Discrepancies In Shape Research Articles

MODELING AND MEASUREMENT OF FLARING OF OUTER FLANGES ON PIPE BLANKS IN THE ROLL STAMPING PROCESS USING THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

Roll stamping (RS) is an efficient process for shaping steels and alloys in a cold state, enabling the production of complex-profile parts. To improve RS processes, it is crucial to study the factors influencing material deformation and the stress-strain state of the blank. Research on flaring of outer flanges on pipe blanks is labor-intensive due to the complexity of accounting for real conditions of localized deformation and the contact interactions between the tool and the blank. An alternative to experimental methods is the use of simulation modeling with the finite element method (FEM). In this study, FEM was applied to model flange flaring on pipe blanks, based on a model consisting of a pipe blank, a conical roller, a die, and a mandrel. Calculations were performed using 8-node finite elements, with the tool modeled as a perfectly rigid body. Contact between the roller and the blank was defined using an automatic "surface-to-surface" contact algorithm. The results of the calculations revealed the deformation intensity in the flange cross-section after 55 seconds of compression, as well as the material microstructure and the distribution of deformation intensity and stresses. Comparison of the simulation results with experimental data showed that discrepancies in flange shape and deformation intensity distribution were within an error margin not exceeding 10–12%. Additionally, changes in the friction coefficient did not significantly affect the stress state on the free surface of the flange. The study confirmed good agreement between the stress-strain parameters obtained through simulation and experimental data, although some differences were observed for internal points in the flange cross-section. These results demonstrate the high efficiency of using FEM to model the flange flaring process in RS, allowing for more accurate prediction of deformation characteristics and the stress-strain state of the blank material.

Coefficient Shape Alignment in Multiple Functional Linear Regression

In multivariate functional data analysis, different functional covariates often exhibit homogeneity. The covariates with pronounced homogeneity can be analyzed jointly within the same group, offering a parsimonious approach to modeling multivariate functional data. In this article, a novel grouped multiple functional regression model with a new regularization approach termed “coefficient shape alignment” is developed to tackle functional covariates homogeneity. The modeling procedure includes two steps: first aggregate covariates into disjoint groups using the new regularization approach; then the grouped multiple functional regression model is established based on the detected grouping structure. In this grouped model, the coefficient functions of covariates in the same group share the same shape, invariant to scaling. The new regularization approach works by penalizing coefficient shape discrepancy. We establish the conditions under which the true grouping structure can be accurately identified and derive the asymptotic properties of the model estimates. Extensive simulation studies are conducted to assess the finite-sample performance of the proposed methods. The practical applicability of the model is demonstrated through real data analysis in the context of sugar quality evaluation. This work offers a novel framework for analyzing the homogeneity of functional covariates and constructing parsimonious models for multivariate functional data. Supplementary materials for this article are available online, including a standardized description of the materials available for reproducing the work.

Improved Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm with Transfer Learning based Arabic Sign Language Identification System

The Arabic sign language (ArSL) has witnessed ground-breaking research activities to identify hand gestures and signs through the deep learning (DL) model. SL is a unique communication tool that bridges the gaps between people with hearing impairment and ordinary people. The ArSL recognition system is of immense importance for different groups of people since it enables individuals with hearing impairment to communicate effectively. In SLs, signs are characterized by discrepancies in hand positions, shapes, motions, body parts, and facial expressions, posing a crucial threat to visual recognition in computer vision (CV). An automated sign detection technique needs two primary courses of action: the recognition of specific features and the classification of the input dataset. Previously, several approaches for detecting and classifying SLs had been proposed. In this study, an Improved Metaheuristics with Transfer Learning based Arabic Sign Language Identification System (IMTL-ArSL) method is developed. The primary objective of the IMTL-ArSL method is to detect and classify the existence of various signs in the Arabic language. In the IMTL-ArSL model, the bilateral filtering (BF) model is initially used for preprocessing. Besides, the Residual Network (ResNet50v2) model is applied for extracting features, and an improved arithmetic optimization algorithm (IAOA) model is utilized for hyperparameter tuning. Finally, a gated recurrent unit (GRU) network is exploited to identify sign languages. The empirical analysis of the IMTL-ArSL approach is tested using a benchmark dataset. The experimental values of the IMTL-ArSL approach portrayed a superior accuracy value of 93.87% over other techniques.

An Investigation On The Effect Of Smartphone Use On Morphological And Radiological Changes Of The Fifth Finger

Background: The purpose of this study is to describe the macroscopic and radiological changes on the fifth finger related to mobile phone use and to evaluate the effect of size and weight of the device and the average time spent using the smartphone on these morphological alterations. Methods: One-hundred and one patient were included in the study. Age, weight, height, education, mobile phone data and digital photographs used in this cross-sectional study were obtained from interviews with the participants in an outpatient orthopedics clinic setting. Digital photographs of the dorsal aspects of both hands were taken with an iPhone X ® (dual 12-megapixel wide camera). The DIP joint angle of the fifth finger was measured on computer software (Image J® version 1.46, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD) separately for digital photographs and AP hand X-rays. Results: The proportion of smartphone usage time over 4 hours was significantly higher in patients with complaints than patients without complaints (p<0.05). The mean time of smartphone use over 4 hours was significantly higher in patients with shape discrepancy than in patients without shape discrepancy (p<0.05). Conclusion: Smartphone use of more than 4 hours per day, regardless of size and weight, can cause deformity of the fifth finger, which may disturb the patient even if it does not cause radiologically changes.

Identification of molecular markers and candidate regions associated with grain number per spike in Pubing3228 using SLAF-BSA.

Grain number per spike, a pivotal agronomic trait dictating wheat yield, lacks a comprehensive understanding of its underlying mechanism in Pubing3228, despite the identification of certain pertinent genes. Thus, our investigation sought to ascertain molecular markers and candidate regions associated with grain number per spike through a high-density genetic mapping approach that amalgamates site-specific amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq) and bulked segregation analysis (BSA). To facilitate this, we conducted a comparative analysis of two wheat germplasms, Pubing3228 and Jing4839, known to exhibit marked discrepancies in spike shape. By leveraging this methodology, we successfully procured 2,810,474 SLAF tags, subsequently resulting in the identification of 187,489 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between the parental strains. We subsequently employed the SNP-index association algorithm alongside the extended distribution (ED) association algorithm to detect regions associated with the trait. The former algorithm identified 24 trait-associated regions, whereas the latter yielded 70. Remarkably, the intersection of these two algorithms led to the identification of 25 trait-associated regions. Amongst these regions, we identified 399 annotated genes, including three genes harboring non-synonymous mutant SNP loci. Notably, the APETALA2 (AP2) transcription factor families, which exhibited a strong correlation with spike type, were also annotated. Given these findings, it is plausible to hypothesize that these genes play a critical role in determining spike shape. In summation, our study contributes significant insights into the genetic foundation of grain number per spike. The molecular markers and candidate regions we have identified can be readily employed for marker-assisted breeding endeavors, ultimately leading to the development of novel wheat cultivars possessing enhanced yield potential. Furthermore, conducting further functional analyses on the identified genes will undoubtedly facilitate a comprehensive elucidation of the underlying mechanisms governing spike development in wheat.

HairManip: High quality hair manipulation via hair element disentangling

Hair editing is challenging due to the complexity and variety of hair materials and shapes. Existing methods employ reference images or user-painted masks to edit hair and have achieved promising results. However, discrepancies in color and shape between the source and target hair can occasionally result in unrealistic results. Therefore, we propose a new hair editing method named HairManip, which decouples the hair information from the input source image into shape and color components. We then train hairstyle and hair color editing sub-networks to handle this complex information independently. To further enhance editing efficiency and accuracy, we introduce a latent code preprocessing module that effectively extracts meaningful features from hair regions, thereby improving the model’s editing capabilities. The experimental results demonstrate that our method achieves significant results in editing accuracy and authenticity, thanks to the carefully designed network structure and loss functions. Code can be found at https://github.com/Zlin0530/HairManip.

Shape discrepancy, weight bias internalization, and eating-disorder psychopathology in patients with loss-of-control eating after bariatric surgery

BackgroundPostoperative loss-of-control (LOC) eating is associated with eating-disorder psychopathology, poorer weight loss, and mental health outcomes following bariatric surgery. The nature and significance of shape discrepancy has not been examined in patients with LOC eating following bariatric surgery. ObjectivesTo examine shape discrepancy, WBI (weight bias internalization) and ED (eating-disorder) psychopathology in patients with LOC eating after bariatric surgery. SettingYale University School of Medicine, United States. MethodsParticipants (N = 148, 84.5% female) seeking treatment for eating and weight concerns and with recurrent LOC eating approximately 6 months after bariatric surgery were assessed with the Eating Disorder Examination-Bariatric Surgery Version Interview and completed questionnaires measuring WBI and depression. Participants selected body shapes representing their current and ideal shapes, and a shape discrepancy score was calculated. ResultsMost participants (N = 142/148) reported an ideal shape smaller than their current shape; shape discrepancy scores ranged from 0 to 5 (M = 1.89, SD = .82). Greater shape discrepancy was significantly correlated with greater current body mass index (BMI; r = .271, p=<.001) and percent weight loss (%WL) since surgery (r = −.19, p = .023). After adjusting for %WL, shape discrepancy was significantly correlated with greater WBI (r = .37, p < .001), depression (r = .27, p < .001), and ED psychopathology (r = .25, p = .002). ConclusionsNearly all participants preferred a significantly smaller shape than their current shape. Greater discrepancy between current and ideal shape was associated with higher levels of a range of behavioral (ED psychopathology), cognitive (WBI), and psychological/somatic (depression) concerns. These findings, which persisted after adjusting for %WL, highlight the importance of addressing body image in postoperative interventions.

Static and cyclic liquefaction of granular materials considering grain morphology

In this study, a series of undrained monotonic and cyclic triaxial shear tests were performed on glass sands to evaluate the effect of grain morphology on the static and cyclic undrained response of granular materials. The grain morphology of five test materials prepared with two glass sands with significant shape discrepancy was quantified with an image-based method. The test results show that as the overall regularity decreases, the peak and steady state stress ratios increase, and the dilatancy is suppressed. The development of excess pore water pressure and accumulated axial strain as well as the rate of stiffness degradation are lowered as the overall regularity decreases. The results also reveal that excess pore water pressure is correlated well with the cyclic stiffness degradation index. The liquefaction resistance decreases with the increase of the overall regularity.

Correcting Hohlraum Drive Asymmetry with Glow Discharge Polymerization Coated Capsule Shims

In inertial confinement fusion target design, the shape discrepancy between the cylindrical hohlraum and the spherical capsule creates a low mode asymmetry in the implosion. One way to correct such asymmetry is to shim the target capsule surface with extra mass in specific locations following a three-dimensional P4 Legendre mode. Previously, the desired surface pattern was precision machined out of the capsule. The resulting 2DConA experiments that investigated the implosion’s shape demonstrated the shimming method’s success. However, machining leaves large defects on the capsule surface that will degrade neutron yield in a DT implosion. An alternative shimming approach is to grow the pattern on the capsule surface using a glow discharge polymerization coating process in a stencil lithography application. In this paper, we discuss the fabrication, characterization, and challenges of making shimmed target capsules with this new method.

Minute-cadence observations of the LAMOST fields with the TMTS – III. Statistical study of the flare stars from the first two years

ABSTRACTTsinghua University-Ma Huateng Telescopes for Survey (TMTS) aims to detect fast-evolving transients in the Universe, which has led to the discovery of thousands of short-period variables and eclipsing binaries since 2020. In this paper, we present the observed properties of 125 flare stars identified by TMTS within the first two years, with an attempt to constrain their eruption physics. As expected, most of these flares were recorded in late-type red stars with GBP − GRP &amp;gt;2.0 mag; however, the flares associated with bluer stars tend to be on average more energetic and have broader profiles. The peak flux (Fpeak) of the flare is found to depend strongly on the equivalent duration (ED) of the energy release, i.e. Fpeak∝ED0.72 ± 0.04, which is consistent with results derived from the Kepler and Evryscope samples. This relation is likely to be related to the magnetic loop emission, while, for the more popular non-thermal electron heating model, a specific time evolution may be required to generate this relation. We notice that flares produced by hotter stars have a flatter Fpeak - ED relation compared to that from cooler stars. This is related to the statistical discrepancy in light-curve shape of flare events with different colours. In spectra from LAMOST, we find that flare stars have apparently stronger H α emission than inactive stars, especially at the low-temperature end, suggesting that chromospheric activity plays an important role in producing flares. On the other hand, the subclass with frequent flares is found to show H α emission of similar strength in its spectra to that recorded with only a single flare but similar effective temperature, implying that chromospheric activity may not be the only trigger for eruptions.

Effect of cutting blind zones on the performance of the rectangular pipe jacking machine with multiple cutterheads: A DEM study

Due to the shape discrepancy between the rectangular machine shell and the circular cutterhead, rectangular pipe jacking machines inevitably have cutting blind zones, which could waste thrust force and reduce tunneling efficiency. Few studies have been done in the past on the effects of the cutting blind zones on the jacking behavior of the rectangular tunneling machine. To investigate the performance of the rectangular pipe jacking machine under the influence of excavation blind zones, three-dimensional discrete element modeling was performed in this study, where various blind zone ratios (i.e. the area ratio of excavation blind zones to the rectangular excavation face) ranging from 2% to 10% were considered. The resultant velocity distributions of soil particles indicate that the soil stagnation phenomenon in the cutting blind zone near the non-overlapping zones between adjacent cutterheads can be alleviated by the staggered front-to-back arrangement of multiple cutterheads, while the stagnation phenomenon in the cutting blind zone close to the pipe shell is remarkable. Besides, it was advisable to keep the cutting blind zone ratio at about 5% in practical construction in view of the extra costs of over-arranging multiple cutterheads for a small cutting blind zone ratio as well as the waste of thrust force caused by an excessively large cutting blind zone ratio. Additionally, structural optimization strategies were proposed, which were intended to provide some guidance for the future design and improvement of rectangular pipe jacking machines.

Correction of mould cavity geometry for warpage compensation

Warpage is one of the most challenging defects occurring in plastic injection moulded parts. Various approaches to overcome this issue have been proposed in the literature, but they all provide only partial solutions to the problem. This paper proposes a new method for the compensation and minimisation of warpage. The method is based on Mould Cavity (MC) correction. In contrast to other similar methods, here the MC correction is accomplished through a direct comparison of the local deviations of the warped part’s geometry to the desired geometry of the part. Modifying the MC shape accordingly yields parts with a lower shape discrepancy from the desired geometry compared to the nonadjusted shape. The key novelty of the paper is the development of software that iteratively adjusts the MC shape to minimise local deviations. In every iteration, the warped part is compared to the desired geometry in order to compute local deviations between both geometries. Computation is done first by determining the point normal vector of the warped geometry mesh and its piercing point through desired geometry mesh. Second, distance between the base point and the piercing point is calculated. After all local deviations are determined, the MC geometry is adjusted accordingly. Two case studies demonstrate the method’s capabilities. In the first case we present a curved thin-walled plate part. The maximum warpage value of 0.005 mm (0.7% of the initial maximum warpage) was reached after three iterations of MC geometry correction and remained stable afterwards. In the second case the method was tested on the box-shaped part. The maximum warpage dropped from initial 0.711 mm to 0.066 mm after three iterations.

Microstructure evolution of pure titanium during hydrostatic extrusion

Regarding severely deformed materials of potentially high applicability in various industry branches, their microstructure evolution during processing is of vast significance as it enables to control or adjust the most essential properties, including mechanical strength or corrosion resistance. Within the present study, the microstructure development of commercially pure titanium (grade 2) in the multi-stage process of hydrostatic extrusion has been studied with the use of the well-established techniques, involving electron backscatter diffraction as well as transmission electron microscopy. Microstructural deformation-induced defects, including grain boundaries, dislocations, and twins, have been meticulously analyzed. In addition, a special emphasis has been placed on grain size, grain boundary character as well as misorientation gradients inside deformed grains. The main aim was to highlight the microstructural alterations triggered by hydroextrusion and single out their possible sources. The crystallographic texture was also studied. It has been concluded that hydrostatically extruded titanium is an exceptionally inhomogeneous material in terms of its microstructure as evidenced by discrepancies in grain size and shape, a great deal of dislocation-type features observed at every single stage of processing and the magnitude of deformation energy stored. Twinning, accompanied by grain subdivision phenomenon, was governing the microstructural development at low strains; whereas, the process of continuous dynamic recrystallization came to the fore at higher strains.Selected mechanical properties resulting from the studied material microstructure are also presented and discussed.

Research on the laws of transition zone of non-deformation area for 90° V-bending forming process

Purpose“V-bending” is the most commonly used bending process in which the sheet metal is pressed into a “V-shaped” die using a “V-shaped” punch to form a required angular bend. When the punch is removed after the operation, because of elastic recovery, the bent angle varies. This shape discrepancy is known as spring back which causes problems in the assembly of the component in the modern aerospace industry. Regarding the optimization of spring-back accuracy, this research will illustrate the laws of the transition area (TA) of the nondeformation area (NDA) during the 90° “V-shape” bending process.Design/methodology/approachAccording to the traditional “V-bending” process to optimize the spring-back accuracy, the bent sheets are divided into deformation area (DA) and NDA. For this reason, the traditional “V-bending” process may prolong error to optimize the spring-back accuracy because NDA has a certain amount of deformation, which the researcher always avoids. Firstly, bent sheets are divided into three parts in this research: DA, TA and NDA to avoid the distortion error in TA that are not considered in the NDA in traditional theory. Then, the stress and strain in the DA and TA were discussed during theoretical derivation and some hypotheses were proposed. In this research, the interval, position and distortion degree of the TA of the bending sheet are used by finite element analysis. Finally, V-shape bending tests for aluminum alloy at room temperature are used and labeled all the work pieces' TAs to realize the deformation amount in the TA.FindingsThe bending radius does not affect the range of the TA, it only changes the position of TA in the bending sheet. It is evident that the laws of TA were explored in the width direction and gradually changed from the inner layer to the outer layer based on the ratio of width and thickness of the bending plate/sheet.Originality/valueIn the modern aerospace industry, aircraft manufacturing technology must maintain high accuracy. This research has practical value in the 90° “V-shape” bending of metal sheets and the development of its spring-back accuracy.

Ionospheric photoelectrons: A lateral thinking approach

This paper presents a personal account of developments in the solution of two related problems that limited the accuracy of ionosphere calculations in the 1980s. The first problem concerns the model-data discrepancies in the ionosphere photoelectron flux spectrum. Early comparisons between measured and modeled data revealed discrepancies in magnitude and shape. A lateral thinking approach revealed that there were problems with two key photoelectron model inputs: namely, the electron impact cross-sections and the solar extreme ultraviolet irradiance. This work led to the development of a widely used EUVAC solar irradiance model for ionosphere electron density calculations. The second problem relates to the neutral winds that are crucial for modeling variations in the ionosphere ion and electron densities. There is a lack of thermosphere neutral wind data because they are difficult to measure. The winds determine the altitude at which the electron density peaks. An accurate solution to this problem was the development of an algorithm that assimilates the altitude of the peak electron density into ionosphere models. This technique works because the altitude of the peak density is very sensitive to variations in the neutral wind.

Particle Sorting in Scree Slopes: Characterization and Interpretation From the Micromechanical Perspective

AbstractParticle sorting is one of the most interesting phenomena observed in the formation of scree slopes. We present a study of this phenomenon through physical model tests and numerical simulations at the grain scale, with a focus on the link between the degree of sorting and particle attributes, as well as the underlying mechanisms. By characterizing the degree of sorting with the graphic segregation index, we show that the degree of sorting increases as the difference in particle size and shape between the component materials of the deposited mixture increases. We propose two factors, the relative size factor (SFr) and relative shape factor (ORr), and show that the degree of sorting increases with the absolute values of these two factors (|SFr| and |ORr|). By monitoring the motions of tracer particles in the numerical simulations, we found that particle migration proceeds in a periodical mode of "collision/friction ⇌ regaining ⇌ collision/friction." Also, we performed energy analyses, revealing that relatively large and rounded particles tend to have a lower rate of kinetic energy dissipation, migrate at a higher velocity over a longer period of time, and have a larger migration distance. In addition, we define a relative kinetic energy dissipation rate |Dk_r| and find that it is positively correlated with |SFr| and |ORr|; the discrepancy in particle size and shape between the component materials is responsible for the difference in their kinetic energy dissipation rates, and it is the latter that determines their migration distance difference and sorting features.

A new damage detection method of single-layer latticed shells based on combined modal strain energy index

The existing damage detection methods are challenging to be directly applied to single-layer latticed shells due to the complex mechanical mechanism and modal characteristics of such structures. In this regard, an effective damage detection method based on the combined modal strain energy index is proposed in this paper to detect the location of the damaged members in such structures. Based on the vibration modal features before and after damage of structures, the modal matching and combination method is presented to generate the combined mode, which include the modal matching procedure based on the modal assurance criterion and the modal combination procedure using the Kriging interpolation. Compared with the damaged mode, the specially constructed combined mode can significantly reduce the mode shape discrepancy in the undamaged region on the basis of retaining the characteristic differences in the damaged members. On this basis, the combined modal strain energy change index is proposed according to the modal strain energy difference between the original mode and the combined mode. Since the proposed index is established according to the difference between the combined vibration mode and the original vibration mode, the values of damage index of the undamaged members are greatly reduced, so as to effectively avoid the occurrence of misjudgement. Several numerical examples with different damage scenarios are studied in order to evaluate the proposed approach. The results clearly indicate that the proposed method features high damage localization accuracy compared with traditional methods and good measurement noise robustness.

Multi-Constraint Adversarial Networks for Unsupervised Image-to-Image Translation.

Unsupervised image-to-image translation aims to learn the mapping from an input image in a source domain to an output image in a target domain without paired training dataset. Recently, remarkable progress has been made in translation due to the development of generative adversarial networks (GANs). However, existing methods suffer from the training instability as gradients passing from discriminator to generator become less informative when the source and target domains exhibit sufficiently large discrepancies in appearance or shape. To handle this challenging problem, in this paper, we propose a novel multi-constraint adversarial model (MCGAN) for image translation in which multiple adversarial constraints are applied at generator's multi-scale outputs by a single discriminator to pass gradients to all the scales simultaneously and assist generator training for capturing large discrepancies in appearance between two domains. We further notice that the solution to regularize generator is helpful in stabilizing adversarial training, but results may have unreasonable structure or blurriness due to less context information flow from discriminator to generator. Therefore, we adopt dense combinations of the dilated convolutions at discriminator for supporting more information flow to generator. With extensive experiments on three public datasets, cat-to-dog, horse-to-zebra, and apple-to-orange, our method significantly improves state-of-the-arts on all datasets.

That Swimsuit Reveals You: Body Image and Bathing Suits of Florida Women

Swimsuits are the most revealing garment that American women wear publicly. Yet wearing them affects how women feel about their bodies and attractiveness. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected from convenience samples of Florida women and analyzed in terms of five strata: Competitors (competitive swimmers, beauty-pageant contestants, swimsuit models); College students (Afro-Caribbean, Asian, Black/Afro-American, Hispanic, White); and Adult women (North Florida Black and White; South-Beach Hispanic, and pregnant, as well as older women (doing water aerobics). Anthropometric data (BMI, waist circumference, waist-hip ratios, and bust-waist ratios) were collected and related to Figure Rating Scales and body descriptors, preferred and actual body shapes and sizes, and swimwear types and usage by situations (one-piece, two-piece, bikini, and thong worn in the presence of family and friends or on the beach and in private). Results, matching the literature show participants: (1) overestimate their body size and shape discrepancy from cultural ideals; (2) are affected by the media-depicting “thin ideal. Details of swimwear usage show that for Black and some Hispanic women, constructions of attractiveness are changed to laud larger size to mediate body dissatisfaction and enhance swimsuit use. For Asian women, conservative values rather than body size affect swimsuit usage. But even competitors who enjoy the benefits of swimsuits, as well as women of all ages (body-dissatisfaction continues throughout the lifespan) and ethnic/racial groups, still express body dissatisfaction.

Interpolating Qualitative Time-Lapse Seismic Interpretations

SummaryTime-lapse seismic surveys, even if repeated at different calendar intervals, can only capture snapshots of a reservoir’s state. To obtain continuous information from these surveys, we propose a method to interpolate qualitative time-lapse seismic interpretations. As inputs, we take the sequence of interpreted boundaries of an expanding time-lapse seismic anomaly. Our solution combines the fast-marching method (FMM) and the Pollock (1988)pathline-tracing algorithm to estimate the intermediate boundary positions at times between acquisitions. For validation, we use a synthetic data set representing the scenario of a waterflooded sandstone reservoir. The results confirm that, despite small localized discrepancies in shape, at each time, the estimated boundary positions are in close agreement with the truth case. When time-lapse anomalies result primarily from changes in water saturations, the estimated boundary-arrival times resemble the actual water-front-arrival times. Hence, combined with classical immiscible displacement theory, the estimated arrival times can support a practical, model-independent, quantitative estimation of water saturations in the reservoir.