lives Matter" movement is more diverse and inclusive compared to past movements. By publishing anti-racial discrimination information on media and social media, and organizing, more people are involved in the fight against discrimination. They are all aimed at opposing and eliminating racial discrimination, and promoting the construction of a more equal, diverse, and just society. Due to different historical backgrounds and cultural characteristics, there are certainly differences in practice and ideology. This article explores the connection between the "Black Lives Matter" movement and Uncle Tom's Cabin, which both reflect the long-standing issues of racial discrimination and social injustice in American society. As a chronic disease of American society, although racial discrimination and social inequality are difficult to solve, it is necessary for us to conduct some detailed analysis on them. The connection between the novel and the movement indicates that the ongoing struggle for equality and justice is meaningful, that is, the liberation of black people can only be achieved through their own struggles.

The Poetics of Affect Studies: Exploring Affective Turn to Gender, Culture and Society in Shashi Deshpande's The Intrusion and Other Stories

ffect Studies is an interdisciplinary cognitive science that incorporates and simultaneously discusses human psychology, medical humanities, science and technology, philosophy, history, politics, sociology, ecology, gender and queer studies, literary studies and critical theory. It also manifests various mental aspects of affective consciousness that introduce the academic cross-examination of emotional responses and experienced feelings to the social occurrences and structures of our familiar world. Affect Studies, thereby, shows the effect and reflection of social factors on the mind of people individually or collectively in diverse neural communication of human brain areas to focus on personal, social, cultural, religious, historical and political affairs. It raises affect theory as a dominant paradigm of twenty-first-century literary studies that attempts to bridge the gap between biological, psychological and social manifestations in contemporary textual criticism. Affect theory is a non-linguistic literary turn or approach to gender and sexuality, culture, society, media and communication, history, and politics and that measures mankind’s automatic feelings, emotions and reactions to the social and cultural predefined characteristics of the world. Shashi Deshpande has occupied the highly acclaimed position as a women writer in Indian English Literature and most of her writings minutely represent women’s traumatic memories and psychology, dilemma, day-to-day feelings over the poignant issue of gender discrimination, sexual harassment, rape and pregnancy, domestic violence and oppression, the traditional code and conduct of the marriage system, the melodrama of the man-woman relationship, and the crisis of women’s space and freedom in the androcentric society of India. This research paper aims to examine the theoretical discourses of affective turn to the integrated but controversial relationship between gender, culture and society in Shashi Deshpande’s ‘The Intrusion and Other Stories’ (1993). It also evaluates Deshpande’s textualization of the abstract emotion, sense of alienation and despair, sorrow and pain, inner conflicts and typical unhappy feelings of Indian women in the articulation of her female characters, their struggle for identity, and their negotiations and reactions to the matter of gender discrimination and alterity, sexual violation and marital rape, unwanted pregnancy, domestic violence and exploitation, the conventional marriage system and marital discordance, and the subjugation of women’s identity.

Publishing in English or Chinese: a qualitative analysis of Chinese researchers' academic language choice.

Non-native language scholars often struggle to choose between English and their native language in scholarly publishing. This study aims to identify the mechanism by which journal attributes influence language choice by investigating the perspectives of 18 Chinese scholars through semi-structured interviews. Drawing on grounded theory, this study develops a model for how journal attributes influence researchers' language preferences. We find that journal attributes influence researchers' perceived value which, in turn, affects their particular language choice, with contextual factors playing a moderating role. By examining the motivations underlying Chinese scholars' language choice, this study provides a critical understanding of the factors shaping their decision-making processes. These findings have significant implications for Chinese scholars, policymakers, and journal operators, shedding light on the issue of discrimination in academic publishing. Addressing these concerns is crucial for fostering a fair and inclusive academic environment.

Decomposed Impact of Democracy on Indonesia’s Economic Growth

Indonesia's democratic performance is still classified as a 'moderate' and 'flawed democracy' according to the latest report, even though the ongoing progress of national democracy continues to advance every year. This study addresses the issue by offering a more comprehensive perspective and distinguishes itself by employing a decomposition approach that incorporates 25 indicators of the Indonesian democracy index to assess their individual effects on economic growth, which no prior Indonesian study has explored. The study classifies these indicators into six distinct categories: freedom and civil rights issues, discrimination issues, political and electoral issues, social and cultural issues, law and justice issues, and demonstration and community participation issues. The findings reveal that five out of the six categorized indicators have a crucial role and significantly impact economic growth. This evidence suggests that policymakers should prioritize a multifaceted approach, which includes bolstering the protection of civil rights and freedoms, combating discrimination, as well as reforming electoral and political processes. If implemented with transparency and inclusivity, this approach can pave the way for a more robust and prosperous democracy, leading to better and sustainable economic growth in Indonesia.

The Position of Women Composers in the World and in Bulgaria – is the Audience of Contemporary Classical Music Privileged or Deprived?

The article addresses the issue of discrimination against women in their work field, which is still relevant today. It contains an overview of the historical development of women in the composers’ profession around the world and in Bulgaria, as well as an outline of the difficulties and accomplishments of famous women composers. The obstacles in the work realization of world-renowned women composers are sought: the Finnish composer Kaija Saariaho, the Soviet/Tatar composer Sofia Gubaidulina and the Bulgarian composer Julia Tsenova. An overview of annual statistics on the presence of women composers in the world's concert halls is shown and analyzed. Statistics on the concert program in the major Bulgarian halls are provided. Answers to current questions about the impact of globalization on the audience of contemporary classical music in Bulgaria in comparison with the world state are sought. The term discrimination in the professional music field is defined and researched, and those affected are noted.

User's Benefit Perceptions and Privacy Concerns for the Personalised Recommendation Service on Taobao: A Privacy Calculus Perspective

First proposed in 1992 by Goldberg, Nichols, Oki, and Terry, Recommendation System (RS) was regarded as an efficient tool for filing electric documents. Personalised recommendations are defined as a personalised list of items that the recommendation algorithm process the massive data to produce results (Wang et al., 2020). After decades of research and development, it has been utilised in fields such as social networks, streaming services, and e-commerce. (Ko et al., 2022). Promotion of customer satisfaction is one of the most mentioned goals of recommendation systems with its capability to deal with overloaded information and find relevant items that may interest customers. According to Abdollahpouri et al. (2020), a recommendation system is economically beneficial and sustainable for service providers and capable of creating values for users and perhaps further stakeholders. To balance customer satisfaction with personalised and targeted services economic-oriented goals like conversion rates, higher revenues, and client retention, personalised recommendations are provided in various contexts (Jannach and Jugovac, 2019). However, a great portion of data processed is collected from users causing risks of privacy leakage and users' concerns about privacy violations (Meng et al., 2018). It is prevailing for users to perceive privacy invasions due to the possibility of data sharing, renting, or selling to third parties (Liu et al., 2017). Malicious user attacks may occur with data collected from users and results from learning these data (Du et al., 2018). Discrimination issues and merchant-beneficial results also arise with the underlying data provided by users (Ekstrand et al., 2019; Ricci et al., 2022). As the Privacy Calculus Theory indicates, interests and privacy risks perceived from the Internet jointly influence users' willingness to personal information disclosure (Dinev and Hart, 2006). Keywords: User's Benefit Perceptions, Privacy Concerns, Privacy Calculus