Discouraging Factor Research Articles

지속가능한 비즈니스모델을 통한 가방디자인 연구 - 페그물 업사이클링 KOOK 브랜드 제품을 중심으로

Along with the aging population of local fishing villages and the decrease in fishing income due to job losses, the problem of fishing net waste accumulated on the coast is becoming a discouraging factor for the environment and marine tourism. Due to the aging and declining population of fishing villages, there is a shortage of manpower to collect this waste, making it imperative to solve fundamental problems related to cost reduction for maintaining a pleasant environment and waste disposal. This issue can be partially addressed by using yarn extracted from waste nets in fishing villages to produce upcycled products. Additionally, this initiative will create jobs that can help increase the income of fishing villages, where the dominant population consists of seniors. By carrying out the commercialization process using waste nets in a social economic manner, we believe that a virtuous cycle business model can be established, leading to community problem-solving and job creation, along with effective design development through the process of recognizing and resolving various issues in the local community. If a business model such as “KOOK” is established and specialized products suitable for regional characteristics are developed, a social contribution business model can be created alongside effective design development while addressing various challenges faced by the local community.

Assessment of knowledge and attitude about bio banking amongst the general public and their willingness to donate bio specimens from a hospital in India

This study aims to know the attitude and perceptions of biobanks among the general public and their willingness to donate bio specimens from a hospital in India. Biobanks collect, store bio specimens for diagnosis, treatment and research purpose. According to modern bio banking, bio specimens needs to have standard operating procedures to do so. The bio specimen should be kept confidential and anonymous. Do they have an awareness of the role of biobanks? Do they know the concept of consent and implications of retaining specimens in biobanks? This paper evaluates these areas. A cross sectional study was conducted among general public above 18 years of age using convenience sampling. The data was obtained through a questionnaire which was distributed via online using Google forms and assessed the ethical perception of the general public regarding their willingness to donate own biological samples for teaching and research purposes and their awareness and attitude on biobanks. A total of 200 participants were included in the study. 71.4% participants did not have any prior knowledge about biobanks. 59.6% of the participants were willing to donate the biospecimens for advancement in medical research, benefit the society and future generation. 43.8% of respondents emphasised the main discouraging factor in participation in biobank research is that they have fear of sample exploitation. 37.9 percent participants responded that they would like to specify the scope for use when granting permission to use their sample for research. Biobank will advance in medical research only when medical institutes and government bodies’ install privacy, consent laws and initiate lot of awareness programmes to improve public perspectives and knowledge about biobanking. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.23 (Special Issue) 2024 p.S53-S59

Undue Burden the Medical School Application Process Places on Low-Income Latinos

Undue Burden the Medical School Application Process Places on Low-Income Latinos

Helping and Being Helped: Exploring the Motivations and Barriers to Upstream Reciprocity in Open-World Games

In a game world, if you are having trouble, you may ask experienced players for help; after leveling up, you may help novice players avoid difficulties in turn. This phenomenon is called in-game “upstream reciprocity (UR)”. In this article, we studied the motivations for novice players seeking help and experienced players helping others through focus groups and tested the theoretical models of potential recipients (N = 232) and donors (N = 258), respectively. Our analyses showed that for both potential recipients and donors, higher degrees of extraversion and perceived value (utilitarian and hedonic values) increased in-game UR intention. Loneliness showed the opposite outcome in models that recipients with high loneliness degrees and donors with low loneliness degrees increased in-game UR intention. Besides, self-determination theory (autonomy, competence, and relatedness) was positively associated with UR intention in the donor model. Furthermore, we tested the discouraging factor hindering players from UR. Combining all the results, we suggested the keys for designers are to improve the function and gameplay of the multiplayer mode, encourage the sharing of in-game capital, and lower the rewards of social cooperation to increase autonomy.

Barriers Teachers Face in using Information and Communication Technology in EFL Classroom at Duhok University

The growth of information and communication technologies (ICT) has considerably altered teaching and learning processes in higher education. Although ICT has the potential to improve the educational system to a great extent, English departments in ‎the university of Duhok seem to be incapable to achieve these benefits because of specific ‎obstacles. This paper investigates the barriers faced by the teachers at English ‎departments in the University of Duhok in integrating ICT tools in teaching the EFL in ‎classrooms. This study aims at determining the reasons teachers do not use ICT in ‎classrooms. A total of thirty-four English teachers from The College of Basic Education ‎and The College of Languages were involved. A closed-ended questionnaire was ‎distributed and interviews were conducted. The results revealed that the teachers are ‎willing to use ICT in their lessons, but they face many barriers. The main barriers are lack ‎of access to ICT resources, lack of access to the internet inside the classroom, lack of ‎training, insufficient technical support. Moreover, lack of institutional encouragement is ‎another discouraging factor for the teacher to use ICT. In addition, this paper also offers ‎a number of recommendations to reduce these barriers and maximize the beneficial use of ‎ICT in education.‎

Ophthalmology as a career choice among medical students in Eastern India - A cross-sectional study.

Several factors influence medical students to choose a specialty branch for post-graduate training, and it is important to understand them so that strategies can be made to make it more attractive and hence the shortage in the workforce can be addressed. This study aimed to identify the factors that influenced under-graduate medical students to choose ophthalmology as their specialty for post-graduate training. It was a descriptive, cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study, carried out among medical students at a tertiary academic institute in eastern India. In this survey tool, 25 questions were divided into different sections: demographic data, factors influencing the choice and perceptions about ophthalmology as a career option, and the impact of rotatory internship posting on the choice of subject. The various factors were then scored and indexed appropriately. There were 515 participants. The median age was 23 years. The major influencing factor for choosing ophthalmology was "adequate time" (52.04%), and the discouraging factor was "steep learning curve" (58.64%). Age had an odds ratio of 0.781, showing that the lower the age, the higher the chances of being positively inclined toward ophthalmology as a career choice. Similarly, major deciding factors, perceptions, and experiences in ophthalmology had odds ratios of 1.841, 1.725, and 2.057, respectively, showing a positive inclination. The study states that a steep learning curve, personal attitudes, and misconceptions may dissuade the students from taking this subject, but adequate clinical exposure and experience, as well as role models during the internship, can create a positive impact on career choice.

Attitude of Doctors and Nurses towards Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting at a University Teaching Hospital

Introduction: Spontaneous reporting of adverse drug reaction (ADR) is the main stay of pharmacovigilance. However the major limitation of this method is underreporting as it depends entirely on the participation of the health care professional. This study aimed to identify factors that discourage ADR reporting and possible ways to improve ADR reporting. Methods: This is a questionnaire based cross-sectional descriptive study employed at a tertiary level teaching hospital from December 2020 to March 2021 after approval from institutional review committee. All the doctors and nurses were included in the study and the data were collected using structured questionnaire. Results: Total numbers of participants were 283. Among them, 260(91.9 %) had encountered a patient/s with ADR and 119(45.6%) had documented ADR. However, there was no reporting to the pharmacovigilance centre/ unit of the hospital.Out of 283 participants, 123 (43.5%) agreed that the major discouraging factor to report ADR was unavailability of reporting form. Similarly decision to report ADR depended on new reaction to an existing product 217(76.7%) followed by seriousness of the reaction 213 (75.2%). The 245(86.7%) participants have recommended to conduct awareness among healthcare professional and 208(73.3%) to train healthcare professional to improve ADR reporting. Conclusion: Even though the large numbers of participants have encountered patient/s with ADR but documentation of ADR is less. Further, none have reported due to limited knowledge regarding“what, how and where to report ADR”? In addition to these, unavailability of ADR reporting form was the major discouraging factor to report ADR.

The effects of endometriosis on women's sexual function

Objective: Endometriosis is a chronic disease with multiple negative implications for the quality of life and mental health of affected women. It can significantly affect various aspects of their lives and can cause long-term suffering in the psycho-emotional, social and sexual spheres. The aim of this paper is to present the consequences of endometriosis on female sexual function and the quality of couple relationships, as well as the importance of a multidimensional approach to it. Methods: A literature search investigating the sexual function of patients with endometriosis was performed to identify the effect of endometriosis on women's sexuality. Results: Endometriosis has negative effects in various areas of female sexual function. Dyspareunia occurs as a common symptom in women with endometriosis and causes severe impairment of sexual function, couple relationships and psychological well-being. However, the presence of dyspareunia is not the only discouraging factor in the sexual health of these women, as a general impairment of sexual function in all its aspects is perpetuated over time: desire, satisfaction, orgasm, pain. Conclusions: Women with endometriosis report significantly more sexual dysfunction compared to healthy women. This issue deserves special attention in the case of endometriosis, in the decision-making process for treatment. As a complex condition, endometriosis requires an integrative and multidisciplinary approach that includes, in addition to surgical and pharmacological approaches, emotional and social support, stress reduction, psychosexual therapy, and an emphasis on quality of life, pain management, sex, and relationships.

Attitude of Final Year Students Dental Specialty, Subject Preference & Factors Influencing Their Decision

Aim: To find whether final year dental students want to do post- graduation and factors that governs their decision for specialization. Method: A cross-sectional survey was carried out on final year dental student with the help of a questionnaire. Results: The results showed that 40.8% of the students want to specialize in maxilla-facial surgery followed by orthodontics by 12.4%. 37.2% of the students want to specialize for internal satisfaction. 41. 6% student thought doing specialization would be too much time consuming. Conclusion: It was concluded that orthodontics is the second preference for specialization as subject and the most common reason for specialization was talent in the field. The most discouraging factor was specialization is too much time consuming. Keywords: Attitude, dental specialty, specialization

Direct one step dehydrogenative C-H sulfonimidation of unfunctionalized arenes: A conveneient protocol to emerging medicinal chemistry motifs without prefunctionalized arenes

Recently new sulfur moieties such as sulfonimidamides are emerging as indispensable bioisosters in medicinal chemistry and agrochemistry programs due to their important biological and physiological properties. But, most available synthetic protocols start from thiol derivatives or from their precursor halides via multi-step procedures. Also, all these protocols involve harsh oxidation conditions. This is a big discouraging factor for medicinal chemists to explore these high medicinal value motifs in drug discovery programs. We herein report a facile synthesis of sulfonimidates and sulfonimidamides by direct sulfonimidation of unfinctional arenes [direct C-H activation to C-S(=O)(=NH) functionalization], thus providing a convenient protocol to incorporate emerging high medicinal value moieties in drug discovery programs. We further demonstrated the applications of tBuON-sulfonimidate esters as useful synthons in synthesis of sulfonimidamides.

Smartphone Fundus Videography For Documentation Of Retinal And Optic Nerve Head Diseases

Ophthalmological services are required everywhere throughout the country. The lack of availability of the equipment's like fundus camera at most of the smaller centers is still a discouraging factor for documentation of retinal and optic nerve head diseases. The smaller centers fulfill this need by referring the patients to tertiary or higher centers. Here, we describe a technique of Smartphone Fundus videography (SFV), which may prove useful for the necessary documentation. The generated data by this technique may be stored in any easily available electronic hardware and software. This data may also be used for temporal comparison of the diseases in the patients following up at various clinics by easily sharing the data using widely available smartphone applications.

Predicting Future of Senior Housing Markets amid COVID-19 Pandemic in India Using Dependency Models

The COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to a very high percentage of senior deaths in India. Senior citizens constitute about 10% of total population while 73% of deaths during COVID-19 pandemic in India have been of people with co-morbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, heart and respiratory diseases. Amidst this pandemic, the senior housing market is poised for exponential growth despite a low market share as well as slow sales. To inquire as to which factors influence the seniors for not buying into exclusive senior housing communities and whether the decision varies among ages as well as genders; a questionnaire survey was conducted pre-COVID-19 using sales leads of 143 senior respondents from five cities; Delhi, Lavasa, Chennai, Pune and Ahmedabad. These data were tested using binary probit regression models for age and gender. The survey required the respondents to rate decision factors which included; amenities, location, social isolation, wealth, family, urban connect, new relationships, inheritance and moral values - on Likert scale of 1 to 9. The tested model for gender shows that males are dependent on factors of location of the project and fear isolation as compared to females. Males also rated new acquaintances as a discouraging factor as compared to females. The age model shows that older seniors (aged 66-75) do not wish to move to an exclusive senior citizen homes due to factors of distance, fear of social isolation and attachment to urban elements as compared to younger seniors (aged 55-65). An attempt is made to use the results arising from these models to predict the future of senior housing market post-COVID-19 pandemic in India. By integrating new factors such as social distancing, personal hygiene and recreational activities, the existing models can be used to forecast post-COVID-19 senior housing markets in India.

Utilization of Tax Reliefs among Workers in Ghana: A Case Study of University Hospital, Legon

The study examined the reasons why public workers do not utilize Ghana’s tax relief scheme and its associated challenges with the University Hospital, Legon as the case study. The mixed method approach was adopted thus using both qualitative and quantitative method of collecting data. Questionnaires were distributed to and responses obtained from 174 staffs of the University Hospital, Legon selected using the stratified random sampling and the simple random sampling method whereas four (4) purposively selected officials of the Ghana Revenue Authority were also interviewed. Majority of respondents had no information or knowledge about the tax relief scheme in Ghana and this is largely attributable to inadequate seminars organized by Ghana Revenue Authority in creating public awareness on its benefits to taxpayers in Ghana. Furthermore, complex procedures or processes coupled with inadequate knowledge regarding how to apply are major reasons why tax reliefs are not utilized. To others, the subject of tax reliefs was not very necessary as they do not have much information on its existence, benefits and how to access it. The study recommended vigorous and regular symposiums to educate the public on the benefits accruing to utilizing tax reliefs extending this publicity among the various social welfare departments and the physically challenged groups in Ghana. The study also recommended a more simplified application process and forms to be put in place but the Ghana Revenue Authority to eliminate the discouraging factor taxpayers have whenever tax reliefs and its application is cited.

Encouraging and Discouraging Factors in the Decision to Become an Israeli Leader in Religious Schools: Implications for Reforming Bureaucratic Mandates of the Ministry of Education

This mixed methodology study explored the reasons that teachers in Israel are motivated to become school leaders, and the relative importance of the different discouraging factors that worked against such interest. A cross-national Israeli survey included 39 individual interviews, 2 focus groups of 25 teachers each, and a questionnaire completed by 149 teachers working in Jewish schools. Findings indicate a sense of mission and personal challenge motivated our sample. The most significant discouraging factor was the perceived inability to circumvent bureaucratic constraints imposed by the Ministry of Education. Implications and reform efforts for reducing bureaucratic constraints upon school leaders are discussed.

Solidification around axial finned tube submersed in PCM: Modeling and experiments

The low thermal conductivity of PCM is a discouraging factor for its wide application. A variety of techniques are investigated to improve the thermal conductivity of PCM including dispersing metallic powders, wires, meshes and fins into PCM. Fins are most preferred because of their simplicity and efficiency. This paper reports the results of a numerical and experimental study on axially finned tubes for cold applications using water as PCM. A model for an axial finned tube submersed in liquid PCM is developed based on transient two dimensional heat conduction equation, the enthalpy approach and the Alternating Direction Implicit formulation. The code is developed, tested, optimized and validated against available experimental and numerical results showing relatively good agreement. The code is further used to investigate the enhancement of solidification around finned tubes caused by the operational and geometrical parameters such as tube wall temperature, number of fins and fin width. The results showed that the increase of the number of fins and width and the reduction of the tube wall temperature enhance the interface position and velocity and reduce the total solidification time. The study also revealed the existence of optimum number of fins and optimum width of fin after which no significant gain in stored final energy or decrease in the time of complete phase change. The home built numerical code thoroughly validated with available results can be extended to treat the case of heat flux and variable tube wall temperature.

Online Shopping Behavior of Bangladeshi People

Bangladesh as a developing country has been seeing a lot of dependence in digital money transaction with which people’s habit of Online shopping is increasing furthermore. To understand people’s shopping behavior more concretely we went ahead and did a research on it. The main incentive of the research is to find out the shopping behavior of the people in Bangladesh and the kind problem that people are generally facing that is working as a discouraging factor. For this reason, a structured and closed ended questionnaire was used on a random sample population to know the behavior of the people regarding online shopping. From the answers of those questions, it is found that, the 18-23 years old people do the online shopping most. Moreover, male persons are more likely to do shopping on online than the female group. For shopping, most of the people use “Facebook Pages” according to our research. Here, many people are also unaware of the apps that the online shopping service provider provides. Not only that, most purchased items on online is clothing and after that most purchased item is food. While purchasing foods from the online, most people choose “Food Panda”. Our survey also found that for buying electronic gadgets most people use daraz.com and evaly.com. Much to our surprise, a lot of people doing online shopping on a regular basis feel quite secured on the platform. However, most people think that online services need to be improved and we saw a lot of complains about the displayed or descripted product not matching the actual product. Moreover, they are also unhappy with delivery service that online service providers provide to the customer. The most alarming part that we found out through our survey is many people are taking online shopping service but the frequency is too low, which is once in a month. Another major complain about online shop is delivery issues. Most of the cases it seems that delay in delivery for products create lot of problem for customers. Keeping all those behaviors and dissatisfactions of the consumer in our mind, we have tried to recommend some strategy to the online service provider to remove those dissatisfactions among the people. If these issues and problems like these can be resolved, more people might accept the process of Online Shopping and a lot of people might consider doing Online Shopping more frequently. The main objective of this research paper is to understand how people in Bangladesh view the whole platform of Online Shopping, it’s perks and problems and how it can be improved more to attract more in order to attract more people toward the platform. DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/12-6-05 Publication date: February 29 th 2020

Leadership Potential of Professional Teacher Associations in Russia: Formation of Middle Leaders

This research study is aimed at investigating distributed leadership practices in the Russian school system, of which professional teacher associations (PTA) constitute a distinct feature. In particular, we set out to investigate the PTA leadership potential, as well as the role and specific personal characteristics of middle leaders in the Russian school education system. These associations are formed by the school administration on the basis of subject areas, bringing together teachers of maths, history, etc. Teachers join PTAs on a voluntarily basis. The key function of such organisations consists in the implementation of innovative educational approaches and techniques. In order to analyse their leadership potential, we carried out a sociological survey among the employees of high-profile secondary schools (gymnasiums and lyceums) situated in the major Russian city of Ekaterinburg. The research methodology comprised structured interviews with 110 respondents, along with in-depth interviews with 2 school directors, 4 school deputy directors and 6 heads of professional teacher associations. Our results show that the fundamentals and principles of distributed leadership are actively implemented in Ekaterinburg schools. The school administrations encourage the creation of professional teacher associations grouped around subject areas, delegating to these structural units the functions of improving the quality of teaching the respective subjects and disseminating educational innovations, at the same time as fulfilling the requirements of the state and regional education authorities. Such associations are headed by middle leaders, who are nominated by their colleagues and whose candidacy is approved by school seniors, taking into account their professional achievements, experience of leading pedagogical innovations and the presence of the right personal qualities necessary for productive collaborative work. These people perform the role of mediators, operating at the interface between various levels within the school. Although viewed as a school’s personnel reserve for the positions of principals and head teachers, our respondents consider themselves to be ‘more teachers’ or ‘innovators in education’ than administrators. The development of the leadership qualities of such professionals in the Russian school system is shown to be hindered by a ‘glass ceiling’ – a certain limit in their career growth. This discouraging factor results in some middle school leaders searching for professional self-realization opportunities outside the school system, in the spheres of business, science or culture that are believed to provide more opportunities for self-advancement.

Status and influencing factors of farmers' private investment in the prevention and control of sheep brucellosis in China: A cross-sectional study.

BackgroundBrucellosis is one of the most common zoonoses worldwide, causing direct losses to the livestock industry and threatening human health. Little is known about the status and factors affecting farmers’ private investment in the prevention and control of sheep brucellosis in China.Methodology/Principal findingsFrom April to October 2017, a cross-sectional, house-based study was conducted in 7 Chinese provinces. A total of 1037 households included in the study were analyzed. The average amount of private investment in the prevention and control of brucellosis was $0.73±0.54 per sheep. Multivariable analysis showed that factors facilitating private investment included older age of householder (OR = 1.07, 95%CI: 1.03–1.11), herd size >100 (OR = 2.49, 95%CI: 1.38–4.51), a higher percentage of income from sheep farming comparing to the total household income (OR = 1.14, 95%CI: 1.11–1.16), higher score of brucellosis knowledge (OR = 3.85, 95%CI: 1.40–10.51), actively learning related knowledge (OR = 2.98, 95%CI: 1.55–5.74), actively participating in related training courses (OR = 3.07, 95%CI: 1.52–6.18), care about other people’s attitudes (OR = 1.75, 95%CI: 1.35–2.28), concern about the health of neighbors’ livestock (OR = 1.75, 95%CI: 1.23–2.51). The analysis found a discouraging factor for private investment, supporting culling policy (OR = 0.67, 95%CI: 0.49–0.91).Conclusions/SignificanceIn addition to providing interventions related to farmers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices, guidance must be offered to help farmers understanding the importance of private investment in the prevention and control of brucellosis.

Determinants to the implementation of corporate social responsibility in the maritime industry: a quantitative study

ABSTRACTCorporate social responsibility (CSR) has evolved to a leading subject for both academic research and management practice. Although several standpoints exist to approach theoretical and practical implementation issues, however, CSR is, mostly, perceived as a managerial tactic that integrates and deals with sustainability challenge. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has already attempted to align its policy with United Nation’s (UN’s) latest sustainability mandates and, specifically, with UN's 2030 Agenda on Sustainable Development. In that respect, the Organization has committed itself to establish a sustainable maritime transportation system by founding sustainability initiatives in a wider CSR framework. Further to a study carried out to 50 tanker and dry bulk maritime companies, the aim of this study is to investigate and discuss restricting factors and driving forces associated with the implementation of CSR in shipping. Chi-square independence test and contingency coefficient statistical measures are employed to test formulated hypotheses. Findings imply that lack of training and appreciation of long-term benefits that CSR can bring to an organization constitutes a significant discouraging factor to CSR engagement. In terms of CSR drivers, increased trust and improved company's image and relationships with key stakeholders represent a key motivating factor to CSR implementation.

Modelos de Negócios Aplicados a Compartilhamento de Veículos Elétricos

It is very important that we may propose solution that allow us to diminish the consumption of gas and oil to run our light vehicle fleet. In this sense, a good alternative to the oil-dependent vehicles are the electric vehicles, although, consumers are resistant in adopting the electric car. A solution that was identified is electric car sharing. Considering the importance of promoting and diffusion of electric car-sharing, this paper aims to present the characterization of such business models implemented around the world, by using secondary-data analysis from each observed case, employing an adapted version of Weiller and Neely (2013) characterization model. The current research is a descriptive and qualitative based multiple-case study. The population is of 20 electric-car sharing models, located in 14 different countries. It was observed that the cost reduction of batteries accompanies the reduction of electric-car ownership cost. Moreover, the characterized business models did not make it any easier for technological innovation. It was also noted that predominantly, the risks and costs of electricity are borne by the service providers (taxed); that models encourage change in customer behavior; and that the models are not advantageous for long distances, given the low autonomy of the vehicles and restrictions of reach of the companies. Results corroborate Bohnsack, Pinkse and Kolk (2014), as it observes services-oriented business models. However, regarding the fear of limited vehicle autonomy, reported by Egbue and Long (2012) and Lim, Mak and Rong (2014), business models are not being elaborated and executed in the sense of solving it, which can be indicated as a discouraging factor to use of shared vehicles.