Discrepancies In Perceptions Research Articles

Adolescents' and parents' affect in relation to discrepant perceptions of parental warmth in daily life.

The current study aimed to evaluate how adolescents' and parents' perceptions of daily parenting-and their discrepancies-relate to daily parent and adolescent affect. Daily parental warmth and affect were assessed using electronic diaries in 150 American adolescent-parent dyads (61.3% females, Mage = 14.6, 83.3% White; 95.3% mothers, Mage = 43.4; 89.3% White) and in 80 Dutch adolescents with 79 mothers and 72 fathers (63.8% females, Mage = 15.9, 91.3% White; Mage = 49.0, 97.4% White). Results of preregistered models indicated that individuals' affect may be more important for perceptions of parenting than discrepancies between parent-adolescent reports of parenting for affect, stressing the need to be aware of this influence of affect on parenting reports in clinical and research settings.

Keeping warm: racial disparities of warmth judgments in the service industry

PurposePeople develop general stereotypes and beliefs about how people look and behave, and discrepancies in perceptions of warmth and competence can lead to incongruence in expected behaviors during service interactions. These perceptions can contribute to negative outcomes for employees; therefore, this study aims to examine how perceptions of warmth affect both customer reactions to employees who are Asian and the work stress, strain and attitudes of employees who are Asian toward their jobs.Design/methodology/approachTo investigate the phenomenon, the authors conducted three studies. The first study examined whether occupational-racial stereotypes influence customers’ evaluation of employees’ service recovery performance. The second study temporally examined whether employees who are Asian engage in more emotional labor strategies to counter these occupational-racial stereotypes and as a result experience more negative outcomes. And a third study investigated the cumulative effects of negative perceptions on employee outcomes.FindingsThe results suggest employees in the hospitality industry who are Asian are perceived as less warm during service failure interactions and, thus, must work harder to regulate their emotions. As a result, employees who are Asian reported experiencing more negative outcomes, supporting the notion that occupational-racial stereotypes contribute to racial disparity and act as challenges and barriers for employees in the service industry.Research limitations/implicationsThese findings emphasize the need to understand and address occupational-racial stereotypes for employees who are Asian to mitigate racial disparities in the service industry. Organizations can promote diverse work climates, provide emotional support and foster high-quality relationships to support employee well-being and satisfaction.Originality/valueThe results provide insight into how stereotypical warmth perceptions of employees who are Asian may affect the demands they face when engaging in service recovery, and how these increased demands may reduce the quality of their work experiences.

Quality of life of services users in psychotropic drug treatment and rehabilitation services: a qualitative study from service user and provider perspectives

ABSTRACT Quality of life (QoL) is a widely recognized and valuable social outcome measure in drug treatment and rehabilitation services, but the discrepancies in QoL perceptions between service users and providers remain under-explored. In this study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with service users (n = 22) and providers (n = 29) to capture their perceptions of QoL and explore the similarities and discrepancies between their views. A thematic analysis and contrast exploration revealed a shared understanding of QoL that extends beyond health to six dimensions and prioritizes empowerment and connection. However, divergent views emerged regarding the priorities of material conditions, emotional well-being, and physical health. Findings underscore the importance of using shared decision-making as a strategy to effectively address these discrepancies and promote a more patient-centered approach in treatment and rehabilitation services.

Promoting Sustainability in Kuwait: An Exploratory Study of Disaster Management Preparedness and Resilience in State Organizations

This exploratory study examines the current state of disaster management preparedness and resilience in Kuwaiti organizations, focusing on sustainability. The study employed a cross-sectional survey design, using a web-based questionnaire distributed through social media platforms, collecting data from 438 respondents representing a diverse range of institutions and job classes. The study assessed employees’ perceptions of their institutions’ competence in disaster management, addressing four phases of the disaster management cycle: mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. The findings reveal areas for potential improvement in Kuwaiti organizations’ preparedness and resilience towards disasters and crises, highlighting the need for ongoing training programs, infrastructure investment, and supply chain sustainability. Discrepancies in perceptions of potential risks and the effectiveness of training programs were identified, as well as concerns about the selection process for disaster management response teams. The study’s findings emphasize the importance of developing comprehensive, sustainable disaster management strategies that prioritize employee safety, operational continuity, and realistic recovery plans. The results contribute significant insights for policy and practice development in Kuwait and other countries facing similar challenges, laying the groundwork for future research on operations and supply chain management within the context of disaster management.

"The clumsiness is always present": Parents perspectives of their adolescents with pDCD

Aim: This study elicited the perspectives of parents of adolescents with probable Developmental Coordination Disorder (pDCD) of the implications of DCD on their adolescents' daily-life and the parents' coping strategies and future concerns. Methods: Using a phenomenological approach and thematic analysis, we conducted a focus group including 7 parents of adolescents with pDCD aged 12–18 yrs. Findings: Three major themes emerged from the data: (a) Manifestation and implications of DCD; Parents described the performance challenges and strengths of their adolescents; (b) Discrepancy in perceptions of DCD: Parents described a gap between them and their children's, and between the parents themselves, in their views of the child's difficulties; (c) Diagnosis of DCD and strategies for overcoming its implications: Parents' expressed the pros and cons of labeling and described strategies they used to assist their children. Conclusions: It appears that adolescents with pDCD continue to experience performance limitations in daily-life activities, and psychosocial difficulties. Yet, parents and their adolescents do not always view these limitations in a similar manner. Therefore, it is important that clinicians obtain information from both parents and their adolescents'. These results may assist in developing a client-centered intervention protocol for parents and adolescents.

Discrepancies in perception of fall risk between patients with subacute stroke and physical therapists in a rehabilitation hospital: a retrospective cohort study.

Objective: Falls are one of the most common complications of a stroke. This study aimed to clarify the discrepancy between the perceived fall risk of hospitalized patients with stroke and the clinical judgment of physical therapists and to examine the changes in discrepancy during hospitalization. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Patients: This study included 426 patients with stroke admitted to a Japanese convalescent rehabilitation hospital between January 2019 and December 2020. Methods: The Falls Efficacy Scale-International was used to assess both patients' and physical therapists' perception of fall risk. The difference in Falls Efficacy Scale-International scores assessed by patients and physical therapists was defined as the discrepancy in fall risk, and its association with the incidence of falls during hospitalization was investigated. Results: Patients had a lower perception of fall risk than physical therapists at admission (p < 0.001), and this trend continued at discharge (p < 0.001). The discrepancy in fall risk perception was reduced at discharge for non-fallers and single fallers (p < 0.001), whereas the difference remained in multiple fallers. Conclusion: Unlike physical therapists, patients underestimated their fall risk, especially patients who experienced multiple falls. These results may be useful for planning measures to prevent falls during hospitalization.

WS19.01 Non-adherence in the twilight zone: the complexity of complex medications

Background: This case describes the discrepancy in perception of adherence between the patient, the family and multidisciplinary teams. A. is a 26y old woman, living in Belgium since 2019. She was diagnosed with CF at birth, genotype N1303K, G85E. Pre-transplantation she had multiple CF related complications, including CFRD, repeated cholangitis, DIOS and liver fibrosis. She has a chronic multiresistent Burkholderia cenocepacia. In 2021 she was referred and listed for a liver-lung transplantation (LTX). After two weeks of ECMO, she was transplanted in May 2022. Since then she suffered from multiple severe, life-threatening complications. After LTX she stayed in the hospital for 7 months (five months ICU), during which she became dialysis dependent. She was prescribed multiple supportive medication (painkillers, anxiolytics, antipsychotics and antidepressants), which were gradually reduced.

Gender differences in perceived legitimacy and status perception in leadership role.

The present study examined the difference between women and men in perceiving leadership roles. Two experiments, one conducted online and the other in a lab, investigated the subjective experiences of Japanese men and women when they are assigned with different roles (e.g., leader vs. subordinate). Both studies revealed that women perceived their role as less legitimate when they were assigned leader role (vs. subordinate role). In contrast, men did not differ in their perceived legitimacy according to the assigned roles. This discrepancy in legitimacy perception in response to different roles between men and women accounted for a significant variance in women's lower sense of status when they were a leader (vs. subordinate), but not among men. Our study results illustrate the psychological barrier operating for women in organizations that are embedded in a cultural context in which women leaders are highly underrepresented.

Discrepancies between self and caregiver perceptions of agency in first-episode psychosis

Personal agency—a key element of recovery from psychotic disorders—is formed and maintained in large part through interactions with others. Interactions with caregivers are particularly important in first-episode psychosis (FEP), as these interactions form the foundations for lifelong caregiving relationships. The present study examined shared understandings of agency (operationalized as efficacy to manage symptoms and social behaviors) within families affected by FEP. Individuals with FEP (n = 46) completed the Self-Efficacy Scale for Schizophrenia (SESS) and measures of symptom severity, social functioning, social quality of life, stigma, and discrimination. Caregivers (n = 42) completed a caregiver version of the SESS assessing perceptions of their affected relative's self-efficacy. Self-rated efficacy was higher than caregiver-rated efficacy in all domains (positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and social behavior). Self- and caregiver-rated efficacy correlated only in the social behavior domain. Self-rated efficacy was most associated with lower depression and stigmatization, whereas caregiver-rated efficacy was most associated with better social functioning. Psychotic symptoms did not relate to self- or caregiver-rated efficacy. Individuals with FEP and caregivers have discrepant perceptions of personal agency, perhaps because they base perceptions of agency on different sources of information. These findings highlight specific targets for psychoeducation, social skills training, and assertiveness training to develop shared understandings of agency and facilitate functional recovery.

Behavioral Discrepancy of P300 and Cognitive Load in Varying Auditory Speech Perception

People with hearing loss find it challenging to process complex speech signals and yet mislead speech perception. The relationship between P300 evoked response and cognitive load from electroencephalography (EEG) frequency bandwidth could inform speech perception discrepancy. This study aims to investigate functional relationship of P3b behavioural response and cortical neuronal oscillations of cognitive load activity at different phonological features of speech stimulus. Two groups of participants recruited: 10 male adults having bilateral sensorineural hearing loss and 10 male adults with normal hearing. They underwent EEG recording while delivered with two distinctive speech stimuli namely voicing contrast and placing contrast at 80 dB. The P3b evoked potential and cortical oscillatory activities were measured throughout the targeted potential window. Statistically significant differences between speech stimulus amplitude responses were noted on the control participants, especially on Cz and Pz. In the control group, placing contrast showed higher amplitudes and delayed latency compared to voicing contrast. The patient group had lower P3b amplitudes and earlier latency at similar conditions. Greater power energy was deployed at alpha and theta activities for the control participants at placing contrast. Higher complexity discriminant was evident in placing contrast when delayed latency with higher energy power for alpha and theta activities were constantly observed. The peak P3b highlighted the functional relationship with cognitive load response when evaluated at different hearing capabilities. The diminished power levels in higher complexity discriminant have brought an objective understanding on the loss of attention and perception task withdrawal during higher order processing among disability.

Anti-Corruption Policy and Whistle-Blowing Intentions: Quasi-Experimental Evidence From Meritocratic Civil Service Systems

How does an anti-corruption policy shape bureaucrats’ intentions to whistle-blow? Anti-corruption research suggests that civil servants with certain characteristics are more or less likely to blow the whistle, due to a discrepancy in perceptions of expected outcomes within the organizational hierarchy. We test this logic by examining how civil servants’ gender, age, and civil service rank shape changes in their whistle-blowing intentions, leveraging the recent implementation of an anti-corruption policy in South Korea. By analyzing original survey data on over 5,000 civil servants, matching pre- and post-implementation groups, we find that male, older, and high-ranking civil servants, respectively, are more willing to whistle-blow than female, younger, and low-ranking civil servants when the anti-corruption policy is implemented. The implication of this finding is that the greater power and prestige granted to the former groups within the organizational hierarchy may make them more willing to do so.

Patient perception of leg length after total hip arthroplasty does not correlate with sagittal lumbar spine stiffness, history of spinal pathology or fusion.

Although spinal pathology or fusion can change patients' posture and pelvic orientation, their correlation with perception of limb length discrepancy (LLD) after total hip arthroplasty (THA) is not well understood. We hypothesised that LLD perception after THA would not correlate with a history of spinal pathology, fusion or sagittal lumbar spine stiffness among patients who underwent THA. Four hundred consecutive patients who underwent THA and had a complete set of anteroposterior and lateral EOS® imaging in standing and sitting positions were included in this retrospective case-control study. All patients underwent THA between 2011 and 2020. Sagittal lumbar spine stiffness was measured by changes in lumbar lordosis and sacral slope from the standing to the sitting position (lumbar spine stiffness: standing sacral slope-sitting sacral slope < 10°). Anatomical and functional lower extremity length, change in the centre of hip rotation, coronal and sagittal knee alignment, and hindfoot height were measured. Multiple logistic regression was used to investigate the correlation between patient perceptions of LLD, and the variables found to be significant in the univariate analysis. There was a substantial difference between the patients with and without LLD perceptions regarding axial pelvic rotation (p = 0.001), knee flexum-recurvatum (p = 0.007) and hindfoot height (p = 0.004). There was no significant difference between patients with and without LLD perceptions regarding differences in femoral length (p = 0.06), history of spine pathology or fusion (p = 0.128) and lumbar spine stiffness (p = 0.955). Our study found no significant correlation between perceptions of LLD after THA and spinal fusion or lumbar spine stiffness. Changes in the position of the centre of hip rotation can affect the functional leg length. Surgeons should consult patients regarding other factors, such as knee alignment or hind-/midfoot pathologies, as well as compensatory mechanisms, such as axial pelvic rotation, that could affect perceptions of LLD.

Facilitators and Barriers to Providing Clinical Education Experiences Through the Lens of Clinical Stakeholders.

Although the provision of clinical education (CE) experiences affords many benefits to clinical stakeholders, little published literature exists regarding the factors influencing decisions of site coordinators of CE (SCCE), clinical administrators, and clinical instructors (CI) to provide CE. Site coordinators of CE and CIs navigate workplace expectations while making decisions about their engagement in CE experiences. The purpose of this study was to determine clinical stakeholders' perceptions of facilitators and barriers to the provision of CE experiences for entry-level Doctor of Physical Therapy students. This study used survey data from a previous study on perspectives related to payment for CE experiences. The survey questions analyzed included responses provided by 501 clinical administrators, 445 SCCEs, and 657 CIs. Retrospective analysis of survey data included frequencies and percentages of responses for nominal and categorical data. Open-ended survey questions underwent content analysis to identify overarching concepts and subordinate categories. Clinicians are most motivated to serve as CIs by "enjoyment of teaching" (274, 49.4%) and a sense of "professional responsibility" (147, 26.5%). Site coordinators of CEs indicated that the top challenges faced in soliciting CIs were the ability to manage challenging students (347, 69.0%), lack of experience serving as a CI (227, 63.4%), ability to maintain productivity standards (220, 61.5%), and clinician burnout (219, 61.2%). Although all participants agreed that their organization promotes a culture of teaching, clinical administrators agreed at a higher percentage than SCCEs (97.8% vs 94.3%, respectively). Clinical instructors identified values and benefits that were, at times, in contrast to the organizational culture. The discrepancies in perceptions among stakeholders that were uncovered by this research provide a unique lens that has not been addressed in the literature to date. To provide meaningful support for CIs, it is imperative that directors of CEs, clinical administrators, and SCCEs clearly understand the perceptions of the CI.

Perception of discrepancy in the upper midline position in conjunction with the gingival display according to various occupations in Iran.

This study evaluated the influence of various gingival displays on the esthetic perception in the presence of upper dental midline discrepancy. A smiling image of a male subject was altered digitally to produce five image series: normal smile (series A), decreased tooth show (series B), increased gingival show (series C), maxillary cant (series D), and asymmetric upper lip elevation (series E). In each image series, the midline was deviated to the right and left incrementally. A total of 210 raters (four professional groups and laypersons, n = 42 in each group) determined the midline deviation threshold and the attractiveness of midline position in each series. The right and left thresholds were statistically similar for the symmetrical series (A, B, and C), while for series D, the right threshold was significantly lower. In most rater groups, the mean threshold order was: B > A > E > C > D. In all the series, the raters selected the coincident midline as the most attractive series except for series D, for which 1-2-mm deviations to the left were selected as the most attractive by almost all the groups. It is crucial to establish the coincident midline position in a symmetrical smile, especially when a gummy smile exists. In the asymmetrical gingival show, a coincident midline might not be the most esthetic midline position.

A large preoperative pelvic oblique angle affects perception of leg length discrepancy after total hip arthroplasty

BackgroundIn some cases, patients feel a perceived leg length discrepancy (P-LLD) despite no radiographic leg length discrepancy (R-LLD) after total hip arthroplasty (THA). We aimed to investigate the rate of postoperative P-LLD and the factors that cause postoperative P-LLD. MethodsA retrospective study was conducted on 100 patients with R-LLD ≤5 mm after THA. Patients were classified into two groups based on P-LLD post-THA: group P (with P-LLD) and group E (without P-LLD). Relevant data on the general characteristics and radiological findings between the two groups were compared. ResultsWe observed that 25 & 75% of patients belonged to group P and group E, respectively, with no significant difference in patient background. Postoperative Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) classification of pain and activities of daily living scores were significantly lower in group P than in group E (37.2 ± 3.9 vs. 39.1 ± 2.2, respectively; P = 0.013, and 16.2 ± 4.2 vs. 18.2 ± 2.2, respectively; P = 0.011). The preoperative pelvic oblique angle (POA) was significantly larger in group P than in group E (3.3 ± 2.3° vs. −0.2 ± 2.1°; respectively; P < 0.01). The pelvis tilted toward the surgical side was significantly higher in group P than in group E(88% vs 57%; respectively; P = 0.013). The preoperative C7 coronal vertical axis (C7 CVA) was significantly larger in group P than in group E (6.7 ± 14.7 mm vs. −0.2 ± 10.3 mm; respectively; P = 0.028). Multivariate logistic analysis revealed that preoperative POA (OR, 3.71; 95% CI: 1.86–8.12; P < 0.01) and the pelvis tilted toward the surgical side (OR, 4.14; 95% CI: 2.07–9.71; P = 0.022) were independent risk factors for P-LLD after THA. ConclusionEven though there was no postoperative R-LLD, 25% of patients had P-LLD. A large preoperative POA and the pelvis tilted toward the surgical side were independent risk factors for P-LLD after THA.

Neural Basis of Social Influence of Observing Other’s Perception in Dot-Number Estimation

Our perceptions and decisions are often implicitly influenced by observing another’s actions. However, it is unclear how observing other people’s perceptual decisions without interacting with them can engage the processing of self-other discrepancies and change the observer’s decisions. In this study, we employed functional magnetic resonance imaging and a computational model to investigate the neural basis of how unilaterally observing the other’s perceptual decisions modulated one’s own decisions. The experimental task was to discriminate whether the number of presented dots was higher or lower than a reference number. The participants performed the task solely while unilaterally observing the performance of another “participant,” who produced overestimations and underestimations in the same task in separate sessions. Results of the behavioral analysis showed that the participants’ decisions were modulated to resemble those of the other. Image analysis based on computational model revealed that the activation in the medial prefrontal cortex was associated with the discrepancy between the inferred participant’s and the presented other’s decisions. In addition, the number-sensitive region in the superior parietal region showed altered activation patterns after observing the other’s overestimations and underestimations. The activity of the superior parietal region was not involved in assessing the observation of other’s perceptual decisions, but it was engaged in plain numerosity perception. These results suggest that computational modeling can capture the neuro-behavioral processing of self-other discrepancies in perception followed by the activity modulation in the number-sensitive region in the task of dot-number estimation.

The Impact of Gender on Individual Perceptions and Team Psychological Safety in Engineering Design Teams in Education

AbstractImproving team interactions in engineering to model gender inclusivity has been at the forefront of many initiatives in both academia and industry. However, there has been limited evidence on the impact of gender-diverse teams on psychological safety (PS). This is important because psychological safety has been shown to be a key facet for the development of innovative ideas, and has also been shown to be a cornerstone of effective teamwork. But how does the gender diversity of a team impact the development of psychological safety? The current study was developed to explore just this through an empirical study with 38 engineering design student teams over the course of an eight-week design project. These teams were designed to be half heterogeneous (either half-men and half-women, or majority men) or other half homogeneous (all men). We captured psychological safety at five time points between the homogeneous and heterogeneous teams and also explored individual dichotomous (peer-review) ratings of psychological safety at the end of the project. Results indicated that there was no difference in psychological safety between gender homogeneous and heterogeneous teams. However, women perceived themselves as more psychologically safe with other team members who identified as women in comparison to their ratings of team members that identified as men. Women also perceived themselves to be less psychologically safe with men than men felt toward team members that identify as a woman. While males did not experience any significant differences in their perceptions of psychological safety toward any gender, the results from the perspective of women still indicate a discrepancy in perceptions between genders. These results point to the need to further explore the role of minoritized groups in psychological safety research and to explore how this effect presents itself (or is covered up) at the team level, as well as investigate impacts on all-women teams.

Perceptions of Gender Equity by Urologic Subspecialty

ObjectivesTo evaluate how urologists in various subspecialties view the climate for female urologists, comparing perceptions of gender inequity based on characteristics including gender, subspecialty training, faculty status, parental status, and years in practice. Despite growth in female representation in urology, gender inequalities in career opportunities and compensation continue to exist. MethodsAn IRB approved survey was sent out to the following list-serves: Society of Urological Oncology (SUO), Society of Endourology (ENDO), Genitourinary Reconstructive Surgeons (GURS), Society of Pediatric Urology (SPU), Society of Urodynamics, Female Pelvic Medicine and Urogenital Reconstruction (SUFU), and American Urogynecologic Society (AUGS). A validated study, the Culture Conducive to Women's Academic Success (CCWAS) was used, and scores analyzed using Wilcoxon Rank-Sum and Kruskal-Wallace tests. ResultsThere were 430 survey responses (35.3% female, 64.7% male). There was a statistically significant difference in CCWAS score for gender, parental status, and society. On multiple regression analysis controlling for gender, parental status and society were not statistically significant. Years in practice and practice type were not significant. Male urologists perceived practice culture toward women as more equitable than their female colleagues, (median [interquartile range] CCWAS score, 203.5 [184.25, 225.0] vs 162.5 [130.75, 188.0]; P < .0001). This discrepancy in perception between genders was consistent across all subcategories; equal access, work-life balance, freedom of gender bias, and leadership support. ConclusionsThis study suggests that there are gender-based differences in how gender inequities are perceived and experienced in urology. Acknowledgment of these differences is the first step in identifying opportunities for improvement.

Experiences, Perspectives, and Barriers to Physical Activity Parenting Practices for Chinese Early Adolescents.

Parents play an important role in shaping youth's lifestyle behaviors. This study aimed to investigate physical activity parenting practices (PAPP) for Chinese early adolescents and compare reporting discrepancies between parents and adolescent boys and girls. Fifty-five adolescent-parent dyads participated in 16 paired focus group interviews, and an additional 122 dyads completed questionnaire surveys with open-ended questions. Participants were recruited from 3 public middle schools in Suzhou, China. Qualitative data were analyzed inductively using an open-coding scheme. Frequencies of codes were compared by parent-child role and adolescent gender using chi-square tests. Eighteen types of PAPP were identified and grouped into 6 categories: goals/control, structure, parental physical activity participation, communication, support, and discipline. These PAPP were viewed as promotive, preventive, or ineffective. Participants had mixed opinions on the effects of 11 PAPP and identified parental, adolescent, and environmental barriers for parents to promote youth physical activity. Compared with parents, adolescents were more likely to value the effects of setting expectation, scheduling, and coparticipation as well as dislike pressuring, restriction, and punishment. Girls were more likely to favor coparticipation and were more sensitive about negative communication than boys. Parents paid more attention to environmental barriers, whereas adolescents, especially girls, focused more on personal issues. Future studies need to address both positive and negative PAPP as well as perception discrepancies by child-parent role and adolescent gender to generate more evidence to promote parents as favorable socialization agents of youth physical activity.

Reasons for Chinese EFL Teacher’s Role Anxiety in Teacher Identity Formation: A Comparative Analysis of Teacher Metaphors

Along with the development of information technology and its increasing application in foreign language teaching, English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers encounter new challenges from students and society. In the dynamic process of teacher identity formation, EFL teachers are likely to experience anxiety in role shifts. This article studies the interactions between the internal and external perceptions of Chinese English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers’ role through a comparative analysis of teacher metaphors. Metaphors written by EFL teachers represent pro-internal perceptions, and those extracted from research articles stand for pro-external perceptions. Within China’s socio-cultural context, the study aims to demonstrate the consistency and discrepancy between the internal and external perceptions of the EFL teacher’s role. Two groups of metaphors were first compared based on the conceptual themes and then categorized into four types: Learner-oriented, Social Order, Social Reform, and Cultural Transmission according to the metaphor-categorization framework. The consistency and discrepancy in teacher perception revealed by comparing two groups of teacher metaphors shed light on the possible reasons for Chinese EFL teachers’ role anxiety in identity formation.