Discovery Of New Effects Research Articles

The Role of Tau Protein on Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is currently a major global health issue that could induce several cognitive and mental problems in early-stage patients, and dementia in varying degrees, even death, in middle and late-stage patients. The formation of beta-amyloid (A-beta) plaque in neurons and the pathological accumulation of tau protein are the two well-known ideas that explain the process of AD. This essay has concluded some research achievements in the past decade, including some important mechanisms (regarding some specific molecules like APOE4 and PyK2) of tau pathologies in AD, several influences on animal and cell models, as well as methods for detection of neuronal tau accumulation in physical and biological fields. The possible therapies with mirodenafil and melatonin were also introduced. In the future, the creation and combination of more new technology, such as real-time monitoring and imaging technology, as well as the clinical discovery of new effects of some drugs on AD patients would help the research and remedies of AD make a progress.

Review of Recent Laboratory and Experimental Data on Cardiotoxicity of Statins.

Due to the fact that statins are among the most high-demand therapeutic agents used for the treatment and prevention of the most common cardiovascular diseases, a significant amount of research is focused on these drugs. As a result, the study and discovery of new effects in statin drugs continues. Research methods are constantly being improved in terms of their sensitivity and specificity, which leads to a change in ideas. In addition to the main lipid-lowering effect, statins have a number of additional effects, which can be conditionally divided into positive (pleiotropic) and negative (side effects). Moreover, information about many of the pleiotropic effects of statins is controversial and may subsequently change as new data become available. To a large extent, this is due to the introduction of new and the improvement of old methods of study: clinical, laboratory and morphological ones. Recent studies report the possibility of statins having potential cardiotoxic properties, which is expressed by an increase in the concentration of highly sensitive cardiac troponins, as well as various adverse changes in cardiac myocytes at the ultrastructural and molecular levels. This paper discusses possible mechanisms of statin cardiotoxicity. This narrative review is based on an analysis of publications in the Medline, PubMed, PubMed Central and Embase databases. The terms "statins", "troponin", "troponin I", "troponin T" in combination with "cardiotoxicity", "false positive", "mechanisms of increase", "pathophysiological mechanisms", "oxidative stress" and "cardiomyocyte apoptosis" were used to search publications.

Why the Sagnac effect favors absolute over relative simultaneity

We consider a thought experiment, equivalent to the Sagnac effect, where a light signal performs a round trip over a closed path. If special relativity (SR) adopts Einstein synchronization, the result of the experiment shows that the local light speed cannot be c in every section of the closed path. No inconsistencies are found when adopting absolute synchronization. Since Einstein and absolute synchronizations can be discriminated, the conventionality of the one-way speed of light holds no longer. Thus, as sustained by specialists, it might be a viable formulation of SR that reinstates the conservation of simultaneity, even though it allows for relativistic effects, such as time dilation. Such an approach may lead to the discovery of new effects and a better understanding of relativistic theories.

TRANSPORT АND MAGNETIC PHENOMENA IN NANOHETEROGENEOUS STRUCTURES

A number of interesting effects such as giant magnetoresistance, the anomalous Hall effect and some others are observed in nanogranulated ferromagnet-semiconductor composites and multilayer-structures based on the composites. The nature of the effects is not fully investigated up to now. In some cases there is the discovery of new effects. For example, in granular superparamagnetic / semiconductor (metal) multilayer systems a new physical phenomenon (the ordering of the granules magnetic moments) was experimentally observed in a certain range of thickness of the semiconductor layers. The physical nature of the phenomenon has no theoretical explanation. Besides that these multilayer systems exhibit a very promising for practical application magnetic properties in high-frequency region. The odd magnetic thermoelectric power is expected to appearance in the laminate ferromagnetic-piezoelectric composite. This odd effect is important in the development of magnetic field sensors, which can not only measure the magnetic (or electric) field but also can measure its polarity.

Pulsed NMR in superfluid 3He-B

We have performed pulsed NMR experiments in superfluid 3He-B under conditions of high H 0 and H 1 homogeneity in order to study non-linear spin dynamics. We made extensive measurements near the “magic” tipping angle in order to measure its temperature dependence. We report the discovery of new effects, including a small negative frequency shift at tipping angles close to, but slightly less than the “magic” tipping angle. We also discuss the evolution of the precession frequency as the system relaxes after the RF pulse.

How many sensors does a car need?

The highest rates of growth for sensors have been in the automotive sector. Forecasts ( Prognos Studie: Sensortechnik 2000) suggest a 14% annual increase in sales to reach 15 billion DM by 1995. This is due to a spectacular rise in electronic functions in motor cars that started in the seventies. The period up to the eighties was characterized by the substitution of mechanical functions, a trend driven by the need for lower costs, greater reliability and easier system integration. Today, entirely new electronics functions such as exhaust-gas monitoring, active suspension and integrated traffic guidance systems are becoming available. These innovations are driven by the need for manufacturers to produce an attractive range of products as well as more stringent safety, environmental and economic demands. This is where sensors play a key role. Their important tasks include the monitoring of, e.g., the quantity and composition of engine fluids and pollutants, as well as to measure physical parameters of mechanical automotive components and actuators, and the vehicle position and speed with respect to the road. The limits of growth are determined by costs. Measured by the average gross earnings of an industrial worker, the price of a car has remained stable at one yearly gross income during the past 50 years. Opportunities for growth therefore depend purely on the systems benefit of a sensor. This means reducing complexity and costs as well as enhancing the reliability of existing functions and implementing even more sophisticated applications with no significant increase in costs. Microelectronics and sensorics are the key technologies here. Whereas information density is continuing to increase unabated in microelectronics, thus making individual functions even cheaper, a comparable process is only now starting in sensorics. Apart from the discovery of new effects and the improvement of existing materials, a change toward system integration is occurring on two levels. At the technological level, sensorics and processing are converging. At the logical systems-technology level, sensors are becoming modularized and networked with sensors in other subsectors of the motor car. To achieve the desired benefits in good time, this path toward microsystems technology will also necessitate new structures in research and technology. The key concept here is parallel engineering: in the future, materials research and integration technologies will have even less time to respond to the mandatory requirements of automobile system design. They will have to come up with technology-driven advances. If automotive and sensor engineers cooperate intensively, no limits in growth of sensor utilization can yet be discerned.

Governing equation of polymer solutions on the basis of the dynamics of noninteracting relaxation oscillators

Special attention is currently being given to the study of systems formed by relatively large molecules (molecular liquids, liquid crystals, polymer solutions, etc.) in connection with different applications. A phenomenological approach proves inadequate in these cases: the nonlinear governing equations of the system are ambiguous and, no less important, the relationship between macroscopic effects and the internal characteristics of the system remains unclear. These questions are also studied by another approach, in which the structural units of the system are replaced by a suitable model. As is known, the simplest model of a macromolecule being deformed is a dumbbell — a relaxation oscillator with two centers of friction coupled by an elastic force. Such a model makes it possible to describe the basic features of the nonlinear behavior of polymer solutions [1, 2]. The goal of the present work is to derive governing equations with allowance for the hydrodynamic interaction of the friction centers of the relaxation oscillators. This approach leads to the most general form of governing equation of a dilute polymer solution, while allowance for hydrodynamic interaction leads to the discovery of new effects in the study of simple shear flow. For example, the second difference of the normal stresses is nontrivial.

Sellarsian Materialism

Wilfrid Sellars has proposed a materialist account of sensation which relies in part on the postulation of special kinds of individuals. This postulational strategy appears to be analogous to the one that introduces such entities as electrons. After setting out Sellars' account, I focus on his application of the postulational strategy. I argue that this application requires the discovery of new effects for familiar properties; that this kind of discovery is disanalogous to what postulation usually does; and that this kind of discovery cannot really be arrived at by postulation. I conclude that Sellars has not provided a successful, materialist account of sensation.