Discrepancies In Terminology Research Articles

On the issue of terminology in forensic medicine and its compliance with the applicable GOST standards of scissors

Background: The terminology used in the production of forensic medical examinations should be interpreted unambiguously by forensic medical experts, employees of investigative bodies, and doctors of other specialties and be the basis for their mutual understanding. The examination of clothing and shoes, as well as their damage, is an important part of the experts work. However, in the presence of forensic and forensic literature on this issue, currently increasing lack of educational and methodological publications covering modern terminological definitions is observed. During the production of forensic medical examinations of material evidence, the expert often comes across trace-forming objects (or parts of them), which is found difficult to name or describe without prejudice to an unambiguous interpretation. Attention is drawn to the fact that names of the scissors areas are ignored in the practice of forensic medicine. Even with the well-established concept of scissors branch in expert practice, different points of view are made. Aims: This study aimed to identify terminology that defines standards that ensure mutual understanding between specialists in different fields and consolidate unambiguous terms and definitions at the level of knowledge and concepts of modern science. As a result of the conducted research, authors come to the conclusion that in order to reduce the risk of different understanding of terms (including nonmedical ones), it is necessary to refer to the State Standards of the Russian Federation (GOST). As an example, this article presents the terms of the current State Standard 51268-9, wherein the main trace-forming elements of scissors are not branches but knives, and the concept of branches does not contain this GOST. Conclusion: Standardization and bringing forensic medical terms to the corresponding GOST standards in the production of forensic medical examinations will not only increase their quality and informativeness for investigative authorities, but also eliminate discrepancies in terminology between law enforcement officers, forensic medical experts, and doctors of other specialties.

A Proposed Taxonomy of Realism in Conceptual Frameworks

One of the complications of a clear evaluation of different positions called “realism” in metaphysics and ontology is discrepancy in terminology and variance of basic intuitions inherent this notion. I recommend a taxonomy that distinguishes three kinds of variance: variance in the sets of conditions for a philosophical position to be acknowledged as actual realism, variance in strength and variance in conceptual frameworks. Within this last case, I propose to differentiate realism in epistemology, in ontology, and in metaphysics, intersecting these three variants with the local/global realism dichotomy. The taxonomy here provided aims at being meta-philosophical; expressive enough for a fine-grained articulation of different philosophical positions in the recent debate, including the question of metaphysical grounding; and impartial, with no need to be connected to the defense of one form or another of the philosophical positions called “realism.”

Оцінка готовності України до міжнародного автоматичного обміну інформацією в податкових цілях

The implementation of a constituent element of a three-tier model of transfer pricing documentation – a report in the context of the countries of the multinational group of companies – is a prerequisite for Ukraine's joining the Multilateral Competent Authority Agreement as a measure for implementation of Action 13. The Ministry of Finance of Ukraine, together with the State Tax Service of Ukraine, developed a Roadmap on preparation and harmonization of the draft regulatory legal acts necessary to ensure implementation of the Law of Ukraine dated January 16, 2020 No. 466-IX, according to which the development, approval and registration of the regulatory legal acts for the country-by-country reporting and the procedure for filling it out must be completed until November 23, 2020. The purpose of the article is to determine the institutional basis for improving the legislation of Ukraine in the field of international exchange of information for tax purposes, in particular, the development of recommendations and proposals of the OECD in the field of country-by-country reporting of the multinational group of companies. In the course of study, the authors examined the OECD documents that form the institutional basis for the development of methodological and organizational support for reporting in the context of countries. In accordance with Action 13 of the BEPS Action Plan, jurisdictions of the world have undertaken to increase the transparency of taxation by enshrining in law the requirement to disclose information on the general distribution of their income, taxes and other indicators by the location of economic activity of multinational group of companies. The comparative analysis of the termino­logy and content of information to be disclosed in the country-by-country reporting in accordance with OECD documentation and Law № 466-IX shows that there is a discrepancy in terminology, indicators and degree of data disclosure in some indicators.

Precambrian metamorphites as part of the petrographic diversity of Rila Geopark

The petrographic diversity of Rila Mountain is an important prerequisite for the development of Rila Geopark and its nomination for UNESCO Geopark. According to the principle of the thematic geodiversity, the leading theme of the geopark – glacial landscapes, is complemented by the remarkable petrographic diversity of igneous and metamorphic rocks, in which alpine glacial forms are developed. Following a recent review of the intrusive rocks that make up the Rila-West Rhodope Batholith, the concept of Rila Geopark would not be complete without a retrospective of the metamorphic rocks that are an integral part of its petrographic diversity. The different approaches (lithodemic and lithotectonic) to the mapping of the Rila-Rhodope Massif divided the geologists into two camps. This led to a discrepancy in terminology and nomenclature of the metamorphic units, which is unacceptable in the context of the educational priority of the geopark. For the purpose of geotourism, clear and understandable interpretations are required to provoke the visitors’ interest in geological processes and phenomena, rather than confusion and perplexity. This article is a historical overview of the geological study of the metamorphic terrains in Rila Mountain with a scheme of lithodemic units based on the existing lithostratigraphic nomenclature. This approach allows the preservation of the names of the lithostratigraphic units, whose toponymic adjectives derive from well known geographical features in the Rila-Rhodope Massif. The rank term is replaced by a lithological or descriptive term, which frees the nomenclature from the dogmatic restrictions of the stratigraphic code and reduces the distance between the strictly scientific and popular science approach used for interpretation of geological information in a popular language accessible to the general public. This methodology is consistent with the approach recommended for mapping of non-stratified bodies on the Geological Map of the Republic of Bulgaria at a scale 1:50 000.

An Intuitionistic Fuzzy Based Approach to Resolve Detected Ambiguities in the User Requirements Document

Ambiguous user requirements are usually considered problematic in software engineering. Therefore, many studies have been conducted on its avoidance and detection. However, the detected ambiguities were resolved manually using interviews, brainstorming, and group discussion sessions among the elicitors and stakeholders for whom the software was developed. If not addressed efficiently, it gives rise to the explicit issues of additional time and cost involved and the stakeholders’ availability to clarify them during multiple sessions. However, if appropriately addressed, it can reveal some implicit issues, such as tacit knowledge, hesitation, and terminological discrepancies. Identifying these implicit issues is not easy, as it requires expert elicitation skills that usually come with experience. In addition to the increasing demand for an automated approach to address these implicit issues, the recent COVID 19 pandemics has also amplified the demand to address the explicit issue of stakeholder availability. This paper proposes an implementable semi-automated approach to help elicitors address these demands. The proposed approach uses intuitionistic fuzzy logic to address hesitation and statistical functions to identify discordance and tacit knowledge. It also uses the heuristic knowledge gained in each iteration to improve itself. We implemented it in an online tool and conducted controlled experiments to evaluate our approach, and the results were compared. We achieved precision, recall, and F1 score of 0.769, 1, and 0.869, respectively, during our experiments. The results show that the proposed approach may minimize the explicit issues and help novice elicitors address the implicit issues discussed earlier.

ANATOMY OF THE SPINAL CORD’S BLOOD SUPPLY. Review

Relevance. The traditional scheme of blood supply to the spinal cord, formed in the 60-70s of the last century, does not correspond to the pathogenesis of many neurological disorders of the spinal cord. There is also a discrepancy in terminology: the names of arteries found in surgical and neurological works do not correspond to the names of the International Anatomical Nomenclature. Therefore, today this issue needs further analysis.
 Objective: to summarize the information of different authors on the number of spinal branches and their branches, topography, blood supply to each segment of the spinal cord, to analyze the individual variability of sources of blood supply to the spinal cord.
 Materials and methods. Analysis of scientific publications in the international electronic scientometric database PubMed by keywords for the period 2000-2018. and comparing these data with the imaginations of 1760-1993.
 Results. The idea of ​​the structural organization of the blood supply to the spinal cord has changed. With modern data, intracranial sources, namely: anterior and posterior spinal arteries, the blood supply to the true cervical spinal cord, and the rest of the department - lower cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal - blood supply from extracranial sources, and they exist in this area segmental branches of the aorta. Nowadays, extracranial sources are considered the main in the blood supply to the spinal cord. It is now known that the anterior and posterior spinal arteries are intermittent and cannot provide blood supply to the spinal cord, as previously thought. The general plan of arterial blood supply of a spinal cord can be presented in the form of a set of pools of front and back radical (radiculomedullary) arteries. The anterior radicular arteries are 4-8, and the posterior 15-20, respectively, along the spinal cord in its ventral and dorsal departments the same number of arterial pools are formed. There are anastomotic connections between these pools, which are not always functionally complete. Each of these basins is supplied by a separate radiculomedullary artery. Each such artery feeds not one but several segments of the spinal cord. The number and levels of approach to the spinal cord of radiculomedullary arteries, especially the anterior ones, differ significantly in individual variability. The perception of the vascularization of the cervical spinal cord was analyzed. At different times, information about the number of arteries that supplied blood to this department differed significantly: in 1760 it was believed that it was 31 arteries; and in 1882-1939 - only 7; in 1943 - 27, in 1958 - 6-8; in 1958 - 7-10; in 1961-1963 - 5-8; in 1966-1973 - 5; in 1993 - 1-2 arteries. Such different information about spinal cord vascularization is the result of significant individual variability.
 Conclusions. Incomplete current knowledge about the blood supply to the spinal cord is the cause of unresolved problems of etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical course of spinal ischemic strokes, including cervical localization. The existing terminological confusion regarding the names of the arteries that supply blood to the spinal cord, in particular its cervical region, is explained by the significant variability of the radiculomedullary arteries of this zone in terms of number, diameter, and location. Due to the existence of arterio-venous anastomoses, arterial myelobulbar anastomoses, adjacent areas of blood supply in this area, theft phenomena are formed and distant foci of ischemia appear, including both the spinal cord and the brain. Therefore, in order to make an angiotopic diagnosis, it is necessary to take into account not only anatomical but also physiological and pathophysiological aspects of regulation and compensation of cerebral circulation.

Социально-политическая идентичность молодежи в эпистолярном наследии 1920-х гг.

The article is devoted to the problem of studying Soviet identity in the 1920s. The object of the research is letters of youth from the fonds of the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History (RGASPI). Epistolary heritage is an important source for studying daily life of the young generation, their inner world. The content of the letters with their assessments and characteristics of the moment allows scientific understanding of socio-political identity of the young people, their value orientations and moral ideals, and also answer the question of the effectiveness of identification processes in the 1920s. There is great discrepancy in terminology and approaches, when discussing “identity” in modern humanities. The author proceeds from classical understanding of “identity” as awareness of unity, of “identification” as a set of mechanisms and means of consolidation. In the 1920s the authorities used traditional means of printed and oral propaganda to form Soviet identity. Susceptibility of the youth to the official ideology was higher than that of the adult population, which facilitated nurturing of the generation of loyal Bolsheviks supporters united in a single organization, the Komsomol. The found sources confirm that the youth readily assumed the role of the main builder of the socialist society. However, most letters in addition to devotion to the propagated ideals offered some alternative assessments and opinions. The 1920s everyday life was wrought with socio-economic contradictions. According to the author, the subjectively experienced identity often did not coincide with that propagandized officially. Individual identity of the young was built gradually through dialectical interaction of external identification imposed by the authorities and self-identification rising from personal experience. Discrepancy between realities and expectations brought disappointment and resulted in a crisis of the emerging socio-political identity.

On the issue of terminology of hearing loss from noise

The article discusses the terminology of hearing loss from the effects of industrial noise. In modern regulatory documents — orders and clinical recommendations of the Ministry of health of the SR of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of health of the Russian Federation regulating work on diagnostics, examination of communication of disease of hearing with a profession and professional suitability for work in the conditions of influence of noise, there are terminological discrepancies and divergences complicating work of practical doctors. The current situation causes controversial decisions and conflicts that have not only medical, but also social and deontological significance. There is an urgent need to discuss the terminological aspects of hearing loss from noise.

Reassessing the Terminological Discrepancies in the Records of the Great Cause

Reassessing the Terminological Discrepancies in the Records of the Great Cause

Specifics of english economic terminology translation

Economic terms are considered to be one of the most dynamic parts of the lexical and semantic language system. Thus, taking into account that there are significant differences in the structure of the different countries economic systems, economic terms require the detailed study within one language and further comparison within two or more languages. The study is topical first of all because the problems of the economic terminology system development, its functioning, structural-semantic and linguistic features are extremely important both theoretically and practically, taking into account modern processes of Ukraine’s international relations expansion and enhancement with the rest of the world. Currently, the English terminological units’ reproduction optimization is the considerable importance issue for Interpretation and Translation Studies development. Among the main difficulties in translating English terms into Ukrainian is the discrepancy in terminology and lexical-grammatical, morphological structure of these languages. The most common translation transformations are use of full or fixed Ukrainian equivalent, calquing or word-for-word translation, transliteration, transcription, descriptive translation.

An NLP approach for cross-domain ambiguity detection in requirements engineering

During requirements elicitation, different stakeholders with diverse backgrounds and skills need to effectively communicate to reach a shared understanding of the problem at hand. Linguistic ambiguity due to terminological discrepancies may occur between stakeholders that belong to different technical domains. If not properly addressed, ambiguity can create frustration and distrust during requirements elicitation meetings, and lead to problems at later stages of development. This paper presents a natural language processing approach to identify ambiguous terms between different domains, and rank them by ambiguity score. The approach is based on building domain-specific language models, one for each stakeholders’ domain. Word embeddings from each language model are compared in order to measure the differences of use of a term, thus estimating its potential ambiguity across the domains of interest. We evaluate the approach on seven potential elicitation scenarios involving five domains. In the evaluation, we compare the ambiguity rankings automatically produced with the ones manually obtained by the authors as well as by multiple annotators recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk. The rankings produced by the approach lead to a maximum Kendall’s Tau of 88%. However, for several elicitation scenarios, the application of the approach was unsuccessful in terms of performance. Analysis of the agreement among annotators and of the observed inaccuracies offer hints for further research on the relationship between domain knowledge and natural language ambiguity.

Terminological discrepancies in the field of software testing: A case of mistake, error, bug, defect, fault, and failure in the specialist language of IT

Terminological discrepancies in the field of software testing: a case of mistake, error, bug, defect, fault, and failure in the specialist language of ITThe article seeks to arrive at a proper understanding of the most challenging words in the field of software testing, i.e., mistake, error, bug, defect, fault, and failure. The paper presents a semantic analysis of the words, for non-English practitioners of IT find it difficult to discriminate between them. The article is based on native English texts such as dictionaries, blog posts, software testing manuals and the like in order to ensure linguistic reliability and better understanding of the terms. The meaning of selected terms is compared by means of standard dictionaries and those dedicated to IT practitioners. Moreover, a theoretical overview of terminological issues in IT is conducted.

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ МІНІМАЛЬНОГО СТОКУ ВОДИ ГІРСЬКИХ РІЧОК: РЕТРОСПЕКТИВА, ОГЛЯД І ПЕРСПЕКТИВА

Approaches to defining the concept of minimum runoff are considered in the article. An analytical review of previous studies of minimum runoff in the whole and mountainous terrain in particular was conducted. The experience of domestic and foreign authors on the choice of calculating characteristics of the minimum runoff is analyzed. Discrepancies in terminology were considered to describe the periods of minimum runoff and basic calculation values, both in domestic and foreign scientists. Considerable attention is also given to the genetic features of minimum runoff formation during the warm and cold seasons. For spatial estimation of the minimum runoff, maps of the minimum runoff modules, which were created at different stages of the study, were considered. The shortcomings of the previously created and currently operating maps of the spatial distribution of the minimum water runoff module are analyzed in detail. Previous and modern studies of the minimum runoff of plain and mountain rivers of the territory of Ukraine are considered separately. The study focuses on mountain rivers, in particular the Tisza basin. Given that the floodplain character of the rivers of the basin, this region has rarely received the attention of scientists engaged in minimal runoff studies, but in recent decades, given the climatic changes and the increase in the duration and intensity of droughts in general, different scientists and our studies have evaluated minimum drainage water of the Tisza River basins. The genetic homogeneity of the bounded periods was taken into account; considerable attention is paid to the use of modern methods of estimating the space-time dynamics of the minimum runoff, the creation of modern maps of the minimal runoff of different security.

Towards an intellectual history of the Croatian Modernist movement at the turn of the 20th century: state of research and research problems

The Croatian Modernist movement (also called the Youth Movement) has not been the subject of extensive historiographic research. There is no monograph dealing exclusively with this topic. It was mostly included in broader research and featured in overviews of political history, which narrowed the focus to political and social aspects of the movement. On the other hand, literary and art history for the most part focused on literary, artistic, or more broadly cultural aspects of the movement. This was reflected in the terminological discrepancies, as well as a clear disciplinary segregation which obscured the historical significance of the movement as a phenomenon sui generis. In this paper, several theoretical and methodological problems which arise in dealing with the problem of the fin de siecle Croatian Modernist movement are explored. They are viewed from the standpoint of intellectual history as a rendezvous discipline in an attempt to integrate diverse disciplinary perspectives and approaches. The first problem is concerned with the definition of the research object itself, i.e. the question whether the Youth Movement was a formal and homogeneous movement, or an informal and heterogeneous intellectual and cultural current. Closely related to this is the second problem of the chronological and spatial dimensions of the movement, which brings forth the transnational aspect of the phenomenon and also the necessary comparisons with other fin de siecle European Modernist movements. Thirdly, the question of the movement’s internal division is explored, touching mostly on the aforementioned disciplinary segregation of research on the topic. Following that is a brief discussion of the various sources that are at our disposal for the investigation of the Croatian Modernist movement. Finally, two more closely theoretical and methodological questions are elaborated: the concept of ‘influence’ and its critique within contemporary debates in intellectual history, and the methodological problem of teleology when dealing with fin de siecle phenomena in their relationship to 20th century developments.

Features of the legal status of the civil service manager in local prosecutor

The article analyzes the current legislation and enshrines the legal status of the head of the civil service at the local prosecutor’s office in it. The basic terminological discrepancies in the legislation are defined and possible options for resolving a legal conflict in the settlement of this issue are proposed.

Problems of speech and language disorders in children – case study of a four‑year‑old child

The problems of speech and language disorders on children with central nervous system disorders are dealt with in the literature of the subject from the perspective of various disciplines – medicine, linguistics, pedagogy, psychology and speech therapy. However, there are no clear definitions in the literature of semantic terms, the clinical picture, the substance of the disorder and their etiopathogenesis. Diagnosis of raised disorders in neurologically impaired children is a structured and multi‑specialist procedure using neurological, linguistic and psychological data, further impeded by ambiguity in the criteria for their description. In practice, a variety of approaches to naming and defining these disorders often stumbles on the discrepancies in the diagnosis, which leads to errors in communication between specialists. This article discusses the case of a four‑year‑old child with intrauterine hypothyroidism and second‑degree intraventricular haemorrhage with speech and language disorders, the example of which is terminological discrepancies.

Contextualizing translation decisions in legal system-bound and international multilingual contexts

Abstract The present study uses the notion of frames as a model of concept representation to map the investigation process in three criminal justice realities: the Algerian, Egyptian and French Criminal Procedure. Specifically, the mapping of the investigating process is carried out with the aim of examining conceptual variations when national laws interact with one another and highlighting problems of contextualization in translation. The study shows that, when considering legal translation from an international perspective, all instances of reciprocal connection between laws and international multilingual legal communication should be examined in order to present relevant contextual variables in translation. This approach brings to light specificities at the procedural level that the legal translator and legal expert must be aware of in determining the translation situation, if conceptual inaccuracies, terminological discrepancies and awkward calques are to be avoided.

How Time With a Father Relates to Child’s Sexual Health

Relatively few studies have examined the fathers’ influence on their child’s sexual health and how it can be utilized in a practitioner setting. The research that has investigated the father–child relationship has been limited by confounding variables, discrepancy in terminology, and lack of diversity in samples. In reaction to this need, this study looked at the impact of both the presence of the father and the quality of the father’s relationship with their child on their child’s later sexual behaviors, attitudes, and relational satisfaction. Based on the results, recommendations are provided to therapists on how to further understand the relational aspects of the father–child relationship and how it might impact multiple levels of their child’s sexual health.

MP24-16 UROSYMPHYSEAL FISTULATION - WHAT'S IN A NAME?

You have accessJournal of UrologyTrauma/Reconstruction/Diversion: Ureter (including Pyeloplasty) and Bladder Reconstruction (including fistula), Augmentation, Substitution, Diversion I1 Apr 2017MP24-16 UROSYMPHYSEAL FISTULATION - WHAT'S IN A NAME? Simon Bugeja, Stella Ivaz, Stacey Frost, Mariya Dragova, Daniela E Andrich, and Anthony R Mundy Simon BugejaSimon Bugeja More articles by this author , Stella IvazStella Ivaz More articles by this author , Stacey FrostStacey Frost More articles by this author , Mariya DragovaMariya Dragova More articles by this author , Daniela E AndrichDaniela E Andrich More articles by this author , and Anthony R MundyAnthony R Mundy More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2017.02.3310AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Urosymphyseal fistulation is a recently described condition which is also referred to in the literature as osteitis pubis or pubic osteomyelitis. The morbidity of this is considerable particularly the pain it generates, which is often uncontrollable and unbearable. The name of the condition reflects our understanding of the nature and cause of the problem and in view of the discrepancy in terminology we have assessed the clinical, biochemical, microbiological and histological evidence in our own group of patients to determine the nature of the condition. METHODS There were 37 patients treated in our centre in the last five years (2012 - 2016 inclusive). We have complete data in 27 of these. Blood studies, imaging and microbiological investigations were performed preoperatively; microbiology and histology specimens were taken at the time of surgery; and there was further imaging and blood studies postoperatively. RESULTS The only imaging investigation that was 100% reliable was MRI scanning. The white blood cell count was normal in 6 patients and the average elevation was to 12.3 x103/μL. The CRP was elevated in every patient up to a level of a mean of 26.5mg/L. There appeared to be no specific correlation between the CRP and the symptoms. Urine culture was positive in only 12 patients (44.4%) with an even spread between coliforms, pseudomonas spp. and candida spp. The tissue culture was positive in 11 (40.7%) of the patients and did not necessarily match the urine culture. Histological assessment showed chronic inflammation in both the symphysis and the adjacent bone in 9 patients. There were external beam radiotherapy-related changes in all of these. There were chronic inflammatory changes in the symphysis alone in 18 patients. There was no evidence of osteomyelitis in any patient. CONCLUSIONS Essentially the characteristic intraoperative finding was of a thick-walled fluid containing cavity within the pubic symphysis which was sometimes related to inflammatory changes in the surrounding bone and sometimes to post-irradiation changes in the bone but never to any acute inflammatory change. Correlating the symptoms, the clinical findings, the surgical findings and the haematological and microbiological findings suggest that the fundamental problem is the urine leak and direct fistulation into (and sometimes through) the pubic symphysis. The more extensive the leak the worse the pain. The urinary and tissue microbiology did not correlate with each other or with the symptoms. The correct terminology for this condition, we believe, is Urosymphyseal Fistulae. © 2017FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 197Issue 4SApril 2017Page: e307-e308 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2017MetricsAuthor Information Simon Bugeja More articles by this author Stella Ivaz More articles by this author Stacey Frost More articles by this author Mariya Dragova More articles by this author Daniela E Andrich More articles by this author Anthony R Mundy More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

The Etiological Stance: Explaining Illness Occurrence.

Kelly, Kelly, and Russo (2014) recently proposed to integrate biological, behavioral, and social mechanisms into "mixed mechanisms" situated in the individual's "lifeworld" when considering illness causation. This article suggests considering terminological discrepancies, replacing the pathogenetic with an etiological perspective (that includes, but is not limited to pathogenesis), and rethinking whether the lifeworld concept adds to what we consider an individual's "environment." It also proposes replacing the notion of "mixed mechanisms" with the concept of "combined contributions" of factors in etiological explanations of illness.