Discriminant Validity Tests Research Articles

On the nexus between code of business ethics, human resource supply chain management and corporate culture: evidence from MENA countries

PurposeThis paper aims to analyze the relationships between human resource supply chain management (HRSCM), corporate culture (CC) and the code of business ethics (CBE) in the MENA region.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, the author adopted a quantitative approach through an online Google Form survey for the data-gathering process. All questionnaires were distributed to the manufacturing and service firms that are listed in the Chambers of the Industries of Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Morocco and Egypt in the MENA region using a simple random sampling method. About 567 usable and valid responses were retrieved out of 2,077 for analysis, representing a 27.3% response rate. The sample unit for analysis included all middle- and senior-level managers and employees within manufacturing and service firms. The conceptual model was tested using a hypothesis-testing deductive approach. The findings are based on covariance-based analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM) using PLS-SEM software. The author performed convergent validity and discriminant validity tests, and bootstrapping was also applied.FindingsThe empirical results display a significant and positive association between HRSCM and the CBE. The CC and the CBE tend to be positively and significantly related. Therefore, HRSCM can play a key role in boosting and applying the CBE in firms. For achieving the firm purposes, more attention to the HR personnel should be paid to implement the CBE. The high importance of the CBE becomes necessary for both the department and the firm.Practical implicationsSuch results can provide insightful information for HR personnel, managers and leaders to encourage them to develop and maintain an effective corporate code of conduct within their organizations.Originality/valueThis paper tries to explore the linkages between HRSCM, CC and CBE in the Middle East region due to the lack of research available that analyzes the relationship between them. Not only that, but it also offers great implications for Middle Eastern businesses.

Uji Validasi Instrumen Penelitian Model Intention Follow Green Account

The purpose of this study is to test the construct measurement instruments used in the green account intent research model to ensure that the instruments used in this study are valid and have the ability to accurately measure the various variables included in the model tested by the researcher. Two tests were used to evaluate the instrument: validity test and reliability test. The reliability test uses the composite reliability value and Cronbach alpha, while the validity test is conducted with discriminant and convergent validity tests. This study used 100 respondents as the sample. Non-probability purposive sampling method was used. The SmartPls application was used to conduct data analysis. The result of this study is the obtained measurement accuracy of the instrument in the research model of intention to follow green accounts.

Do reliable big and cloud data analytics capabilities in manufacturing firms' supply chain boosting unique comparative advantage? A moderated-mediation model of data-driven competitive sustainability, green product innovation and green process innovation at North Africa region

PurposeThis study attempts to explore the linkages between reliable big and cloud data analytics capabilities (RB&CDACs) and the comparative advantage (CA) that applies in the manufacturing sector in the countries located in North Africa (NA). These are considered developing countries through generating green product innovation (GPI) and using green process innovations (GPrLs) in their processes and functions as mediating factors, as well as the moderating role of data-driven competitive sustainability (DDCS).Design/methodology/approachTo achieve the aim of this study, 346 useable surveys out of 1,601 were analyzed, and valid responses were retrieved for analysis, representing a 21.6% response rate by applying the quantitative methodology for collecting primary data. Convergent validity and discriminant validity tests were applied to structural equation modeling (SEM) in the CB-covariance-based structural equation modeling (SEM) program, and the data reliability was confirmed. Additionally, a multivariate analysis technique was used via CB-SEM, as hypothesized relationships were evaluated through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and then the hypotheses were tested through a structural model. Further, a bootstrapping technique was used to analyze the data. We included GPI and GPrI as mediating factors, while using DDCS as a moderated factor.FindingsThe empirical findings indicated that the proposed moderated-mediation model was accepted due to the relationships between the constructs being statistically significant. Further, the findings showed that there is a significant positive effect in the relationship between reliable BCDA capabilities and CAs as well as a mediating effect of GPI and GPrI, which is supported by the proposed formulated hypothesis. Additionally, the findings confirmed that there is a moderating effect represented by data-driven competitive advantage suitability between GPI, GPrI and CA.Research limitations/implicationsOne of the main limitations of this study is that an applied cross-sectional study provides a snapshot at a given moment in time. Furthermore, it used only one type of methodological approach (i.e. quantitative) rather than using mixed methods to reach more accurate data.Originality/valueThis study developed a theoretical model that is obtained from reliable BCDA capabilities, CA, DDCS, green innovation and GPrI. Thus, this piece of work bridges the existing research gap in the literature by testing the moderated-mediation model with a focus on the manufacturing sector that benefits from big data analytics capabilities to improve levels of GPI and competitive advantage. Finally, this study is considered a road map and gaudiness for the importance of applying these factors, which offers new valuable information and findings for managers, practitioners and decision-makers in the manufacturing sector in the NA region.

Effect Of Age, Gender, And Tax Rates On Tax Compliance (Case Study At Kpp Pratama Jakarta Tanah Abang Dua)

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of age, gender, and tax rates on tax compliance with income level as a moderating variable at KPP Pratama Jakarta Tanah Abang Dua. This study uses a quantitative approach with an emphasis on testing theory by measuring numbers and conducting data analysis. The measurement model or outer model used in this study is the convergent validity test, discriminant validity test, and reliability test. Tax compliance has a major impact on state revenues. This situation is in accordance with the compliance level data obtained from the Jakarta Tanah Abang Dua KPP Pratama, namely during 2017 to 2021 where the realization of Tax Compliance is still unstable from the Tax Compliance target. The results of this study indicate that Age and Tax Rates have a significant effect on Tax Compliance and Income Levels can moderate significantly, so the older a person is and one's belief in the currently set tax rate, the higher the level of Tax Compliance. While gender has a negative effect on tax compliance and income levels cannot be significantly moderated, the increase in tax compliance is not based on a person's gender.

Navigating the interplay between innovation orientation, dynamic capabilities, and digital supply chain optimization: empirical insights from SMEs

This study empirically explores the influence of innovation orientation on the digital supply chain, mediated by dynamic capabilities within the context of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). This study, rooted in a comprehensive evaluation of dynamic capabilities and innovation orientation, introduces a framework that could serve as a valuable resource for subsequent research. It contributes to the global discourse on optimizing digital supply chain practices among SMEs. Quantitative method was employed, gathering data from 212 professionals in SMEs in Dubai, UAE, via an online questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using SmartPLS 4, focusing on reliability, validity, discriminant validity, and hypothesis testing. The findings show a significant influence of innovation orientation on the digital supply chain. Dynamic capabilities also exhibit an indirect yet substantial impact on the relationship between innovation orientation and the digital supply chain. The identified dynamic capabilities are instrumental in refining decisions associated with the circular economy and leveraging technology to enhance supply chain mechanisms. These capabilities foster positive correlations between the digital supply chain and innovation. The predominant advantage of digital supply chains for consumers lies in their agility and speed, facilitating swift response to customer demand and bolstering business efficiency. The model presented is a template for future research, which could expand its scope to include other industries like manufacturing or services, augmenting the robustness of the findings.

Impact of Social Media on Sales Activities of Small Businesses in Hyderabad

Abstract: Social media can be a powerful tool to help businesses in any size to reach their sales targets. This study attempts to investigate the impact of social media on sales activities using a quantitative approach to obtain a profound view of this phenomenon. An online questionnaire was distributed to the listed small businesses in Hyderabad, Telangana State, India via their emails. Data were collected from small businesses through self-administered questionnaire. 197 participants were accomplished. Descriptive and inferential statistics are applied to the measured variables under study. Brand Awareness, Sales Transactions, Sales Revenue, Engagement Tool, Customer Relations and Product/Service Improvement are used as determinants of Sales Activities in this study. Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Discriminant Validity and Hypothesis testing are used in the practical analysis to examine the impact of social media on the determinants of sales activities. The results show that social media has a positive significant impact on the all involved variables (constructs) i.e., Brand Awareness, Sales Transactions, Sales Revenue, Engagement Tool, Customer Relations and Product/Service Improvement. Apparently, small businesses should focus on social media to incorporate sales performance into their marketing tactics.

Pengaruh Kebijakan Dividen, Ukuran Perusahaan, Kepemilikan Manajerial, dan Kebijakan Hutang Terhadap Nilai Perusahaan Pada Indeks Perusahaan LQ45 di BEI

This study aims to identify the effect of dividend policy, company size and management ownership or debt policy on company value on Indonesia's LQ45 index (IDX). This research is also very quantitative using secondary data with an analytical descriptive approach. The analysis was carried out using Smart PLS 4 to carry out Discriminant Validity Test, Outer Model Collinearity Test, Reliability and Validity Test, and Path Coefficients Mean, STDEV, T Values, P Values Test. All companies whose shares were listed in the LQ45 index on the IDX during the period December 2021-December 2022 became the study population. Target sampling is used to select a sample of research participants. Based on the research, it was found that the IDX LQ45 company index is strongly influenced by various factors such as dividend policy, company size, management ownership, and debt policy.

The Reasoning through Evidence versus Advice (EvA) Scale: Scale Development and Validation

Our well-being can improve when people heed evidence rather than simply follow familiar or charismatic advisors who neglect evidence. We developed the Reasoning through Evidence versus Advice (EvA) scale to measure individual differences in reasoning through evidence like science and statistics versus following advisors such as politicians and celebrities. No existing scales directly measure these tendencies; moreover, it was theoretically unknown whether they reflect a single dimension (from evidence- to advice-based) or distinct tendencies to value or distrust each. Our scale validation process included qualitative interviews and four studies that involved 1583 respondents (753 college graduates, 830 non-college graduates) in which we conducted exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and tests of convergent validity, discriminant validity, and measurement invariance by gender and education. This process yielded a 16-item EvA scale with four dimensions: Pro-evidence, Anti-evidence, Pro-advice, and Anti-advice. In assessing criterion validity, these tendencies identified individual differences in important, real-world attitudes and behaviors, including susceptibility to health misinformation, adherence to CDC guidelines on social distancing, confidence in the COVID vaccine, science curiosity, and religiosity. The EvA scale extends our understanding of individual differences in reasoning tendencies that shape critical attitudes, decisions, and behaviors and can help promote informed decisions.

FACTORS AFFECTING CUSTOMER LOYALTY WITH SATISFACTION MEDIATION AT THE KINTAN BUFFET RESTAURANT

The variety of lifestyles has an impact on several business fields, including the culinary field. Sales of food and beverages grew in line with rising income or the level of public consumption. Customers are the basis of a business and become an important party in the development of the company. The purpose of this research is to find out how far customer loyalty to the Kintan Buffet restaurant in Central Park Mall Jakarta is due to the quality of service received, the perceived atmosphere of the store, and how reasonable the price to be paid is. Satisfaction is the first thing before consumers become loyal. Consumer opinion was collected by distributing questionnaires online and managed to get 200 respondents. Intake of respondents using non-probability sampling method with certain criteria or purposive sampling. The collected data is then processed using the SmartPLS 3.0 program. Convergent validity testing uses the Outer Loadings test and the AVE test. Discriminant validity testing using Fornell-Larcker and Cross Loadings analysis. Reliability testing uses Cronbach's Alpha and Composite Reliability tests. Formative indicator testing uses the Multicollinearity test and the Sign of Weight test. The results of the data analysis show that the quality of service provided by restaurants, the atmosphere of the store, in this case, the restaurant, and the fairness of the prices paid positively influence customer satisfaction and also influence customer loyalty positively and significantly. Indirectly, only the atmosphere of the restaurant does not significantly affect loyalty through customer satisfaction.

Impact of Social Media on Customer Behavior of Small Businesses in Hyderabad

Customers turn to social media to find brands and make purchases from them. This study attempts to investigate the impact of social media on customer behavior using a quantitative approach to obtain a deep understanding of this phenomenon. An online questionnaire was distributed to the listed small businesses in Hyderabad, Telangana State, India via their emails. Data of self-administered questionnaire of small businesses for 197 participants were accomplished. Descriptive and inferential statistics are applied to the variables under study. Direct Connect, Trust, Customers' Satisfaction, Interaction, Customers' Value and Customers' Preferences are used as determinants of Customer Behavior in this study. Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Discriminant Validity and Hypothesis testing are used in the practical analysis to examine the impact of social media on the determinants of customer behavior. The results show that social media has a positive significant impact on the all involved variables (constructs) i.e., Direct Connect, Trust, Customers' Satisfaction, Interaction, Customers' Value and Customers' Preferences. Obviously, small businesses still have a need to gain more knowledge about how to engage social media into their marketing strategies. Key Words: Social Media, Customer Behavior, Small Businesses, Direct Connect, Trust, Customers' Satisfaction, Interaction, Customers' Value and Customers' Preferences.

74 Embedded Performance Validity Utilizing the WISC-V Figure Weights Subtest

Objective:This study aimed to explore the possibility of using the Figure Weights subtest of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fifth Edition (WISC-V) as an embedded validity test (EVT).Participants and Methods:We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients seen in the Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital (JHACH) Neuropsychology program between 2015 and 2019. Patient age ranged from 6-15 years (median age 11 years). All patients were administered the WISC-V as a portion of their neuropsychological evaluation. The sample included 75 patients who were generally male (63%), White (77%), English dominant (97%), and right-handed (81%).Results:Effort determination based on RDS identified more patients as having invalid effort. Clinicians identified only 7% of patients with invalid effort; whereas, 16% of patients with invalid effort were identified using the WISC-V RDS. Although patients having valid effort generally performed better on all WISC-V subtests, no significant differences between groups were found. Over 90% of patients were able to get items 1-10 correct on the WISC-V Figure Weights subtest regardless of their effort determination. WISC-V Figure Weights item analysis showed participants in the invalid group sometimes answered more difficult questions correctly while failing easier items which supports inconsistent effort. Further statistical analyses, including discriminant validity tests, were unable to be completed given the study was underpowered due to significant disparity between effort groups.Conclusions:This study shows support for WISC-V Figure Weights subtest items 1-10 as an embedded EVT given these items were sufficiently easy to pass regardless of whether participant gave valid or invalid effort. As this is an exploratory study, results will need to be replicated in other pediatric samples. Additionally, the discriminant ability of the WISC-V Figure Weights subtest EVT will need to be further investigated.

Theory Continuance Technology (TCT): Exploring The Effect of Self-Efficacy As Antecedent And Satisfaction On Continuance Intention Of Gas Station Self-Service Technology

This research aims to assess the intention to use SST by customers at Jabodetabek gas stations. To investigate the influence of customer self-efficacy on SST continuance intention at gas stations. To determine the effect of satisfaction on SST continuance intention at gas stations. Moreover, to assess customer satisfaction and continuance intention after using SST at gas stations. The method used in this research is quantitative; data analysis techniques are used to conduct statistical tests consisting of convergent validity tests, discriminant validity tests and reliability tests. So, the results of this research show that providing more accurate and precise information in the post-COVID pandemic period, especially in the self-efficacy section. In this study, we expand the Continuance Technology Theory (TCT) by adding self-efficacy as an antecedent. This research has implications for companies that should listen to customer input, increase interaction, and strengthen self-efficacy. This research provides an important basis for implementing kiosks in the gas station industry.

Customer participation in manufacturing firms’ new service development: the moderating role of CRM technology

PurposeThis paper aims to examine how customer participation in new service development (NSD) and customer relationship management (CRM) technology can improve the NSD performance of manufacturing firms. Additionally, the paper examines CRM technology usage to understand how it impacts new service performance both individually and jointly with customer participation in NSD.Design/methodology/approachThis study is a survey of 216 manufacturing managers who are overseeing the development of new services at their organizations. For the analysis, structural equation modeling is used with Amos 22.0. Measures of all latent variables in the analysis pass the traditional tests for reliability, convergent validity and discriminant validity. Furthermore, the results of a common latent factor test for common method variance and Harman’s one-factor test indicate that common method bias is not a source of endogeneity in the model.FindingsCustomer participation has a positive effect on NSD performance. CRM technology usage also has a positive effect on NSD performance. The effect of customer participation on NSD performance is enhanced by CRM technology. The results of a post hoc analysis suggest that the usage of CRM technology has the most benefit for managing the technical aspects of customer participation.Research limitations/implicationsThis study has methodological limitations that may impact the generalizability of results. For instance, it is based on cross-sectional self-reported survey data, which is more subjective than longitudinal secondary data. Survey research lacks the depth and nuance of qualitative research designs, which are commonly employed to study NSD. In addition, this study focuses on large US manufacturing firms. The authors do not include small firms or international organizations in the sample. Despite these limitations, they believe the findings can provide significant contributions to the NSD literature.Practical implicationsAlthough prior research has shown that customer participation and CRM technology can individually influence new product development (NPD) performance, the results indicate they are equally effective factors in the development of new services. Furthermore, the authors show that customer participation can be enhanced via the use of CRM technologies. The interaction is more pronounced within the technical aspects of NSD.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the NSD literature, and it also has implications for managers leading NSD efforts in traditional tangible-product industries. The findings provide additional evidence that customer participation is an effective NSD strategy for manufacturing firms (Morgan et al., 2019). Furthermore, CRM technology is integral to NSD performance. CRM technology not only has a direct effect on NSD performance, but the interaction term of customer participation by CRM technology also has a positive effect on NSD performance.

Do Innovation, Community Participation and Quality of Human Resources Influence the Performance of Village-Owned Enterprise

This research is a quantitative study that seeks to examine the relationship between innovation, participation and the quality of human resources on the performance of BUM Desa. The research uses primary data collected through questionnaires. The respondents in this research were Village BUM managers in East Java who are members of the East Java BUM Desa Forum. The questionnaire was distributed through the East Java BUM Desa Forum at the end of 2022. The number of respondents who filled out the questionnaire completely was 57 people consisting of the Director, Secretary, Treasurer and BUM Desa Staff. The method used in data processing is SEM PLS. Data is processed with SMART PLS4 application. To ensure the validity and reliability of the model, a model measurement test was carried out using discriminant validity and convergent validity tests. The structural model test was carried out to test the reliability of the model and predict the relationship between exogenous and endogenous variables. The results of the structural model test show that the model used is quite good and can be used to predict relationships between variables and test hypotheses. The results of the hypothesis test show that innovation, participation and quality of resources have a significant positive effect on the performance of BUM Desa.

Fostering comparative advantage: the roles of data-driven competitive sustainability, green product innovation and green process innovation through moderated-mediation model

PurposeThis study attempts to examine the relationship between reliable big and cloud data analytics capabilities (RB&CDACs) and comparative advantages (CA) of manufacturing firms (MFs) in the Middle East region as developing countries using green product innovation (GPI) and green process innovations (GPrI) mediating factors, further assess the role of data-driven competitive sustainability factor as a moderated factor.Design/methodology/approach436 useable online surveys were analyzed using the quantitative approach for the data-gathering process, applying structural equation modeling in the Smart-PLS program as an analysis tool. The sample unit for analysis included all middle- and senior-level managers and employees within MFs. The authors performed convergent validity and discriminant validity tests, bootstrapping also was applied. The authors included GPI and GPrI as mediating factors while using data-driven competitive sustainability as a moderated factor.FindingsThe findings of this study indicated that there is a positive significant effect in the relationship between reliable big and cloud data analytics capabilities and comparative advantages, which is supported by the formulated hypothesis. Furthermore, the findings confirmed that there was a positive and significant effect through the mediating factors (i.e. GPI and GPrI) on comparative advantage, additionally, it confirmed and supported that the moderating factor represented by data-driven competitive advantage suitability has significant effect as well.Research limitations/implicationsThis study has some limitations represented by using only one type of methodological approach (i.e. quantitative), further, it was conducted on only Asian countries in the Middle East region.Originality/valueThis piece of work improved the proposed conceptual research model and included several factors such as reliable big and cloud data analytics capabilities, comparative advantage, data-driven competitive sustainability, GPI and GPrI. This research offered new and valuable information and findings for managers, practitioners and decision-makers in the MFs in the Middle East region as a road map and gaudiness for the importance to apply these factors in their firms for enhancing the comparative advantages in their firms. Further, this research fills the gap in SCM literature and makes a bridge of knowledge and contribution to the existence of previous studies.

Enabling the circular economy in the digital transformation era: evidence from an emerging country

PurposeRecently, the concept of the circular economy (CE) has witnessed significant momentum in academic and professional circles. However, there is a dearth of research that studies the enabling factors of the CE in the era of digital transformation. The existing research aimed to identify the impact of Industry 4.0 readiness on the CE in manufacturing firms operating in Jordan, as well as to identify the mediating role of the industrial Internet of things and big data analytics.Design/methodology/approachFor this work objectives, 380 questionnaires were analyzed. Convergent validity and discriminant validity tests were performed through partial least squares-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) in the Smart-PLS programme. Data reliability was confirmed. A bootstrapping technique was used to analyze the data and then hypothesis testing was performed.FindingsThe results indicate that Industry 4.0 readiness, industrial Internet of things (IIoT) and big data analytics positively enable CE, also the IIoT and big data analytics positively mediate the nexus between Industry 4.0 readiness and CE.Practical implicationsThis study promotes the idea of focusing on Industry 4.0 readiness to enhance CE in the Jordanian manufacturing sector and knowing the effect of IIoT and big data analytics in this relationship.Originality/valueThis research developed a theoretical model to understand how Industry 4.0 readiness might enhance the CE in manufacturing firms by invoking the IIoT and big data analytics as mediating constructs in the relationship between Industry 4.0 readiness and CE. This paper offers new theoretical and practical contributions that add value to industry 4.0 and CE literature by testing these constructs' mediation models in the manufacturing sector.

Validation of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) in a Moroccan sample with substance use disorder

BackgroundTranscultural validation studies of depression scales are rare in Morocco. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is commonly one of the most common and frequently used screening instruments for depressive symptoms, but the scale has not, up to date, been validated in dialect of Arabic in Moroccan contexts. Given the importance of assessing and preventing depressive symptoms in our Moroccan context, this study aims to validate the CES-D, translated, and adapted to the dialect of Arabic and Moroccan culture, in a sample with substance use disorder.MethodsThe data were analyzed in two successive phases. First, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to assess the factor structure in the pilot sample (N = 140). Then, this structure was confirmed in the validation sample (N = 205) using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).ResultsExploratory factor analysis extracted three factors different from the four factors in the original version. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the structure of three factors. The fit indices level showed acceptable to good performance of the measurement model. The instrument showed sufficient reliability and convergent validity, as demonstrated by acceptable values of composite reliability (CR = 0.89–0.93) and average variance extracted (AVE = 0.64–0.66), respectively. The square roots of AVE were higher than factor-factor pairs correlations, and the Heterotrait-Monotrait ratio (HTMT) of correlations values was less than 0.85, indicating acceptable discriminant validity.ConclusionsOverall reliability and both convergent and discriminant validity tests indicated that the Moroccan dialectal Arabic version of the CES-D had a good performance and may serve as a valid tool for measuring the severity of depression in people with substance use disorder.

Construction of the Evaluation Index System for High-Quality Development of Sports Tourism in Guangxi

In order to comprehensively and systematically assess the high-quality development of sports tourism in Guangxi, this study, based on the new development concept and the theory of high-quality development, constructed an evaluation index system for the high-quality development of sports tourism in Guangxi. Research methods employed in this study included literature review, Delphi method, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis to determine and validate the evaluation index system. The study focused on 529 tourists participating in sports tourism in Guangxi. The results revealed that the evaluation index system for the high-quality development of sports tourism in Guangxi consisted of 5 primary indicators, 8 secondary indicators, and 44 tertiary indicators, all of which passed the tests for convergent validity, discriminant validity, and fitting of a model.

Validation of the ACL-RSI Scale in Pediatric and Adolescent Patients

Background: The Anterior Cruciate Ligament–Return to Sport after Injury (ACL-RSI) scale is a 12-item questionnaire assessing psychological readiness to return to sport after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. It has been validated for use in adults in multiple languages and in an abbreviated 6-question short form. Additionally, literature has been published using this scale in pediatric and adolescent populations, however it has not yet been validated for use with them. Purpose: To validate the ACL-RSI scale for use with pediatric and adolescent patients. Study Design: Cohort study (Diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Scores of 6- and 12-item ACL-RSI scales for patients undergoing return-to-sport readiness testing 6 to 8 months after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction were analyzed. Convergent validity testing was performed against the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC)/Pediatric IKDC score, Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE) score, and peak torque asymmetry of knee flexion and extension using Spearman correlations. Discriminant validity testing was performed against age (Spearman correlation), body mass index (Spearman correlation), and sex (Mann-Whitney U test). Reliability testing was performed by calculating Cronbach’s alpha. Floor and ceiling effects were assessed by calculating the number of minimum and maximum scores in the cohort. Results: A total of 51 patients were included in the final analysis. The mean age at surgery was 15.2 ± 2.2 years, and 51.0% were female. The 6- and 12-item ACL-RSI scales demonstrated a strong significant positive correlation with IKDC/Pediatric IKDC scores (R = 0.723 and 0.717, respectively; P < .001) and moderate significant positive correlation with Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation scores (R = 0.516 and 0.502, respectively; P < .001) Age at surgery, body mass index, and sex were not correlated with either ACL-RSI scale. Cronbach’s alpha values of the 12- and 6-item ACL-RSI scales in this population were 0.959 and 0.897, respectively. For both the 12- and the 6-item ACL-RSI scales, no floor or ceiling effects were found as the minimum score (0) was not observed in either version, and the maximum score (100) was only observed twice (3.9%) in both versions. Conclusion: The ACL-RSI scale is valid to use with pediatric and adolescent patients. The 6-item scale may be a better choice because it has fewer redundancies and minimizes the risk of questionnaire fatigue.

Drivers of strengthening university–industry collaboration: implications for favorable outcomes

PurposeThe purpose of the study was to examine the factors that are important for strengthening university–industry collaboration (UIC). This study also investigates the outcome of UIC in the light of creativity, skill, knowledge, and research work.Design/methodology/approachA survey method has been used to collect data for the study. This study applied a purposive judgmental sampling technique where particular types of respondents like university faculty members and the top officials of the organizations were selected who are knowledgeable and can provide the desired information. The current study used the structural equation modeling method to analyze the data. In the first stage, this research assessed the demographic factors of the respondent. Then this study conducts confirmatory factors analysis and convergent and discriminant validity and reliability test. Finally, the hypotheses are tested by using nonparametric.FindingsThis study finds that knowledge transfer mechanism, governmental factors, organizational design factors, technology transfer and the collaborative network has a significant impact on strengthening UIC, which ultimately facilitates creativity, knowledge creation, skills development and supply of graduate according to the requirement of the industry, good research work.Originality/valueThe current study identified some important determinant that has a substantial influence on strengthening UIC. According to the study organizational design, government, technology, collaborative network and mechanism for knowledge transfer play very crucial roles in strengthening collaboration that ultimately increases the creativity, skills, knowledge and research capability of graduates.