Ore Discovery Research Articles

The history of the Outokumpu copper works

Abstract March 17th, 1960 was the fiftieth anniversary of the discovery of copper ore in Outokumpu, What led to the discovery was the finding some months earlier of a copper-bearing boulder, brought to light through the dredging of a channel in North Karelia. It was possible by scientific methods to fix approximately the location of the parent rock and, after much exploratory drilling in the parish of Kuusjarvi, miles away in Outokumpu, a deposit of copper ore was found which proved to be the richest in the continent of Europe, containing approximately 4 per cent copper. The book here reviewed was published by Outokumpu Oy, the leading Finnish mining company, to commemorate this important event. Although the work has been written by a Professor of Political Economy, Vilho Annala, known for his historical approach to economics, it contains little background information about the period before 1910. Nevertheless the book makes quite apparent the importance of Outokumpu.

Some Numbers for Big Game in Ontario

The discovery of uranium ore in Haliburton and Hastings counties will have far-reaching effects. Up till now, the human population, except in summer, has been low, but the finding of the metal has changed the picture and more and more people are staying throughout the year. With this in mind the changes in the fauna, particularly the game animals, will be drastic and these notes are being placed on record to show something of …

Tracing of glacial boulders as an aid to ore prospecting in Sweden

Cites several examples of ore discoveries in Sweden which were made by tracing ore-bearing erratics and boulder trains to their source.

Uranium Exploration in the United States

The United States Atomic Energy Commission looks to the private prospector and the mining industry to assure the success of our uranium exploration program. We believe that industry is certain to increase its activity in the field rapidly as the economic importance of uranium to its operations is more fully realized. The contribution made by educational institutions and by other government agencies in developing and distributing information is recognized by the Commission as an important phase of the program.Progress is being made in the discovery of ore and the development of ore-finding techniques on the Colorado Plateau, which is the most important uranium-producing region in the United States. Other areas of primary and secondary uranium mineralization, such as the Colorado Front Range, the newly discovered deposits in the Sunshine Mine in Idaho, the Marysvale, Utah, area, and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, show promise for future production. Evaluation of potential low-grade uranium ores such as the phosphate rocks of Florida and the northwestern states, and the black shales of Tennessee and Kentucky, has been substantially completed.The Commission's exploration program will, we believe, assure the United States of a growing supply of domestic uranium ore. Together with the results of the Canadian exploration activities, which are most encouraging, our program should provide increasing resources of this all-important material, and should further reduce our dependence on supplies from overseas.

Outlook for further ore discoveries in the Little Hatchet Mountains, New Mexico

The Little Hatchet Mountains contain two mining districts, the Eureka silver-lead-zinc district and the Sylvanite gold district, the deposits of each being associated with a mass of monzonite that intrudes Lower Cretaceous sediments. The same formations crop out in both districts, having been duplicated by a large post-ore fault, and the two monzonite masses and their accompanying mineralized zones lie at essentially the same stratigraphic position in the two fault blocks. The deposits of the Eureka district are mesothermal whereas those of the Sylvanite district are hypothermal, but the two groups are mineralogically similar in many respects.As the two monzonite exposures are several miles apart, the natural inference is that there are two separate intrusions. Contrary to this inference, the evidence of structure, mineralogy, and petrology indicates that the two monzonite masses are faulted parts of the same body and that the mineralized areas of the Eureka and Sylvanite districts were originally continuous and zonally related, the original igneous mass having been a flat-lying sill-like streamer, 7 miles or more long, that was bordered by a contact-metamorphic halo and that formed the core of a zone of mineralization.The economic implications of this interpretation are three-fold: (1) the mineralized zone is limited in thickness and is restricted, like a bedded deposit, to a particular sedimentary horizon; (2) the area between the Eureka and Sylvanite districts, hitherto considered barren, should contain mineralized ground at variable depths below the surface; and (3) the deposits change along the trend of the zone from the gold deposits of the one district to the silver-bearing base-metal deposits of the other. In structure and size the deposits in the hidden parts of the mineralized zone probably are similar to those already known. Under the alternative interpretation that the two districts are separate centers of activity, the outlook for future successful prospecting depends upon the depths at which the underlying Paleozoic limestones lie and the possibility of large deposits having been formed in them.

Book Reviews

As the title indicates, this book is largely influenced by the economic aspect of geophysics. Prominence is given to the discovery of ores and salt deposits by means of the Eotvos torsion balance, and by seismological and magnetic methods. Most of the book deals, however, with the purely scientific parts of the subject. It contains a bibliography of about 1700 references, but unfortunately there are signs that they have not all been verified, and the author seldom gives much information himself, referring the reader instead to original sources, with little indication of what is to be found there.

The Summer Meeting, 1922

THE SUMMER MEETING 1922.63 THE SUMMER MEETING, 1922. The Annual Summer Meeting and Excursion of the Friends' Historical Society of Philadelphia occurred at Buckingham, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, on Seventh day, Sixth Month tenth, at half after three o'clock. About two hundred people, arriving by automobiles, and by train to Bycot station, assembled in the quaint old meeting house. The beautiful, well-preserved stone building in its setting of grand old trees, with the peaceful burying ground in the rear, sheltered by the surrounding hills, made an ideal gathering place. Lucy B. Roberts, President of the Society, in her opening remarks referred to the fact that the Society now has an office in the Friends' Library, 142 North Sixteenth Street, Philadelphia. A sign on the door locates it as the headquarters of the Society. In the absence of the Secretary, Caroline W. Smedley was invited to serve in that capacity for the day. Henry D. Paxson addressed the Society on "Buckingham in Revolutionary Times." (See p. 57, above.) The second paper on the program was read by B. F. Fackenthal, Jr., on " Durham Iron Furnaces." The well-known Durham Iron Works are as old as the Buckingham Meeting. Durham is in the extreme northeastern section of Bucks County on the Delaware River. Its white settlers arrived perhaps as early as 1682. The greater part of the land was granted by William Penn to his Secretary, James Logan, who deeded it to the Durham Iron Works. The date stone of the original blast furnace is marked 1727. The discovery of iron ore in the hills led to its establishment. As James Logan owned one quarter of the business at that time, it is quite probable that the fire backs at his mansion, " Stenton," were made at Durham. Pig iron, cast iron, stove plates, and shock shells were also made there. The last blast of the old furnace was in 1789, after which it was used as a grist mill. In 1830 the furnaces were opened again, and modernized in 1876. The plant was dismantled in 1912. One modern furnace in one month produces more iron than did the Durham furnace of 1727 in sixty-two years. It is likely that 64BULLETIN OF FRIENDS' HISTORICAL SOCIETY. the day will come when the mines, only one half a mile from the Delaware River, will be reopened. (See note at end of this article.) Amelia M. Gummere gave an encouraging report of the publication of the Rancocas edition of John Woolman's Journal, which has for some time been in preparation. (See article below.) After an invitation for new members to join the Society, the meeting adjourned to the beautiful ancestral home of Henry D. Paxson. By his courteous invitation, a picnic supper was enjoyed on the spacious lawn, the charming garden was visited and admired , as was his rare collection of antiques and historical relics. The Society would use this opportunity to minute its appreciation and to express its thanks to Mr. and Mrs. Paxson for their hospitality, and also to thank all others who aided in the success of the afternoon. Caroline W. Smedley, Secretary pro tern. Bibliographical Note: The paper read by B. F. Fackenthal, Jr., was printed in The Daily Intelligencer, Doylestown, Pa., June 21, 1922, p. 4. See also articles by the same author in Proceedings of Pennsylvania German Society, 23: 7-22; Bucks County Historical Society Papers, 4: 55-61. See also chapter by Amelia M. Gummere on the Durham Furnace, in Forges and Furnaces of the Province of Pennsylvania (1914), pp. 43-57. Also Henry C. Mercer, The Bible in Iron ( 1914) : refers to stove plates made at Durham,—177 pages, 244 illustrations. RANCOCAS EDITION OF THE JOURNAL OF JOHN WOOLMAN. Readers of the Bulletin will be interested to know that this notable addition to Quaker historical literature is in prospect for the near future. This new edition of the Journal of John Woolman is now in the hands of the printer and will be brought out by The Macmillan Company in the autumn. Important material which has been discovered regarding the life and work of Woolman justifies the ...

On the Mineral Resources of Kilkivan, Wide Bay, and on the Recent Discovery of Cobalt Ore in that District.

On the Mineral Resources of Kilkivan, Wide Bay, and on the Recent Discovery of Cobalt Ore in that District.

Notice of the occurrence of Metalliferous Ores and of Coal in Siam

Mr. Moyle states that in the hilly districts extending north and south, in lat. 15° 25′, near the River Chaw-Phya (Meinam)in Siam, he has discovered several apparently valuable veins of copper-ore, principally in grauwacke, and that he has applied for and obtained from the Siamese government authority to work them. He also refers to his discovery of ores of lead and silver, with enormous beds of magnetic and specular iron-ores in the same district; and describes the country to the north as consisting of carboniferous limestone, with indications of coal. Mr. Moyle states that the numerous rivers and canals afford great facilities for the transport of the minerals from the hills; and he believes that Siam will rival any country in the East in the richness of its mineral productions. Mr. Hillier mentions a report that beds of coal have been discovered near the sea in the district of Chantabun on the eastern coast of the Gulf of Siam.