Discrete Objects Research Articles

The CountEm software: simple, efficient and unbiased population size estimation

Population size estimation is essential in ecology and conservation studies. Aerial photography can facilitate this laborious task with high resolution images. However, in images with thousands of individuals exhaustive manual counting is tedious, slow and difficult to verify. Computer vision software may work under some particular conditions but they are generally biased and known to fail in several situations. The CountEm software is a simple alternative based on geometric sampling. It provides a fast and unbiased size estimation for all sorts of populations. The only requirement is that the discrete objects (e.g. animals) in the target population are unambiguously distinguishable for counting in a still image. Typical relative standard errors in the 5–10% range are obtained after counting ~200 properly sampled animals in about 5 min irrespective of population size. The CountEm ver. 1.4.1 is presented here, which includes a guided mode with a simple software interface.

Neural Network Model for Detection of Edges Defined by Image Dynamics.

Insects can detect the presence of discrete objects in their visual fields based on a range of differences in spatiotemporal characteristics between the images of object and background. This includes but is not limited to relative motion. Evidence suggests that edge detection is an integral part of this capability, and this study examines the ability of a bio-inspired processing model to detect the presence of boundaries between two regions of a one-dimensional visual field, based on general differences in image dynamics. The model consists of two parts. The first is an early vision module inspired by insect visual processing, which implements adaptive photoreception, ON and OFF channels with transient and sustained characteristics, and delayed and undelayed signal paths. This is replicated for a number of photoreceptors in a small linear array. It is followed by an artificial neural network trained to discriminate the presence vs. absence of an edge based on the array output signals. Input data are derived from natural imagery and feature both static and moving edges between regions with moving texture, flickering texture, and static patterns in all possible combinations. The model can discriminate the presence of edges, stationary or moving, at rates far higher than chance. The resources required (numbers of neurons and visual signals) are realistic relative to those available in the insect second optic ganglion, where the bulk of such processing would be likely to take place.

Generation of classification schemes in the form of logical trees in discrete object recognition problems

This work is devoted to the problems of recognition of discrete objects. It continues a series of articles devoted to the study of recognition systems in the form of logical trees, optimization of synthesized systems of classification of discrete objects, studies of their maximum complexity and the possibility of building effective methods to minimize them. Here the scheme of construction of system of recognition of discrete objects on the basis of a logical tree is step by step considered, and in the center of research there is a graph-circuit model of system of recognition in the form of a logical tree. Note that the results of this robot are relevant for all pattern recognition problems, in which the resulting recognition scheme can be represented as a logical tree.

Language Endangerment in Childhood

Language endangerment by definition excludes children and childhood, as the most endangered languages are those which are no longer being used, spoken, or acquired by the youngest generations. By and large, research in this area reflects this exclusion by focusing primarily on the documentation of grammatical knowledge elicited from the oldest speakers for storage in archives (what Maliseet anthropologist Bernard Perley has termed “zombie linguistics”). However, when approached from a language socialization orientation, the seeming paradox of language endangerment in childhood dissolves. Investigations of endangered languages in childhood reveal surprisingly vibrant and complicated amalgams of linguistic practices, socializing discourses, and cultural ideologies. They underscore the need to apply mixed methods to understanding processes of language endangerment. They challenge the grammatical boundedness of languages as (transparently) discrete objects. They recognize the vitalities emergent from situations of aggressive contact. Thus, attention to children and childhood not only calls into question the privileged rhetoric of zombie linguistics but also accentuates and challenges the socially constructed dimensions of languages and linguistic boundaries.

Dynamic Korea and Rhythmic Form

Dynamic Korea and Rhythmic Form

The independence of endogenous attentional orienting and object individuation.

Object individuation: is the process whereby the brain infers that dynamic input reflects multiple discrete objects, rather than a single, continuing object over time. Object substitution masking: is a popular method for operationalizing object individuation inferences in the laboratory. Although object substitution masking was historically thought to interact with attentional processes, an emerging body of literature indicates that this form of visual masking is impervious to some attentional manipulations. However, one form of attention that has not been systematically studied in relation to object-substitution masking is endogenous attentional orienting. This is important because in other domains, endogenous attentional orienting has been found to have qualitatively distinct effects from other forms of attention, including impacting visual perception when other forms of attention do not. Therefore, if attention does interact with object individuation processes, then endogenous attentional orienting is the most likely candidate mechanism for such a relationship. Here, therefore, the impact of endogenous attentional on object-substitution masking was tested. Across 2 experiments, although endogenous attentional orienting impacted overall target perception, it had no impact on object substitution masking. This implies that object individuation inferences are indeed independent of attention. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

The problem of the overall complexity evaluation of the maximum logical classification tree

The work is devoted to the problems of the theory of recognition of discrete objects, which are associated with a general assessment of the complexity of the resulting logical classification tree. A general estimation of the complexity of the obtained graph-circuit models in the form of logical trees is given. Numerical estimates in the long term allow us to develop effective models of schemes for minimization of logical classification trees, and therefore to obtain the minimum form of the system of recognition of discrete objects. The results obtained are fundamentally important in problems that are related to logical classification trees. The work is relevant for all methods of pattern recognition in which the resulting classification function can be represented as a logical tree. Refs.: 11 titles.Keywords: methods of pattern recognition; logical tree; graph-circuit models; estimation of complexity.

A Continuous Analogue of Lattice Path Enumeration

Following the work of Cano and Díaz, we consider a continuous analog of lattice path enumeration. This process allows us to define a continuous version of many discrete objects that count certain types of lattice paths. As an example of this process, we define continuous versions of binomial and multinomial coefficients, and describe some identities and partial differential equations that they satisfy. Finally, as an important byproduct of these continuous analogs, we illustrate a general method to recover discrete combinatorial quantities from their continuous analogs, via an application of the Khovanski-Puklikov discretizing Todd operators.

Optimal Maintenance of DiscreteObjects on the Plane, in Space and in Given Boundaries of the Sphere

The authors of the article simulate a mathematical solution of problems associated with optimal distribution and maintenance of discrete objects belongng, particularly, to transport environment. Options for location from one to ten objects, which are intended to be in space, on a straight line or on the plane, within the boundaries of a sphere of a certain radius, are considered. The results of the study can be applied for planning residential areas, optimal location of public transport stop points on roads and of transport rescue services. Following the suggested model, similar calculations can be used for any aspect of human life.

Frações nos livros brasileiros do Programa Nacional do Livro Didático (PNLD)

Este artigo tem por objeto investigar a noção de fração apresentada nos livros de Matemática do Ensino Fundamental, aprovados pelo Programa Nacional do Livro Didático (PNLD), de 2019, no Brasil. Ao investigar como os livros abordam a referida noção, o estudo contempla uma discussão sobre políticas públicas, noção de fração, visualização e representação, bem como um estudo qualitativo, com análise a partir de categorias. Os resultados apontam que as coleções analisadas põem em evidência o tema frações no 4º ano, assim como a interpretação predominante corresponde à noção de parte-todo; os exemplos se voltam à partição de alimentos, às situações cotidianas concretas e às quantidades discretas.

Progressive Education and Modernist Literature: Black Mountain College, 1933–1940

Black Mountain College (1933–57) is famous for the creative artists who taught and studied there. But behind its celebrated alumni was a modernist institution, whose liberal arts curriculum entwined modernist aesthetics with progressive principles developed from John Dewey. Under John Andrew Rice's pioneering leadership, Black Mountain College began to work out a democratic pedagogy of creative experience quite different from most other US institutions of Higher Education. Modernist principles of method informed the entire teaching situation and the relations between students and staff, rather than just being studied inside discrete textual objects.

Optimized encoding for complex modulation of scrambled discrete objects

Limited reconstruction quality is a crucial problem in complex modulation. To alleviate this problem, we demonstrated an optimized encoding scheme for complex modulation of scrambled discrete objects by using a single spatial light modulator (SLM) in this paper. Consequently, the reconstruction quality of the desired complex amplitude filed is effectively improved. Validity and performance of the proposed optimized encoding method are verified by both simulations and optical experiment. Furthermore, the encoding scheme allows for a single-pixel mathematical operation without iterative algorithm. Therefore, the whole complex modulation process is fast and easy to implement.

Visual-Olfactory Integration in the Human Disease Vector Mosquito Aedes aegypti

Mosquitoes rely on the integration of multiple sensory cues, including olfactory, visual, and thermal stimuli, to detect, identify, and locate their hosts [1-4]. Although we increasingly know more about the role of chemosensory behaviors in mediating mosquito-host interactions [1], the role of visual cues is comparatively less studied [3], and how the combination of olfactory and visual information is integrated in the mosquito brain remains unknown. In the present study, we used a tethered-flight light-emitting diode (LED) arena, which allowed for quantitative control over the stimuli, and a control theoretic model to show that CO2 modulates mosquito steering responses toward vertical bars. To gain insight into the neural basis of this olfactory and visual coupling, we conducted two-photon microscopy experiments in a new GCaMP6s-expressing mosquito line. Imaging revealed that neuropil regions within the lobula exhibited strong responses to objects, such as a bar, but showed little response to a large-field motion. Approximately 20% of the lobula neuropil we imaged were modulated when CO2 preceded the presentation of a moving bar. By contrast, responses in the antennal (olfactory) lobe were not modulated by visual stimuli presented before or after an olfactory stimulus. Together, our results suggest that asymmetric coupling between these sensory systems provides enhanced steering responses to discrete objects.

Creating Maps of Artificial Spaces for Exploring Trajectories

Creating Maps of Artificial Spaces for Exploring Trajectories

I’ve got this: Fostering topic and technology-related emotional engagement and queer history knowledge with a mobile app

Little research has been conducted to differentiate between multiple, and frequently simultaneously available, discrete object foci in academic achievement situations that emotions can be generated from, including technology and academic topics. Using R. Pekrun’s control-value theory of achievement emotions and Sharples and colleagues’ Mobile Learning Theory, we examined whether appraisals of control over technology and task value predicted emotions directed toward using a mobile app (technology-related emotions) and queer history content (topic emotions). In turn, we examined whether technology-related and topic emotions predicted objective and subjective knowledge outcomes. The main results of this study that examined 57 undergraduate students at a Canadian University were the following: (1) Learners reported high mean levels of technological control over the app. (2) Relatively high mean levels of task value. (3) High mean levels of enjoyment and low mean levels of boredom across both technology-related and topic emotions. (4) Learners’ appraisals of task value contributed to multiple regression models that statistically significantly predicted all emotions; appraisals of control over technology contributed to the multiple regression model (along with task value) that statistically significantly predicted technology-related enjoyment. And (5) technology-related enjoyment and topic boredom contributed to multiple regression models that statistically significantly predicted perceived success of learning. Findings and implications are discussed from a critical-analytical perspective.

Pairing Le Corbusier and the affordances of comparisons for architectural history

Pairing is a technique for historicising and theorising architecture by explicitly comparing two entities, be they architects, buildings or periods. As this mechanism constitutes the object of knowledge by establishing a relationship between two discrete objects, it raises a host of methodological, theoretical and historiographical concerns, among them the criteria for selecting the cases, the concepts by which their differences and similarities are assessed and made meaningful, the interrelation between linguistic and visual media, and finally, the agency of aesthetics in works of architectural scholarship. Le Corbusier serves as the case study for exploring pairing formally, as a rhetorical trope, and contextually, as a discursive intervention within a given field of knowledge. This paper analyses successive comparative ‘events’ performed in the history of architecture by Colin Rowe, Reyner Banham, Stanislaus von Moos, and Beatriz Colomina, to argue for the portability of this form and its discursive function as an alternative, counter-narrative mode of historical inquiry. As a series, the pairings reaffirm Le Corbusier’s position as the central reference point around which the history of modernism revolves. The paper concludes with a discussion of pairing as a medium for incorporating historiographical methods of research into architectural theory and pedagogy.

ЛЕКСИКО-СЕМАНТИЧЕСКИЕ ГРУППЫ ИМЕН СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫХ СО ЗНАЧЕНИЕМ СОВОКУПНОСТИ В ЯКУТСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

The originality of the study involves identifying semantic motivation of functional features of the Yakut collective nouns, which is surely of interest from the viewpoint of studying the language in the functional and semantic aspect. The lexical stratum expressing the quantitative concept of generalization in the Yakut language was divided into three basic lexico-semantic groups: collective nouns denoting the multitude of people and objects as the inseparable whole, nouns with the meaning of generalization used to count discrete objects and collective substantial nouns used to designate a certain weight and size of non-discrete objects.

METHOD FOR ASSESSING THE SYMMETRY OF OBJECTS ON DIGITAL BINARY IMAGES BASED ON FOURIER DESCRIPTOR

Abstract. In this paper we solve the problem of finding the symmetry axis of the object in a digital binary image. A new axial symmetry criterion is formulated for a connected discrete object. The problem of determining the symmetry measure and finding the symmetry axes arises in a variety of applications. In discrete images, exact symmetry is possible only in special cases. The disadvantage of the existing methods solving this problem is the high computational complexity. To improve computational efficiency, it is proposed to use the so-called Fourier descriptor. A new method for estimating the asymmetry of a discrete silhouette is proposed. The described algorithm for calculating the measure of asymmetry and determining the axis of symmetry is quadratic by the number of contour points. Methods for reducing the volume of calculations using a convex hull and taking into account the values of the modules of Fourier coefficients are proposed. Computational experiments are conducted with silhouettes of aircraft extracted from earth remote sensing images. The reliability of the described solution is established.

The construction of ‘coast’ in national planning policy

‘The coast’ is often presented as a discrete functional object of both development and environmental policy. An alternative understanding of ‘coast’ as a contested spatial construct in policy proce...

Virtual Object Replacement Based on Real Environments: Potential Application in Augmented Reality Systems

Augmented reality (AR) is an emerging technology that allows users to interact with simulated environments, including those emulating scenes in the real world. Most current AR technologies involve the placement of virtual objects within these scenes. However, difficulties in modeling real-world objects greatly limit the scope of the simulation, and thus the depth of the user experience. In this study, we developed a process by which to realize virtual environments that are based entirely on scenes in the real world. In modeling the real world, the proposed scheme divides scenes into discrete objects, which are then replaced with virtual objects. This enables users to interact in and with virtual environments without limitations. An RGB-D camera is used in conjunction with simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) to obtain the movement trajectory of the user and derive information related to the real environment. In modeling the environment, graph-based segmentation is used to segment point clouds and perform object segmentation to enable the subsequent replacement of objects with equivalent virtual entities. Superquadrics are used to derive shape parameters and location information from the segmentation results in order to ensure that the scale of the virtual objects matches the original objects in the real world. Only after the objects have been replaced with their virtual counterparts in the real environment converted into a virtual scene. Experiments involving the emulation of real-world locations demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed rendering scheme. A rock-climbing application scenario is finally presented to illustrate the potential use of the proposed system in AR applications.