Discontinuous Galerkin Time Domain Method Research Articles

A hybrid room acoustic modeling approach combining image source, acoustic diffusion equation, and time-domain discontinuous Galerkin methods

In this paper a hybrid model is introduced that constructs a broadband room impulse response using a geometrical (image source method) and a statistical method (acoustic diffusion equation) for the high-frequency range, supported by a wave-based method (time-domain discontinuous Galerkin method) for the low-frequency range. A crucial element concerns the construction of the high-frequency impulse response where a transition from a predominantly specular (image source) to a predominantly diffuse sound-field (diffusion equation) is required. To achieve this transition an analytical envelope is introduced. A key factor is the room-averaged scattering coefficient which accounts for all scattering behavior of the room and determines the speed of transition from a specular to a non-specular sound-field. To evaluate its performance, the model is compared to a broadband wave-based solver for two reference scenarios. The hybrid model shows promising results in terms of reverberation time (T20), center time (Ts) and bass-ratio (BR). Aspects such as the used geometrical complexity, the ‘room-averaged’ scattering coefficients, and other model simplifications and assumptions are discussed.

Efficient Improved Local Time Stepping with the Leapfrog Scheme for Transient 3-D Electromagnetic Analyses

An alternate boundary local time stepping (ABLTS) method is proposed for the discontinuous Galerkin time domain method for transient electromagnetic simulations to reduce the computation complexity of the local time stepping (LTS) method. The proposed method exhibites lower storage and time complexity than the conventional LF-LTS method . The stability, accuracy, and effectiveness of the ABLTS method are verified by applying it to the simulation of a resonator cavity and multi-layer microstrip antenna. The numerical results revealed that the developed method is effective for the transient electromagnetic simulation of antennas.

A Novel 3-D DGTD-FDTD Hybrid Method withOne Overlapping Virtual Layer

Compared with the traditional finite difference time-domain (FDTD) method, the discontinuous Galerkin time-domain (DGTD) method may face the issue of intense computation. In this paper, a novel 3-D DGTD-FDTD hybrid method is proposed to dramatically reduce the unknowns of the DGTD method. Instead of the common mass-lumped elements, this virtual layer of the Yee grid is implemented on the intersecting boundary, which simplifies the mesh generation and reduces the number of unknowns. To validate the proposed method, two examples of sphere scattering and horn antenna are considered. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

A Global-Local Error-Driven -Adaptive Scheme for Discontinuous Galerkin Time-Domain Method With Local Time-Stepping Strategy

In this paper, a highly efficient <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p</i> -adaptive scheme has been developed for discontinuous Galerkin time domain (DGTD) method with local time stepping (LTS) strategy. In the proposed <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p</i> -adaptive procedure, the dual-fold error driven scheme has been developed. Compared to the global error range corresponding to the preset base order range, the local maximal error in each discretized element is used to determine the allowable local range of the base order. The local error in each element is compared with the local error range to determine which operation, i.e., the base order increasing or decreasing, is implemented. The resulting two error thresholds are insensitive in the dynamic <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p</i> -adaptive procedure. When applying the proposed <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p</i> -adaptive scheme into the LTS method, a simple grouping approach in terms of the time steps related to the base orders has been developed to rapidly perform the marching-on-in time procedure. Several numerical examples including scattering from a missile, radiation of a ridge gap waveguide (RGW) antenna and transmission of a cylindrical cavity filter are given to demonstrate good accuracy and high efficiency of the proposed method.

Novel Discontinuous Galerkin Time-Domain Method for Analyzing Scattering From 3-D Bi-Isotropic Objects

Novel Discontinuous Galerkin Time-Domain Method for Analyzing Scattering From 3-D Bi-Isotropic Objects

The Effect of Nanoparticle Composition on the Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Performance of Plasmonic DNA Origami Nanoantennas.

A versatile generation of plasmonic nanoparticle dimers for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is presented by combining a DNA origami nanofork and spherical and nonspherical Au or Ag nanoparticles. Combining different nanoparticle species with a DNA origami nanofork to form DNA origami nanoantennas (DONAs), the plasmonic nanoparticle dimers can be optimized for a specific excitation wavelength in SERS. The preparation of such nanoparticle dimers is robust enough to enable the characterization of SERS intensities and SERS enhancement factors of dye-modified DONAs on a single dimer level by measuring in total several thousands of dimers from five different dimer designs, each functionalized with three different Raman reporter molecules and measured at four different excitation wavelengths. Based on these data, SERS enhancement factor (EF) distributions have been determined for each dimer design and excitation wavelengths. The structures and measurement conditions with the highest EFs are suitable for single-molecule SERS (SM-SERS), which is realized by placing single dye molecules into hot spots. We demonstrate that the probability of placing single molecules in a strongly enhancing hot spot for SM-SERS can be increased by using anisotropic nanoparticles with several sharp edges, such as nanoflowers. Combining a Ag nanoparticle with a Au particle in one dimer structure allows for a broadband excitation covering almost the whole visible range. The most versatile plasmonic dimer structure for SERS combines a spherical Ag nanoparticle with a Au nanoflower. Employing the discontinuous Galerkin time domain method, we numerically investigate the bare, symmetric dimers with respect to spectral and near-field properties, showing that, indeed, the nanoflowers induce multiple hot spots located at the edges which surpass the intensity of the spherical dimers, indicating the possibility for SM-SERS. The presented DONA structures and SERS data provide a robust basis for applying such designs as versatile SERS tags and as substrates for SM-SERS measurements.

An Asymmetrical Mixed Higher-Order Discontinuous Galerkin Time Domain Method for Electromagnetic Scattering from the Plasma Sheath around a Hypersonic Vehicle

The plasma sheath during reentry of hypersonic vehicle is an unmagnetized and weakly ionized nonuniform plasma flow, which causes radio frequency blackout and strong plasma attenuation of electromagnetic wave. The physical properties of the nonuniform plasma flow were obtained using computational fluid dynamics software with unstructured grids. In this study, a detailed computational model was reconstructed with the high-order Lagrange grids for the nonuniform plasma flow region and the high-order Serendipity grids for the homogeneous medium region. In order to calculate the numerical flux between the two types of grids in the discontinuous Galerkin time domain (DGTD) algorithm, an asymmetric high-order element is constructed as a transition unit. Finally, the simulation results in the plasma sphere show that the above method improves the computational accuracy and decreases calculation. The amplitude and scattering about electromagnetic wave in nonuniform plasma flow are clarified in detail. It is suggested that the presented method could be an effective tool for investigating interaction between electromagnetic waves and plasma flow.

Temperature-drift effect analysis of microstrip filters based on parallel high-order DGTD and FETD method with memory reduction technique

The temperature-drift effect of microstrip filters is analyzed by the proposed electromagnetic-thermal co-simulation method based on parallel high-order discontinuous Galerkin time domain (DGTD) and finite-element time-domain (FETD) algorithms with a memory reduction technique. The element matrices of DGTD method are factorized into the product of coefficient matrices and universal matrices. The coefficient matrices are different for each tetrahedral element and need to be stored for all the elements. While the universal matrices are the same for all the tetrahedral elements and only need to be stored for one element. Since the sizes of the coefficient matrices are much smaller than the element matrices of DGTD method, the proposed method avoids storing the large element matrices and greatly reduce the memory requirement of the DGTD method. Thus it reduces the memory requirement of the whole electromagnetic-thermal co-simulation which is dominated by the memory consumption of the DGTD method. Large-scale parallel technique is adopted to accelerate the process of electromagnetic-thermal co-simulation. The proposed method provides a very powerful tool for temperature-drift effect analysis of microstrip filters.

A body-of-revolution discontinuous Galerkin time domain method based on curved mesh for Maxwell equations

ABSTRACT Numerical simulation of body-of-revolution (BoR) or axisymmetric structures for scattering and radiation problems has a broad spectrum of technology applications in microwave and optical engineering. In this work, we propose a high-order BoR discontinuous Galerkin time-domain method (BoR-DGTD) for solving Maxwell equations in the cylindrical coordinate system. The presented approach is based on or (m is the mode number and φ is the azimuth) expansions for different field components and thus yields a real-valued final system of equations. It saves half of the unknowns as compared to the existing method in which all the field components are assumed to have the same φ variation, i.e. . In contrast to the common practice of deriving variational formulation for the BoR Maxwell equations on two-dimensional grids in the meridian plane, we build it on three-dimensional coaxial toroidal subdomains. As a result, the singularity difficulty induced by the cylindrical coordinates is eliminated naturally. In addition, for BoR with curved material interfaces in the angular cross-section, a solution using curved grids in conjunction with the low-storage weight-adjusted approximation scheme is provided, which significantly enhances the simulation quality. Particularly, to achieve a set of optimized interpolation shape functions for the isoparametric transformation, an essential assistant in calculating the coefficient matrices, a heuristic procedure is developed to properly position the geometric control points on the curved grids. Some numerical experiments are conducted to demonstrate the accuracy and performance of our proposed BoR-DGTD method.

Advanced Numerical Methods for Graphene Simulation with Equivalent Boundary Conditions: A Review

Since the discovery of graphene, due to its excellent optical, thermal, mechanical and electrical properties, it has a broad application prospect in energy, materials, biomedicine, electromagnetism and other fields. A great quantity of researches on the physical mechanism of graphene has been applied to engineering in electromagnetism and optics. To study the properties of graphene, different kinds of numerical methods such as the mixed finite element method (Mixed FEM), the mixed spectral element method (Mixed SEM), Method of Auxiliary Sources (MAS), discontinuous Galerkin time-domain method (DGTD) and interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin time domain (IPDG) have been developed for simulating the electromagnetic field effects of graphene and equivalent boundary conditions such as impedance transmission boundary condition (ITBC), surface current boundary condition (SCBC), impedance matrix boundary condition (IMBC) and surface impedance boundary condition (SIBC) have been employed to replace graphene in the computational domain. In this work, the numerical methods with equivalent boundary conditions are reviewed, and some examples are provided to illustrate their applicability.

Time-Domain Shielding Effectiveness Analysis Based on DGTD Method Accelerated by Local Time-Stepping and Parallel Techniques

The discontinuous Galerkin time-domain (DGTD) method accelerated by local time-stepping (LTS) and parallel techniques is employed to analyze the time-domain shielding effectiveness (TDSE) of metallic enclosures. The detailed formulations and implementation procedures of the DGTD method and LTS and parallel techniques are introduced. Numerical results validate the correctness of the proposed method. Moreover, the influence of various design parameters of the metallic enclosure, including aperture dimensions, wall thickness, spacing of aperture arrays, etc., on the TDSE are analyzed by the proposed method. Some rules are given for the design of the enclosure with rectangular apertures from the perspective of TDSE. The proposed method provides an extremely powerful tool for the evaluation of TDSE.

Model order reduction for parameterized electromagnetic problems using matrix decomposition and deep neural networks

A non-intrusive model order reduction (MOR) method for solving parameterized electromagnetic scattering problems is proposed in this paper. A database collecting snapshots of high-fidelity solutions is built by solving the parameterized time-domain Maxwell equations for some values of the material parameters using a fullwave solver based on a high order discontinuous Galerkin time-domain (DGTD) method. To perform a prior dimensionality reduction, a set of reduced basis (RB) functions are extracted from the database via a two-step proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) method. Intrinsic coordinates of the high-fidelity solutions are further compressed through a convolutional autoencoder (CAE) network. Singular value decomposition (SVD) is then used to extract the principal components of the low dimensional coding matrices generated by CAE, and a cubic spline interpolation-based (CSI) approach is employed for approximating the dominating time- and parameter-modes of these matrices. The generation of the reduced basis and the training of the CAE and CSI are accomplished in the offline stage, thus the RB solution for given time/parameter values can be quickly recovered via outputs of the interpolation model and decoder network. In particular, the offline and online stages of the proposed RB method are completely decoupled, which ensures the validity of the method. The performance of the proposed CAE-CSI ROM is illustrated with numerical experiments for scattering of a plane wave by a 2-D dielectric disk and a multi-layer heterogeneous medium.

Numerical study of light backscattering from layers of absorbing irregular particles larger than the wavelength

We simulate light backscattering from monolayers of absorbing irregular particles larger than the wavelength using a numerically exact discontinuous Galerkin time domain (DGTD) method. Varying the real and imaginary parts of the complex refractive index m, particle size and the structure of a monolayer we study the evolution of the negative polarization (NP) feature that is observed for many particulate surfaces near backscattering. Simulations show that the NP is enhanced when increasing absorption from Im(m)=0.06 to 0.3. The real part Re(m) plays little role in this case. We confirm correlation of NP with the particle size predicted by approximate models and observed in laboratory measurements. We also demonstrate that the interplay between single- and multiple scattering can be controlled by the topography of a monolayer resulting in enhanced or damped NP.

A Hybrid 3-D-ADI-TDPE/DGTD Method for Multiscale Target Echo Simulation in Large-Scale Complex Environments

In this article, we propose a novel hybrid method for multiscale target echo simulation in large-scale complex environments. The three-dimensional-alternating direction implicit-time domain parabolic equation (3-D-ADI-TDPE) method with refractive index terms and the discontinuous Galerkin time-domain (DGTD) method are combined to solve the propagation of transient electromagnetic waves in large-scale regions and backscattering in multiscale target regions, respectively. At the same time, to realize the connection of two regions and the prediction of target echo, the transfer functions of wave propagation and target backscattering are obtained by the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Z$ </tex-math></inline-formula> transform (ZT). In addition, the target echo process is transformed into a cascade of transfer functions to realize simulation modularization and parallel processing. We also discuss the performance of the proposed method in terms of accuracy, memory consumption, and CPU processing time. Results indicate that the processing time required by the 3-D-ADI-TDPE/DGTD hybrid method is more than 11 times less than that of DGTD alone. Moreover, the ZT improves the flexibility of the hybrid method and provides a new concept for the simulation technology of radio wave propagation.

A Minimal Round-Trip Strategy Based on Graph Matching for Parallel DGTD Method With Local Time-Stepping

The load distribution in the local time stepping (LTS) method significantly impacts its computing efficiency. This letter proposes a minimal round-trip (MRT) strategy of the LTS method to balance the communication load of the discontinuous Galerkin time-domain (DGTD) method. By discovering the matching of the connected graph of computing nodes, independent communication with a similar load can be done in the same round trip to minimize waiting between nodes in nonblocking communication, thereby decreasing the communication time of the DGTD-LTS technique. The numerical results indicate that the MRT strategy reduces the communication time between processors by 50% and improves the parallel performance when the LTS method is implemented in the DGTD method. The parallel scale of the MRT approach may be increased to 16 000 nodes (1 040 000 cores) on the supercomputer, and the parallel efficiency is greater than 73.8%.

A robust discontinuous Galerkin time domain algorithm for penetrable thin layers

&lt;sec&gt;The thin layer problem is common in some engineering cases, such as a coating target or dielectric radome. If the skin depth of the medium behind the thin layer is much smaller than the medium scale, the transmission line impedance boundary can be used to solve the thin layer problem . When both sides of the thin layer are free space or the skin depth of the medium behind the thin layer is greater than or comparable to the scale of the medium, the transmission line impedance boundary condition is not applicable. Such problems need incident and reflected wave data and are also known as penetrable thin-layer problems.&lt;/sec&gt;&lt;sec&gt;When dealing with penetrable thin-layer problems, we need to give the electromagnetic wave data on both sides. In addition, the thin layer problem can belong with multi-scale problems. The EM simulation is difficult to implement because of the high resource consumption of accurate modeling.&lt;/sec&gt;&lt;sec&gt;The accurate modeling is a very expensive algorithm, and the mesh-size difference between the thin layer region and the surrounding ordinary region is too large, thus seriously affecting the quality of the elements (tetrahedrons). So, it is difficult to solve the problem of thin layer quickly by using the time-domain discontinuous Galerkin method or even by using local time steps or other optimization methods. To acquire a fast solution, the approximate boundary condition can be used to describe the thin layer. The DGTD has also the advantage of the geometric fitting property. If a thin layer model is curved, we can build a conformal geometric model to deal with the thin layer, thus avoiding the complicated interpolation correction scheme.&lt;/sec&gt;&lt;sec&gt;In this work, A robust DGTD method for penetrable thin layers is proposed. In our study, we find that the current excitation scheme is prone to divergence when large dielectric coefficients are dealt with and its robustness is poor. To solve this problem, we use the electromagnetic field correction scheme in DGTD to deal with the thin layer problems. In addition, engineering problems may encounter multiple thin layers. In this work, a simulation scheme for multiple thin layers is presented and relevant numerical examples are given to verify it. The results illustrate the accuracy and effectiveness of the method in this work, and the method presented in this work can be used for the fast calculation of complex thin layer problems.&lt;/sec&gt;

A Locally-Implicit Discontinuous Galerkin Time-Domain Method to Simulate Metasurfaces Using Generalized Sheet Transition Conditions

The generalized sheet transition conditions (GSTCs) are incorporated into a discontinuous Galerkin time-domain (DGTD) method to efficiently simulate metasurfaces. The numerical flux for GSTCs is derived for the first time using the Rankine–Hugoniot jump conditions. This numerical flux includes the time derivatives of fields, and therefore, explicit time integration schemes, which are traditionally used with DGTD, do not yield a stable time marching method. To alleviate this bottleneck, a new time marching scheme, which solves a local matrix system for the unknowns of the elements touching the same GSTC face, is developed. This locally implicit method maintains its high-parallel efficiency just like the traditional explicit DGTD schemes. Numerical results, which validate the accuracy of the proposed method against analytical solutions and demonstrate its applicability to the simulation of curved and space/time-varying metasurfaces, are presented.

A non-intrusive model order reduction approach for parameterized time-domain Maxwell's equations

&lt;p style='text-indent:20px;'&gt;We present a non-intrusive model order reduction (NIMOR) approach with an offline-online decoupling for the solution of parameterized time-domain Maxwell's equations. During the offline stage, the training parameters are chosen by using Smolyak sparse grid method with an approximation level &lt;inline-formula&gt;&lt;tex-math id="M1"&gt;\begin{document}$ L $\end{document}&lt;/tex-math&gt;&lt;/inline-formula&gt; (&lt;inline-formula&gt;&lt;tex-math id="M2"&gt;\begin{document}$ L\geq1 $\end{document}&lt;/tex-math&gt;&lt;/inline-formula&gt;) over a target parameterized space. For each selected parameter, the snapshot vectors are first produced by a high order discontinuous Galerkin time-domain (DGTD) solver formulated on an unstructured simplicial mesh. In order to minimize the overall computational cost in the offline stage and to improve the accuracy of the NIMOR method, a radial basis function (RBF) interpolation method is then used to construct more snapshot vectors at the sparse grid with approximation level &lt;inline-formula&gt;&lt;tex-math id="M3"&gt;\begin{document}$ L+1 $\end{document}&lt;/tex-math&gt;&lt;/inline-formula&gt;, which includes the sparse grids from approximation level &lt;inline-formula&gt;&lt;tex-math id="M4"&gt;\begin{document}$ L $\end{document}&lt;/tex-math&gt;&lt;/inline-formula&gt;. A nested proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) method is employed to extract time- and parameter-independent POD basis functions. By using the singular value decomposition (SVD) method, the principal components of the reduced coefficient matrices of the high-fidelity solutions onto the reduced-order subspace spaned by the POD basis functions are extracted. Moreover, a Gaussian process regression (GPR) method is proposed to approximate the dominating time- and parameter-modes of the reduced coefficient matrices. During the online stage, the reduced-order solutions for new time and parameter values can be rapidly recovered via outputs from the regression models without using the DGTD method. Numerical experiments for the scattering of plane wave by a 2-D dielectric cylinder and a multi-layer heterogeneous medium nicely illustrate the performance of the NIMOR method.&lt;/p&gt;

Efficient Field-Circuit Co-Simulation Method for GaN-Based High Power Microwave Devices

Due to the development of the three generation semiconductors represented by gallium nitride (GaN), the microwave power devices are developing towards higher power, higher efficiency and high integration. However, the electromagnetic field effects are more significant inside the device. As a result, circuit-level based simulation techniques can no longer satisfy the accuracy requirements of device design, which necessitates the urgent establishment of field-circuit co-simulation techniques to couple the active GaN devices with passive electromagnetic structures. Therefore, in this paper, a high-precision discontinuous Galerkin time-domain method is proposed to analyze the performance of GAN-based high-power microwave devices. The extracted large-signal compact model of the GaN HEMT is incorporated into the electromagnetic field equations. A local time-stepping technique is adopted to remove the constraints of nonlinear compact models and multiscale elements on the stability conditions of the global algorithm. Numerical comparisons between numerical simulations, experiments and software calculations demonstrate the excellent accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method, which can provide a theoretical analysis and design tool for the high reliability design of advanced high-power microwave devices.

Novel Parallelization of Discontinuous Galerkin Method for Transient Electromagnetics Simulation Based on Sunway Supercomputers

A novel parallelization of discontinuous Galerkin time-domain (DGTD) method hybrid with the local time step (LTS) method on Sunway supercomputers for electromagnetic simulation is proposed. The proposed method includes a minimum number of roundtrip (MNR) strategy for processor-level parallelism and a double buffer strategy based on the remote memory access (RMA) of the Sunway processor. The MNR strategy optimizes the communication topology between nodes by recursively establishing the minimum spanning tree and the double buffer strategy is designed to make communication overlapped computation when RMA transmission. Combining the two methods, the proposed method achieves an unprecedented massively parallelism of the DGTD method. Several examples of radiation and scattering are used as cases to study the accuracy and validity of the proposed method. The numerical results show that the proposed method can effectively support 16,000 nodes (1,040,000 cores) parallelism on the Sunway supercomputer, which enables the DGTD method to solve the transient electromagnetic field in a very short time.