Discovery Of Hormones Research Articles

Molecular bases of the crosstalk between bone and muscle.

Exercise is an evolutionary conserved survival function that nowadays has beneficial health effects. The increased metabolic activity of contracting skeletal muscle affects the biology of many organs involved in regulating muscle functions. The discovery of hormones and cytokines secreted by bone and skeletal muscle during exercise, has recently added experimental credence to the notion that a crosstalk exists between these organs. Bone through the hormone osteocalcin, promotes exercise capacity in the mouse. After binding to a G-coupled protein receptor, Gprc6a, osteocalcin increases nutrients uptake and catabolism in myofibers during exercise. The catabolic aspect of osteocalcin distinguishes it from insulin signaling. In addition, osteocalcin regulates the endocrine function of skeletal muscle because it enhances the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6). IL-6 is produced and secreted by contracting skeletal muscle and exerts autocrine, paracrine and systemic effects. One of the systemic functions of IL-6 is to drive the generation of bioactive osteocalcin. Altogether, these studies have revealed a feed-forward loop between bone and skeletal muscle that are necessary and sufficient for optimum exercise capacity. This endocrine regulation of exercise biology, suggest novel and adapted strategies for the prevention or treatment of age related muscle loss.

Obesity and susceptibility to autoimmune diseases

For decades, obesity has been considered to be the result of the complex interaction between genes and the environment and its pathogenesis is still unresolved. The discovery of hormones and neural mediators responsible for the control of food intake and metabolism at the hypothalamic level has provided fundamental insights into the complicated pathways that control food intake. However, the molecular basis for the association between obesity and low-degree chronic inflammation is still unknown. More recently, the discovery of leptin, one of the most abundant adipocyte-derived hormones, has suggested that nutritional status, through leptin secretion, can control immune self-tolerance modulating Treg suppressive function and responsiveness. Furthermore, recent experimental evidence has shown the presence of an abundant adipose tissue-resident Treg population responsible for the control of metabolic parameters and glucose homeostasis. Better knowledge of the intricate network of interactions among leptin-related energy regulation, Treg activities and obesity could lead to valuable strategies for therapeutic intervention in obesity and obesity-associated insulin resistance.

From humans to giraffes: The evolution of hypertension and hormones

From humans to giraffes: The evolution of hypertension and hormones

ASAS Centennial Paper: Animal growth and development research: Historical perspectives1

From a historical perspective, it is difficult to identify a specific date that launched the field of endocrinology. One "biomarker" of the inception of endocrinology traces back to Ernest Henry Starling, who first introduced the word hormone in a talk given in 1905 at the Royal College of Physicians in London (Starling, 1905). A historical look at the field of endocrine regulation of animal growth since 1905 conveys that countless scientists worldwide worked to advance the scientific evidence base, which led to the commercial development of hormone-based products that enhanced growth and beneficially changed carcass composition of meat animals. This review will discuss some of seminal contributions that include the discovery of hormones (like ST and beta-adrenergic agonists) that have been shown to play key roles in regulating growth and nutrient partitioning of livestock, the mechanisms by which these hormones act, and the development of products for application in animal agriculture.

More hormones spilt in heart failure: linking renal sympathetic activation to clinical outcome

This editorial refers to ‘Long-term outcome in relation to renal sympathetic activity in patients with chronic heart failure’† by M. Petersson et al. , on page 906 ‘Neurohumoral activation’ is a commonly used term in papers dealing with heart failure. Although the term is short, the process is vast and complex: perhaps as complex as it gets. As heart failure affects almost all organs through reduced blood supply and compensatory regulation of auto-, para-, neuro-, and endocrine mechanisms, it seems overwhelming to rank the individual effect and regulation of one bioactive substance to the effects and regulations of others. Which substance affects which system and in what order through the course of disease progression? To make matters more complex, new substances are still being added to the long list of hormones, despite the fact that it has been over 100 years since the discovery of hormones. With this in mind, it should be recapitulated that the principal discovery of hormones was made by Ernest H. Starling, who also contributed to our present understanding of the pumping heart.1 One cannot help but wonder how he would try to make sense of the neurohumoral puzzle in heart failure. Scientists focused early on the heart as a target as well as a secretory organ. The sympathetic component to the heart was an important element in early cardiac physiology, which further fuelled the … *Corresponding author. Tel: +45 3545 5509; fax: +45 3545 4640. E-mail address : jpg{at}dadlnet.dk

Hormones in Development.

Hormones in Development emerged from a four-day conference taking place in 1968 at Nottingham, England, on the mechanism of hormone action as it affects growth and differentiation of a number of tissues in vertebrates (principally mammals). This volume represents a reworked and updated transcript of the conference. Thus, it has the advantages and disadvantages of this form of presentation, preserving the excitement of exposition of original work by the experimenter and emphasizing multiple points of view on aspects of development that are currently yielding to investigation. It is not a systematic report on current status. With the discovery of hormones in the latter part of the 19th century and the early attempts to elucidate their mode of action that followed, curious unexplained effects of gland ablation or hormone administration were noted. These are assuming new significance. The milestone work of Gudernatsch in demonstrating that metamorphosis of tadpoles could be provoked