Discrete Dimensions Research Articles

Deconstructing dimensions and massive gravity

We show that the ghost-free models of massive gravity and their multi-graviton extensions follow from considering higher dimensional General Relativity in Einstein–Cartan form on a discrete extra dimension, according to the dimensional deconstruction paradigm. We show that dimensional deconstruction is equivalent to a truncation of the Kaluza–Klein tower at the nonlinear level. Higher dimensional gravity is not recovered from a lower dimensional multi-graviton theory in the limit of a continuous extra dimension (infinite Kaluza–Klein tower) due to the appearance of a low strong coupling scale that depends on IR physics. This strong coupling scale, which is associated with the mass of the lowest Kaluza–Klein mode, controls the onset of the Vainshtein mechanism and is crucial to the theoretical and observational viability of the truncated theory.

Discretion or discretions? Delineating professional discretion: The case of English medical practice

There has much debate about the extent to which professional discretion has been challenged by recent organisational changes such as through the new forms of governance associated with the introduction of the principles of the New Public Management (NPM) into health systems and other public sector services. What appears to be missing from these debates is a detailed analysis of the concept of professional discretion itself. This paper attempts to fill this gap by delineating the key concepts of professional discretion evident in the literature and exploring their significance in an empirical study of the influence of the 2004 new general medical services contract (nGMS) and the introduction of the Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF), a prescriptive pay-for-performance system designed to standardise the quality of care provision in general medical practice in the United Kingdom. The study adopted a longitudinal design using semi-structured interviews with general practitioners (GPs, N = 62) working in the English National Health Service (NHS) between 2007 and 2009. A multi-dimensional conception of discretion was used to explore how GP discretion might have been influenced by contractual changes and in particular, QOF. The findings suggest that through a complex interplay of factors, a post-QOF reduction in GP discretion was identifiable, highlighting different potential sources of constraint such as in the social, organisational and economic dimensions of discretion. The evidence also suggested the emergence of a new form of organisational medical professionalism within general practice characterised by standardisation, bureaucracy and performance management.

The Effect of Personality Dimensions on Functional Outcomes in Mood Disorders

Functional impairment associated with mood disorders may be related to a characteristic "profile" of normative personality dimensions. Individuals (age≥18 years) with MDD (n=400) or BD (n=317), as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, text revision (DSM-IV-TR), were enrolled in the IMDCP. Personality was evaluated with the Neuroticism-Extraversion-Openness Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI), and functionality with the Sheehan Disability Scale and Endicott Work Productivity Scale. Path analysis using linear multiple regressions was performed to identify direct and indirect effects of personality on functional impairment. Lower conscientiousness exerted a significant direct effect on global (p=0.017) and family life dysfunction in individuals with MDD (p=0.002), as well as lower work productivity in both MDD (p=0.020) and BD (p=0.018). Lower extraversion exerted a significant direct effect on social impairment in individuals with BD (p=0.017). Higher neuroticism and agreeableness as well as lower extraversion exerted indirect effects on global and social dysfunction in individuals with MDD via their effects on depression severity. In BD, higher neuroticism and openness indirectly affected global dysfunction. Family dysfunction was indirectly affected by higher neuroticism and openness as well as lower extraversion in MDD and BD. The results suggest that discrete personality dimensions may exert direct and indirect effects on functional outcomes in individuals with mood disorders. Personalizing disease management approaches in mood disorders with emphasis on vocational rehabilitation may benefit from measurement and intervention targeting personality.

Evaluating change in mobility in people with multiple sclerosis: relative responsiveness of four clinical measures

Background and objectives: Determining responsiveness of measures across different samples and settings is important for selecting measures of mobility and understanding multiple sclerosis (MS) study results. Currently such information is limited. Methods: This exploratory study examined the relative responsiveness of four mobility measures (walking velocity, 6-minute walk distance, Rivermead Mobility Index and MS Walking Scale) in a community sample (n = 70), after three annual assessments. Distribution based estimates and anchor-based methods (comparison against transition questions) determined responsiveness. A head-to-head comparison was made. Results: While variations in individuals occurred, the group mean change scores for all measures was small, suggesting that there was minimal deterioration in the total sample. Consistent with this, total sample Effect Size (ES) was negligible to small (ES −0.32 to +0.03) for all measures. Differentiation between sub-groups, defined by the participants’ perception of change in mobility over the past year (transition questions), showed that some instruments could detect clinically significant changes (small sample sizes limited this interpretation). Correlation analyses between change scores demonstrated that these measures captured related, but different information (r < 0.364). Conclusions: The measures were broadly comparable in detecting mobility changes in this community sample. These correlations highlight that in selection of measures, one should also consider the discrete mobility dimension that the intervention intends to impact.

Why do ideas succeed and fail over time? The role of narratives in policy windows and the case of the London congestion charge

The dynamics by which policy ideas rise and fall can be linked to the intimate interactions between discrete physical time dimensions, such as policy windows, and distinctive perceptions of time, particularly the connections made between past, present and future in the form of narratives. Kingdon describes how ‘an idea whose time has come’ can be carried forward in the key policy change instrument of a policy window, but much remains to be understood about the dynamics of windows, including why they apparently open for a relatively short time period, and the significance of the legacy left by windows in terms of their ability to influence later events. The article seeks a greater understanding of these dynamics through an examination of the potentially vital role played by the construction of narratives. The case study is taken from the politically sensitive area of urban road pricing, in the form of the London Congestion Charge.

Revisiting the Roosevelt Court: The Critical Juncture from Consensus to Dissensus

Revisiting the Roosevelt Court: The Critical Juncture from Consensus to Dissensus PAMELA C. CORLEY, AMY STEIGERWALT, AND ARTEMUS WARD Scholars have long debated questions about the decline of consensual norms on the Supreme Court. It is widely understood that ChiefJustice John Marshall is responsible for transforming the institution from one where Justices issued their opinions seriatim—or individually—to a collegial body with a single opinion of the Court. It is also plain that the modem Court is often divided with the Justices only issuing unanimous decisions in about one-third of the cases. What remains unclear, however, is exactly when the norm of consensus ended and what caused its demise. We argue that the institutional transfor­ mation from consensus to dissensus was the result of a series of internal and external changes to the judicial decision-making process during the Roosevelt Court—a period roughly from 1937 to 1947 that was dominat­ ed by Justices appointed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. These developments—occur­ ring both on the Court and in the broader political environment—fundamentally altered the dynamic among the Justices and forever changed the way they decided cases. The end result was the replacement of collective expression—once the long-standing norm— with individual behavior. We highlight what political scientist Paul Pierson terms a “conjuncture”—a moment in time when “discrete elements or dimensions of politics” collide to produce a new, and often unintended, effect. Specifically, we identify a number of institutional develop­ ments that dramatically altered the extent to which consensus could be achieved in the Court’s decision making.1 We trace these trends by undertaking an extensive examina­ tion ofthe Roosevelt Court—the conjuncture, or moment in time, when its ability to achieve consensus changed. Our investigation is based primarily on the private papers of Justices William O. Douglas and Harlan Fiske Stone, including memos sent between the Justices, draft opinions, and other correspondence, which we use to determine the durable shifts in the Court’s decision-making processes during REVISITING THE ROOSEVELT COURT 21 these years. Our analysis shows that various institutional changes instituted both before and during the Roosevelt Court affected the Court’s decision making and brought about and entrenched a dissensus revolution in which individual expression went from virtual nonexistence to the norm. Most scholars attribute the breakdown in the norm of consensus to internal develop­ ments: specifically, the role of individual Chief Justices. The leadership style of Chief Justice Stone is a common culprit.2 Political scientist Stacie L. Haynie argued that Stone’s predecessor—Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes—was largely responsible.3 Gregory A. Caldeira and Christopher J.W. Zorn, also political scientists, furthered these findings by suggesting that consensual norms ebbed and flowed over time and under different Chief Justices.4 But there is other research that points to external factors such as the rise of organized interests and the change in issues that the Court began to consider—specifically the growth of the civil rights and liberties docket.5 This research suggests that a mixture of both external and internal factors combined to cause the breakdown of consensus. In short, Stone did not operate in a vacuum and his style alone cannot explain the Court’s fundamental transformation that occurred during his tenure. In the following analysis, we identify a number of heretofore-unexplored institutional changes that were imple­ mented during the Roosevelt Court. We suggest that it is these developments that so fundamentally changed the Court’s operation that a return to the norm of consensus was virtually impossible—regardless ofthe Chief Justices or the other Justices that replaced their Roosevelt Court predecessors. Table 1 shows the important institutional developments—internal and external, cause and effect—that occurred during the Roose­ velt Court era. As we detail next, once on the dissensus path, there remained only a “critical juncture” to fundamentally alter the institu­ tion.6 That moment arrived with the conjunc­ ture of the external intellectual force of legal realism, the largely discretionary docket Table 1: Institutional dissensus developments of the Roosevelt Court Causes Effects External developments • Judges’ Bill (1925): increased discretionary docket, growth in civil liberties cases • Influence of legal realism • Rapid...

Dimensional reduction without continuous extra dimensions

We describe a novel approach to dimensional reduction in classical field theory. Inspired by ideas from noncommutative geometry, we introduce extended algebras of differential forms over space-time, generalized exterior derivatives, and generalized connections associated with the “geometry” of space-times with discrete extra dimensions. We apply our formalism to theories of gauge- and gravitational fields and find natural geometrical origins for an axion- and a dilaton field, as well as a Higgs field.

Familial Influences on Conduct Disorder Reflect 2 Genetic Factors and 1 Shared Environmental Factor

Prior studies suggest that antisocial behavior in childhood and adolescence reflects multiple symptomatic dimensions. However, to our knowledge, no prior study has evaluated the underlying nature of the etiologic influences contributing to conduct disorder (CD) symptoms as defined in the DSM. To determine the structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for CD. Population-based twin registry. Virginia. Two thousand seven hundred sixty-nine members of male-male twin pairs from the Virginia Adult Twin Study of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders. Retrospective self-reported symptoms of CD. The best-fitting multivariate twin model included 2 genetic factors, 1 shared environmental common factor, and 1 nonshared environmental common factor, along with criterion-specific genetic and nonshared environmental effects. The CD criteria with the strongest loadings on the 2 genetic factors were, respectively, those reflecting rule breaking (eg, playing hooky) and overt aggressive acts (eg, hurting people). The shared environmental common factor had salient loadings on a distinct set of criteria reflecting covert delinquent acts (eg, stealing and hurting animals). Loadings on the single nonshared environmental common factor were more uniform and less selective. Scores on the 3 familial CD factors were differentially associated with a range of personality, psychopathology, and demographic factors. From a genetic perspective, the DSM criteria for CD do not reflect a single dimension of liability. The familial risk to CD is composed of 2 discrete dimensions of genetic risk, reflecting rule breaking and overt aggression, and 1 dimension of shared environmental risk, reflecting covert delinquency. These 3 familial factors differ meaningfully in their association with a range of relevant validators.

SCALAR FIELD ON NON-INTEGER-DIMENSIONAL SPACES

Deformations of the canonical spectral triples over the n-dimensional torus are considered. These deformations have a discrete dimension spectrum consisting of non-integer values less than n. The differential algebra corresponding to these spectral triples is studied. No junk forms appear for non-vanishing deformation parameter. The action of a scalar field in these spaces is considered, leading to non-trivial extra structure compared to the integer-dimensional cases, which does not involve a loss of covariance. One-loop contributions are computed leading to finite results for non-vanishing deformation.

Dimensions of Change: A Model for Community Change Efforts

Keywords: Community change initiative, philanthropy, initiative design, systems change, children 0-5, first 5, place-based, evaluationChange, in the broadest and deepest sense, is required to bring about a more just and equitable world. One response from philanthropy to the need for such change is initiatives that analyze and then holistically focus on an issue or location. Such efforts, referred to here as community change initiatives (CCIs), are called by a host of other names: place-based initiatives, systemschange efforts, and community-development projects. The definition from the Aspen Institute in its most recent monograph on CCIs offers a good starting place:Although CCIs varied enormously depending on location, sponsor, and community capacity, the classic CCIs had similar design features. They analyzed neighborhood problems and assets holistically, created a plan to respond in a comprehensive way, engaged community actors, and developed a structure for implementing the plan. Each sought to achieve multiple results with a combination of inputs centered on some conception of community. Their goals included individual and family change, neighborhood change, and systems change. They operated according to community and capacity building principles. A wide variety of programmatic activities were open to them, from human services to economic development to social capital building strategies. (Kubisch, Auspos, Brown, & Dewar, 2010, p. 9)Community change initiatives in the United States span more than 30 years of experimentation, success, challenges, and failures. Over the years there has been an increasing body of literature that speaks to what works, what does not, and where there is more to be learned. These include papers from Connell and Kubisch (1998), Kubisch, Auspos, Brown, and Dewar (2002), Kubisch et al. (2010), and Brown and Fiester (2007).The purpose of this article is not to provide a history of CCIs as others have already done, but rather to introduce a framework that can be used to think about, design, and evaluate change initiatives. The Dimensions of Change Model (see Figure 1) developed in 2011 by jdcPartnerships,1 a national consulting firm located in the San Francisco Bay Area, evolved as a way to make sense of the change literature being reviewed for its client, the First 5 Marin Children and Families Commission in Marin County, Calif.The Dimensions of Change Model is offered as a tool for foundations, government bodies, consultants, and organizations involved in substantive efforts to bring about community change. The dimensions contained in the model offer a frame for addressing key aspects that emerge from the literature as fundamental to all change efforts.This article presents the model, and then uses the work of the First 5 Marin commission as an example to stimulate reflection and discussion about such initiatives. Lessons learned about change initiatives, culled from the literature and augmented by the experience and reflection of First 5 Marin, are offered and aligned with each dimension of the model.The Dimensions of Change ModelThe Dimensions of Change Model has five discrete but interconnected dimensions - structure, parameters, intention, approach, and people - with core considerations provided in relation to each. As with all models, there are limitations to this one. The reality of planning for any change initiative will not neatly conform to a model regardless of the efforts made to develop a visual representation of such a nonlinear process. Designing and implementing such change is not linear; it is iterative, dynamic, and even messy.StructureThe first dimension of change speaks to the structure of the organization. Initial decisions here (ideally prior to the start of an initiative) include who will lead and be involved and how the funding will work. Clarity in this area can be vital; change initiatives are lengthy endeavors and individuals involved often shift. …

Polystyrene-based self-aggregating polymers based on UPy units

The synthesis and characterization of a series of polystyrene (PS)-based copolymers, bearing 2-ureido-4[1H]-pyrimidinone (UPy) units pendant from the polymer backbone, is reported. The PS-based copolymers are efficiently synthesized by RAFT-mediated free radical polymerization performed on styrene and protected 4-vinylbenzylamine, and post-modification with suitable UPy-derived isocyanates to give the target polymers. Analysis of the samples in solution reveals that the polymer chains aggregate to give organic nanoparticles of discrete and uniform dimensions, whose direct visualization when deposited on surfaces can be achieved using AFM.

Fear of cancer recurrence after curative pancreatectomy: a cross-sectional study in survivors of pancreatic and periampullary tumors.

Fear of disease recurrence is well documented among cancer survivors, but its significance among patients treated for solid pancreatic and periampullary neoplasms is unknown despite the known risk of recurrence associated with these tumors. We hypothesized that fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) represents a common source of psychosocial distress in this population and sought to characterize subgroups for whom FCR might represent a target for intervention to improve quality of life. We conducted a cross-sectional study of FCR in patients who were disease-free after potentially curative pancreatectomy for ductal or periampullary adenocarcinoma or pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor. We assessed seven discrete dimensions of FCR using the Fear of Recurrence Inventory and evaluated quality of life and psychosocial distress using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Hepatobiliary Questionnaire and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Of 354 eligible patients, 240 (68 %) participated in the study a median of 48 months after potentially curative pancreatectomy. An FCR severity score indicative of frequent fearful thoughts, emotional disturbance and functional impairment was identified in 37, 28, and 35 % of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma, nonpancreatic periampullary adenocarcinoma, and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor, respectively. Anxiety (P < 0.001) and low quality of life (P = 0.028) were independently associated with a clinically significant level of FCR, but histopathologic diagnosis and clinicopathologic markers of prognosis were not. FCR represents a significant concern for one-third of patients after curative surgery for a pancreatic or periampullary tumor, regardless of their actual likelihood of recurrence or disease-related death.

Judgement of discrete and continuous quantity in adults: Number counts!

Three experiments involving a Stroop-like paradigm were conducted. In Experiment 1, adults received a number comparison task in which large sets of dots, orthogonally varying along a discrete dimension (number of dots) and a continuous dimension (cumulative area), were presented. Incongruent trials were processed more slowly and with less accuracy than congruent trials, suggesting that continuous dimensions such as cumulative area are automatically processed and integrated during a discrete quantity judgement task. Experiment 2, in which adults were asked to perform area comparison on the same stimuli, revealed the reciprocal interference from number on the continuous quantity judgements. Experiment 3, in which participants received both the number and area comparison tasks, confirmed the results of Experiments 1 and 2. Contrasting with earlier statements, the results support the view that number acts as a more salient cue than continuous dimensions in adults. Furthermore, the individual predisposition to automatically access approximate number representations was found to correlate significantly with adults' exact arithmetical skills.

E-LORS: Uma Abordagem para Recomendação de Objetos de Aprendizagem

The use of recommender systems in order to improve human-computer interaction has increased significantly in applications as e-commerce and e-learning. Such systems aim at suggesting information and services that can be attractive to the users based on the automatic use of data that describe their preferences. In the educational area, the recommendation of relevant and interesting contents can be effective for catching the students' attention and driving higher motivation during the learning-teaching process. The ability to provide contents of their preferences considering the students' learning style may increase substantially the success of such effort. In this context, the goal of this work is to present the e-LORS system, an approach for recommendation of electronic content based on the relationship between learning styles and learning objects. In our methodology, the learning profiles are described according to discrete dimensions in order to support different perspectives concerning the students' preferences. Our recommendation methodology, in turn, uses these dimensions to filter the learning objects – described by the IEEE LOM standard – that are more suitable to the students.

Mindfulness skills in borderline personality disorder patients during dialectical behavior therapy: Preliminary results

Objective. One of the components of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is the use of mindfulness skills as a core component of treatment for subjects with borderline personality disorder (BPD). In this study, we investigated changes in and correlates of mindfulness skills over a 1-year follow-up including a 4-week session of intensive DBT followed by 10 months of standard DBT. Methods. Fifty-two BPD subjects were assessed several times using the Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills (KIMS) which describes mindfulness in four discrete dimensions: observing (Obs), describing (Des), acting with awareness (AwA) and accepting without judgment (AwJ). Results. AwJ was the only dimension that increased significantly over time after adjustment for potential confounding factors (β = 0.24; P = 0.0002). Increases in AwJ correlated with improvement in BPD symptoms. Conclusions. This study highlights the usefulness of investigating changes in mindfulness dimensions during DBT. AwJ is a possible mechanism for positive change. Encouraging this skill should lead to a more adaptive response to problematic situations and counteract impulsive and problematic behaviors. The lack of specific control groups means that these findings are preliminary and replication is required.

Discrete fractal dimensions of the ranges of random walks in $${{\mathbb Z}^d}$$ associate with random conductances

Let \({X= \{X_t, t \ge 0\}}\) be a continuous time random walk in an environment of i.i.d. random conductances \({\{\mu_e \in [1,\infty), e \in E_d\}}\) , where Ed is the set of nonoriented nearest neighbor bonds on the Euclidean lattice \({\mathbb{Z}^d}\) and d ≥ 3. Let \({{\rm R} = \{x \in \mathbb{Z}^d: X_t = x {\rm \,for\, some}\,t \ge 0\}}\) be the range of X. It is proved that, for almost every realization of the environment, dimH R = dimP R = 2 almost surely, where dimH and dimP denote, respectively, the discrete Hausdorff and packing dimension. Furthermore, given any set \({A \subseteq \mathbb{Z}^d}\) , a criterion for A to be hit by Xt for arbitrarily large t > 0 is given in terms of dimH A. Similar results for Bouchoud’s trap model in \({\mathbb{Z}^d}\) (d ≥ 3) are also proven.

Fear of cancer recurrence and quality of life among survivors of pancreatic and periampullary neoplasms.

289 Background: Fear of Cancer Recurrence (FCR) is well documented among survivors of breast, colon and prostate cancer. Incurable recurrence is common following resection of pancreatic and periampullary neoplasms. The incidence and significance of FCR in this population is unknown. We hypothesized that FCR represents an important source of psychosocial distress following resection of pancreatic neoplasms. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of patients with non-recurrent pancreatic ductal (PDAC), periampullary adenocarcinoma or pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (PNET) treated with potentially curative surgery 1991–2011. We assessed 7 discrete dimensions of FCR using the Fear of Recurrence Inventory (FCRI) and evaluated quality of life (QOL) and psychosocial distress using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Hepatobiliary Questionnaire and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Participants completed these validated instruments by mail. Results: 188 (53%) of 355 eligible patients completed at least one instrument, a median of 49 months (range, 6–222 months) following potentially curative resection. Participants included 73 (39%) patients with PDAC, 55 (29%) with periampullary adenocarcinoma, and 60 (32%) with PNET. The median FCR severity score was higher than a previously established cutoff for clinical significance in 55%, 51% and 63% of patients with PDAC, periampullary adenocarcinoma and PNET, respectively. Older age, male gender, periampullary adenocarcinoma, negative lymph nodes, and longer interval since operation were clinical factors associated with lower total FCR score (all p&lt;0.05). In multivariate analysis, only age (p=0.01) and gender (p=0.03) were independently associated with severity of FCR. A higher total FCR score was significantly associated with higher anxiety (r=0.64), depression (r=0.41) and lower QOL (r =−0.53), all p&lt;0.001. Conclusions: Fear of cancer recurrence is pervasive following resection of pancreatic neoplasms, regardless of survivors’ histopathologic diagnosis, disease severity, or time since resection. Given its association with anxiety, depression and lower QOL, FCR represents a critical therapeutic target.

Awareness, understanding and experiences of CCTV amongst teachers and pupils in three UK schools

CCTV research has historically focused on four discrete dimensions: its evaluation , the formulation of metanarrative discourses of surveillance, its operation and the impact on privacy. What has consistently been missing from the research agenda is detailed accounts of how different groups understand and attribute meaning to the use of CCTV, and how experiences of the technology vary by individual, group, and location. This paper seeks to report the views and perceptions of pupils and teachers under visual surveillance in their schools. The findings are organised into three central themes. Firstly, it outlines the level of awareness of CCTV at the schools amongst teachers and pupils. Awareness is inextricably linked with a number of other themes, such as the effect of CCTV upon behaviour, CCTV as a deterrent against criminal activity, and perceptions of the impact of CCTV on privacy, because in order for individuals to conceive of any of these phenomena they must first be aware of the presence of CCTV in their locale. Second, it explores the meaning that the participants attribute to CCTV such as its objectives and the role they perceive it to have in the school. The third and final area of investigation explores the impact and effectiveness of CCTV.1 In other words, what effect is CCTV perceived to have (impact) and does it fulfil the objectives that the participants believed it to have been implemented to achieve (effectiveness)?

Digital Literacy and Privacy Behavior Online

This study examined the impact of three dimensions of digital literacy on privacy-related online behaviors: (a) familiarity with technical aspects of the Internet, (b) awareness of common institutional practices, and (c) understanding of current privacy policy. Hierarchical regression models analyzed data from a national sample of 419 adult Internet users. The analyses showed strong predictive powers of user knowledge, as indicated by the three discrete dimensions, on privacy control behavior. However, the findings were mixed when accounting for the interaction between knowledge and Internet experiences. There were limitations on the extents of knowledge and action related to personalized information. Furthermore, those limitations divided with sociodemographic characteristics such as age, gender, income, and education. Ramifications for the current status of the FTC policy are discussed.

Myth of the pure obsessional type in obsessive-compulsive disorder

Several studies have identified discrete symptom dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), derived from factor analyses of the individual items or symptom categories of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale Symptom Checklist (YBOCS-SC). This study aims to extend previous work on the relationship between obsessions and compulsions by specifically including mental compulsions and reassurance-seeking. Because these compulsions have traditionally been omitted from prior factor analytic studies, their association to what have been called "pure obsessions" may have been overlooked. Participants (N = 201) were recruited from two multi-site randomized clinical treatment trials for OCD. The YBOCS-SC was used to assess OCD symptoms, as it includes a comprehensive list of obsessions and compulsions, arranged by content category. Each category was given a score based on whether symptoms were present and if the symptom was a primary target of clinical concern, and a factor analysis was conducted. Mental compulsions and reassurance-seeking were considered separate categories for the analysis. Using an orthogonal geomin rotation of 16 YBOCS-SC categories/items, we found a five-factor solution that explained 67% of the total variance. Inspection of items that composed each factor suggests five familiar constructs, with mental compulsions and reassurance-seeking included with sexual, aggressive, and religious obsessions (unacceptable/taboo thoughts). This study suggests that the concept of the "pure obsessional" (e.g., patients with unacceptable/taboo thoughts yet no compulsions) may be a misnomer, as these obsessions were factorially associated with mental compulsions and reassurance-seeking in these samples. These findings may have implications for DSM-5 diagnostic criteria.