Gender Disclosure Research Articles

Do women want disclosure of fetal gender during prenatal ultrasound scan?

It is possible that not all women would want the disclosure of fetal gender by the sonologist during a prenatal scan. The objectives of this study were to determine the proportion of women who do not want fetal gender disclosure at the time of prenatal ultrasonography and document their reasons. A cross-sectional survey of women that were 20 weeks or more pregnant that had prenatal ultrasound at a private health facility in January 2006. The sonologist asked each of the women during the procedure whether they wanted to know fetal sex or not. Those that consented had disclosure of fetal sex while those that declined gave their reasons, which were documented. Two hundred and one (201) women were studied within the study period. Most of the women (82%) were of the Hausa/Fulani ethnic group and were predominantly of the Islamic faith (90%). One hundred and ninety women (94.5%) consented to disclosure of fetal gender, while eleven (5.5%) declined. The main reason for not wanting to know fetal sex was: 'Satisfied with any one that comes'. Most of the pregnant women (94%) would want disclosure of fetal gender at prenatal ultrasound scan. Only 5.5% of the women would not want fetal sex disclosure because they were satisfied with whichever that was there. It is advisable for the sonologist to be discrete on what to say during the procedure especially as it relates to fetal sex so as not to hurt those that do not want disclosure.

Gender, Racial, and Ethnic Disclosure in NIH K-Award Funded Diabetes and Obesity Clinical Trials*

In 1993, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) passed The Revitalization Act (Subtitle B) which mandated that all NIH funded clinical trials have “appropriate representation” of minority and women subjects. Our aim was to evaluate the impact of the mandate by examining the reporting and inclusion of minority and female subjects into NIH K-Award funded clinical trials, addressing the minority predominant diagnoses of diabetes and clinical obesity. Using the CRISP search engine and PUBMED, we selected publications published by the National Institute on Aging (NIA) and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) K-grant recipients during 1989–2004, associated with all the diabetes and obesity clinical trials. Studies were stratified into three timeline categories (1989–1993, pre-mandate; 1993–1996, post-mandate, and 1997–present, well past mandate) to evaluate trends in the recruiting of minorities and women before, during, and after the passing of the Revitalization Act. Of the 165 papers, only 37% disclosed race, a number that did not improve over time (p = .15), whereas 92% disclosed gender. Clinical trials that focused on females increased across the 3 timeframes (p < .001) for diabetes studies but not obesity studies. Overall, disclosure of race declined over the 3 timeframes whereas individually, the disclosure of African Americans improved.

Constructed Criteria

This article presents an account of job discrimination according to which people redefine merit in a manner congenial to the idiosyncratic credentials of individual applicants from desired groups. In three studies, participants assigned male and female applicants to gender-stereotypical jobs. However, they did not view male and female applicants as having different strengths and weaknesses. Instead, they redefined the criteria for success at the job as requiring the specific credentials that a candidate of the desired gender happened to have. Commitment to hiring criteria prior to disclosure of the applicant's gender eliminated discrimination, suggesting that bias in the construction of hiring criteria plays a causal role in discrimination.

Impact of diabetes disclosure on perceptions of eating and self-care behaviors.

This study investigated whether disclosure of diabetes and gender influenced perceptions of eating and self-care behaviors. A vignette was developed in which a hypothetical friend engaged in diabetes self-care behaviors during a meal. Respondents (231 young adults) read vignettes that varied according to a 2 x 2 design (male vs female, preventative disclosure vs nondisclosure of diabetes). Participants answered 12 questions, which resulted in 2 factors: concern for friend and encourage professional help. Significantly higher scores resulted on the concern for friend and encourage professional help factors when diabetes was not disclosed. Female characters also received significantly higher scores on the concern for friend factor. Individuals with diabetes who choose to disclose their illness may prevent negative or incorrect perceptions related to self-care and eating behaviors, and may have a decreased likelihood that a true eating disorder would be identified by others.

Rewriting gender: reading contemporary Chinese women

Part 1 Orthodox gender discourse and the literary field: gender relations and literature - an interdisciplinary approach one step forward, two steps back - orthodox discourse on gender the literary field and women writers. Part 2 Responses to gender disclosure: a methodology for character analysis orthodox responses to gender discourse heterodox responses to gender discourse cultural specificity and comparative theory.

Factors Associated with Disclosure During Child Sexual Abuse Assessment

ABSTRACT The relationship among the eliciting stimulus for disclosure of sexual abuse, the age and gender of the child and the type of sexual abuse reported by the child was investigated. The sample included 96 children, between 3 and 17 years of age. All of the subjects were in foster care placement at the time of assessment and were referred due to suspicion of sexual abuse or a previous disclosure by the subject or another person. The results indicated that close to two-thirds of the subjects disclosed at least one type of sexual abuse, with almost 40% of those who hadn't previously disclosed disclosing for the first time. Fondling, physical abuse, genital penetration, and touching the offender were found to be the most frequently disclosed types of sexual abuse. “Personal history,” “interview/worst experience,” were the most effective stimuli in eliciting disclosure. A number of significant differential effects due to age, gender and diagnosed disorder of the subject were found on the eliciting stimuli and/or types of sexual abuse disclosed. Implications of the findings for the practice of child sexual abuse assessment are discussed.