Gender Disclosure Research Articles

Religiosity, perceived family support, and gender disclosure of LGBTQ + medical students in Thailand.

The well-being of LGBTQ + medical students can be influenced by religiosity, family support, and the disclosure of their gender identity or sexual orientation. These factors have frequently been overlooked and warrant further consideration in creating a supportive environment for all students. This multicenter study investigated two main outcomes including the differences in religiosity and perceived family support between LGBTQ + and non-LGBTQ + medical students in Thailand, and the gender disclosure to family among LGBTQ + medical students. It was conducted among students from five medical schools across Thailand, using online questionnaires during the academic year 2021-2022. Data were collected on demographic characteristics, religiosity, gender identity/sexual orientation disclosure to family, and perceived family support. Comparisons between groups were conducted using chi-square test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Of the 1,322 participants, 31.2% identified themselves as LGBTQ+, among whom 81.8% were Buddhists. The proportion of non-religious LGBTQ + students was significantly higher (vs. non-LGBTQ+; 15.0% vs. 8.4%, respectively; p = 0.001). However, there was no statistical difference in religiosity between LGBTQ + and non-LGBTQ + students as well as between LGBTQ + subgroups. Although, 74% of LGBTQ + students reported good family support, significantly more LGBTQ + students perceived poor family support (vs. non-LGBTQ+, 7.0% vs. 4.7%; p = 0.002). Regarding the disclosure of gender identity or sexual orientation to the family, the majority of LGBTQ + individuals indicated either a non-disclosure or uncertainty. There were significant associations between perceived family support and the likelihood of disclosing one's identity to family members, as better perceived support was associated with higher disclosure rates. No statistically significant difference in religiosity was found between LGBTQ + and non-LGBTQ + students. The majority of LGBTQ + medical students reported receiving good family support; however, among those who perceived their family's support to be lacking, there was a greater tendency to conceal their gender identity from their families. For future studies, it is crucial to investigate whether this concealment extends to other spheres of their lives and to assess the potential impact on their well-being, including mental health and quality of life.

Mitigating gender inequality in women's voices: the role of normative gender-egalitarian messages

Abstract This study empirically examines gender inequality in tolerance for women's opinions and identifies how the provision of normative gender-egalitarian message can mitigate this inequality by conducting online randomized experiments in Japan. In this experiment, I asked the participants to evaluate the agreement score for 10 anonymous statements and implemented two types of random interventions: disclosing the gender of the statement poster and providing normative statement for gender equality. The results of both cross-sectional and panel data analyses showed that people significantly reduced the agreement score for women's opinions compared with men's and non-gender disclosure opinions. Meanwhile, the negative impact of female gender disclosure was neutralized when participants were provided with a normative message.

Political Polarization and Gender: Audience Reactions to Gender Disclosure in Women-Owned Businesses

Political Polarization and Gender: Audience Reactions to Gender Disclosure in Women-Owned Businesses

The Gender Disclosure Gap: Salary History Bans Unravel When Men Volunteer Their Income

This study investigates whether the success of salary history bans could be limited by job-seekers volunteering their salaries unprompted. We survey American workers in 2019 and 2021 about their recent job searches, distinguishing when candidates were asked about salary history from when they were not. Historically well-paid workers may have an incentive to disclose, and employers who are aware of this could infer that nondisclosing workers are concealing low salaries. Through this mechanism, all workers could face pressure to avoid the stigma of silence. Our data shows a large percentage of workers (28%) volunteer salary history, even when a ban prevents employers from asking. An additional 47% will disclose if enough other job candidates disclose. Men are more likely than women to disclose their salaries unprompted, especially if they believe other candidates are disclosing. Over our 1.5-year sample covering jurisdictions with (and without) bans, unprompted volunteering of salary histories increased by about 6–8 percentage points. Funding: This work was supported by W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research; Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation (Emerging Scholars Program). Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2023.17384 .

Multilevel Analysis of Gender Equity Disclosure

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate gender equity, with the aim of analyse the impact of country, sector, and company characteristics on corporate gender equity disclosure. Theoretical Framework: The main concepts and theories that underpin the research are institutional theory with National Business System (NBS) approach. Method: We collected information on gender equity disclosure from 3,726 companies in 58 countries over a 10-year interval from the Thomson Reuters database. Than, we use hierarchical analysis to link the degree of disclosure obtained by companies with variables at the macro, medium, and micro levels. Results and Discussion: We found that the equity disclosure is particularly sensitive to company characteristics such as trade union representation, company size or board gender diversity. Country characteristics, such as enforcement capacity, pressure from unions, popular participation, and economic development positively affect gender equity disclosure. The sector does not present statistical significance to explain variations in gender disclosure. Research Implications: These findings show that theoretical aspects of National Business System and multilevel characteristics approaches do provide empirical support to explain gender equity and its disclosure and help to resolve gender issues Originality/Value: This research fills the gap resulting from the lack of multilevel analysis on gender equity disclosure and helps identify which level and characteristics prevail and have the greatest impact. Therefore, the results guide the intervention of different social spheres to promote gender equity.

Institutional isomorphism and quality of gender disclosure. The Italian case

Purpose: Non-financial reporting (NFR), including gender disclosure (GD), is a tool companies use for institutional legitimisation and represents an organisational field that evolves due to regulatory and stakeholder pressure. This research uses the theoretical approach of institutional isomorphism in the context of neo-institutional theory to investigate GD's degree of maturity (quality and homogenei-ty) in a homogeneous institutional context. Design/methodology/approach: This paper adopts a qualitative research meth-odology based on a content analysis of the GD resulting from the NFRs of listed Italian companies in 2016 and 2021. Findings: The results show the degree of institutionalisation achieved through GD after introducing the mandatory NFR. The analysis reveals companies' conver-gence process in terms of isomorphic behaviour and changes in the quality of GD. The findings unfold the institutional pressure that has the most significant impact on the quality of GD, fostering a homogenisation of disclosure at the company level. Originality/value: This is the first study to assess isomorphism and its effects on the quality of GD. This research enriches the literature on institutional theory by analysing the impact of different isomorphic forces on GD. Practical implications: This paper assists policymakers, supervisors, and investors in evaluating the quality of GD and identifying the issues leading to the most critical matters and inefficient or non-transparent behaviours. The findings improve regulatory quality, information control, and assessment of the appropriateness and reliability of the NFR. The implications guide regulators in identifying stand-ards and tools that enhance strategies regarding gender diversity and performance disclosure.

Preference and Disclosure of Fetal Gender to Pregnant Women during Prenatal Ultrasonography in South South Nigeria.

Ultrasound scan (USS) in pregnancy has become a common diagnostic tool used in the assessment of pregnancy in recent time. In the course of routine pregnancy assessment using USS, some pregnant women will request to know the sex of their unborn babies. Their reasons for wanting to know the gender of their baby could be either for social reason like planning for an unborn child or their desire for a preferred gender. The aim of the study was to evaluate gender preferences and disclosure of foetal sex at prenatal USS. This was a cross-sectional study conducted at the antenatal clinic of Central Hospital Agbor, Delta State, Nigeria. A total of 235 consecutive consenting women who came for antenatal care (ANC) registration were recruited for the study after obtaining their informed written consent. Questionnaire was used to seek for their sociodemographic characteristics, preference and desires for foetal gender disclosure, reasons for gender disclosure, and awareness of USS accuracy for gender determination. The desire to know the sex of baby was high (99.6%). The major reason for wanting to know the sex of baby was to plan for the unborn child (47.7%) and maternal curiosity (37.0%). Majority of the women (57.4%) had no gender preference. Sixty percent (60%) were not aware that USS sex diagnosis could be wrong. There is a strong desire by pregnant women to know the sex of their babies at routine USS. Considering the fact that many of the women were not aware that there could be wrong diagnosis at prenatal ultrasound, it is suggested that adequate counselling be given before fetal sex disclosure.

THE CONCEPT OF “COMING OUT” OR SELF-DISCLOSURE OF LGBTQ IN WESTERN COUNTRIES, AND ITS IMPACT ON THE INDIAN COMMUNITY

Coming out is the process of accepting one's sexual orientation or gender identity and sharing it openly with other people. It's like a ritual for Westerners to come out after reaching puberty. When someone is ready to come out, their family, friends, and peer group support them. In some states, it is also considered a celebration. The mindset and attitude of people towards LGBTQIA are Different based on Education, Culture, attitudes of people, etc. It is a phenomenon that is necessitated by the prevalence of societal heteronormativity with the recent legal decriminalization of consensual same-sex sexual relationships in India, there is renewed interest in and emergent necessity to expand upon the existing academic discourse on the lives, rights, health, and well-being of same-sex attracted individuals in India. This article focus on the importance of coming out or self-disclosure of gender orientation of LGBTQIA in India. India is the most populated nation in the world but the acceptance of the LGBTQIA community is still a hard topic from the mindset of parents and society. The Western culture is very much impacted on the Indian community so the coming out of LGBTQIA can be more complicated for teens who depend on parents or other adults for care and well-being in India. In this paper, The author tries to indicate the impact of Western culture on gender disclosure in India.

Experiences of cisgender youth with a transgender and/or nonbinary sibling.

While recent research has begun to address the effects of family support on transgender and/or nonbinary youth (TNY), almost no studies have directly examined how cisgender siblings in families with TNY navigate their sibling's gender disclosure and affirmation within both their families and their larger communities. We conducted an exploratory secondary analysis of in-person, semi-structured interviews with 15 adolescent and young adult siblings (age 13-24 years) of TNY from the northeastern United States from the baseline wave of the community-based, longitudinal, mixed methods Trans Teen and Family Narratives Project. Interview transcripts were analyzed using immersion/crystallization and template organizing approaches. Analyses yielded three main themes: gender-related beliefs and knowledge, peri- and post-disclosure family dynamics, and assessing responses to their sibling. Subthemes included anticipation of their sibling's TN identity, expectations post-disclosure, participants' level of involvement in gender-related family processes, perceptions of changes in family relationships, concern for their sibling (including a high degree of attunement to gender-affirming name and pronoun usage), and concern for themselves. Findings from this study suggest the need to engage directly with siblings of TNY to further elucidate their intrapersonal, intra-familial, and extra-familial experiences related to having a TN sibling and determine their unique support needs. Implications for families, clinicians, and communities are discussed.

The Gender Disclosure Gap: Salary History Bans Unravel When Men Volunteer Their Income

The Gender Disclosure Gap: Salary History Bans Unravel When Men Volunteer Their Income

The Gender Disclosure Gap: Salary History Bans Unravel When Men Volunteer Their Income

The Gender Disclosure Gap: Salary History Bans Unravel When Men Volunteer Their Income

“It’s Your Word Against Mine”: A Case Study of Gender Negotiation in a Spanish School

AbstractAlthough a number of laws, protocols and plans have been passed in Spain in the last 10 years to support gender diversity in education, they still have not been fully implemented in schools. In this paper we describe the case of Arturo, a trans boy, and the various negotiations he went through in his secondary school for 2 years. We used a thematic analysis to identify the negotiations involving educational staff, teachers and students based on 6 themes: (a) naming; (b) compliance with trans students’ rights; (c) toilets and changing rooms; (d) physical activities; (e) gender disclosure; and (f) privileges. These experiences include the different micro and macroaggressions Arturo suffered at school. On the positive we describe various trans students' inclusion strategies in this context, highlighting the social workers' role in building inclusive and respectful spaces for this minority group. Inclusive strategies can help to create more positive experiences for trans students and help to expand even the current queer restrictive gender narratives circulating in schools.

Evaluation of gender-affirming care experiences of transgender and gender diverse patients within a LGBTQ+ community pharmacy

BackgroundTransgender and gender diverse (TGD) populations require personalized care. Lived experiences and needs TGD populations express, compounded by limited care access, negatively shape health care involvement. Manifestations from these barriers may present as health care avoidance, identity concealment, or preventive care hinderance. Community pharmacies remain engagement points for TGD patients, but gender diverse services remain limited. What remains unknown is how TGD pharmacy perceptions and behaviors are influenced with gender-affirming care (GAC) accessibility. ObjectivesThe primary objective is to assess how TGD patient perceptions and behaviors toward community pharmacy experiences are affected through a lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer/questioning, and others (LGBTQ+) community-based health system. MethodsA cross-sectional, multisite, reflective survey was conducted at 4 LGBTQ+ community pharmacies in central and southwest Ohio. Nine 5-point Likert-item questions and one ordinal question were used to analyze perception and behavior. Participants responded for LGBTQ+ and external pharmacy experiences respectively. Data were analyzed through descriptive methods, paired Student’s t test, and Fisher’s exact test or c2 test where appropriate. ResultsIn total, 267 surveys were completed with 96 TGD submissions qualifying for analysis. Perceptions toward pharmacy experience saw statistically significant differences among all evaluations of perception. Behavioral assessment demonstrated statistically significant improvements in pharmacy outreach except for seeking medications from outside sources. Respondents indicated more involvement with the LGBTQ+ pharmacies versus external pharmacies in discussing medications (96.9% vs. 60.4%), care plans (64.6% vs. 41.6%), disclosure of pronouns or gender (97.9% vs. 43.8%), and feeling needs were understood (96.8% vs. 51%). ConclusionInclusive community pharmacies may positively affect pharmacy perceptions and behaviors of TGD patients. These findings call attention to barriers in the provision of care for TGD patients while highlighting the change community pharmacies can have when providing these services. Community pharmacies should be encouraged to incorporate inclusive environments to improve TGD patient care involvement and access.

Analyzing LGB-based school bullying among senior phase learners in South Africa

Purpose: Despite LGB recognition, recent literature and news reports have evidenced the existence of LGB-based school bullying among school-going adolescents. Through this, learners experience calamities such as anxiety, insecurity, poor academic performance, and even suicide. For this reason, this study investigates the limitations of schools in combating LGB-based school bullying and determines methods to combat LGB-based school bullying.
 Design/Methodology/Approach: This qualitative study was lensed through Social Stigma Theory (SST) and the Anti-bias Education Approach (ABEA), adopting a constructivist paradigm and a case study design. To elicit descriptive data from the participants, in-depth interviews were conducted with 9 purposefully sampled participants, including 4 senior phase teachers (grades 8 & 9), 2 lesbian females, and 3 gay senior phase learners. Researchers utilized Braun and Clarke’s six steps of thematic analysis to make sense of the data.
 Findings: This study revealed a number of barriers that prevent schools from addressing bullying that is based on LGB among students in the senior phase. These include uneducated and unsupportive professors, the lack of recognition of LGB, adherence to religion, vague and nonexistent claims of bullying based on LGB, and the use of the same facilities as students who are heterosexual. This study also revealed that avoiding gender disclosure, creating awareness about gender diversity, providing bathrooms for LGB learners, and following up on LGB- based bullying cases are methods that can be practiced to combat LGB-based school bullying.
 Conclusion: This study concludes by recommending frequent dialogues about LGB among learners and teachers to familiarize themselves with its existence.
 Research Implications: The study identified the need for schools to combat LGB-based school bullying.
 Practical Implications: The study recommends open dialogues on gender diversity, discourages LGB-based bullying, empowers teachers to intervene, and promotes confidence in LGB-based learners.
 Contribution to Literature: This research contributes to the body of knowledge by identifying and addressing the unique challenges associated with LGB-based school bullying.

Girl, Boy, Bakla, Tomboy: Lived Experiences of Mothers with Gay and Lesbian Children

This research explored the personal and social challenges experienced by parents with both gays and lesbians’ children. Phenomenological research was used to investigate some of these challenges experienced by the parents. The participants were selected through snowballing techniques. Six (6) participants were selected to be the research participants. An in-depth interview guide was used to uncover the participants’ experiences. The interview questions were unstructured, validated by experts, and complemented by possible probing questions that will be used if deemed necessary. The researchers had one-on-one interviews with the participants. The researchers transcribed the entire recorded interview and thematically analyzed each conversation. It may be difficult to accept their child’s coming out as gay or lesbian at first, but as a parent, they have a broad mind, and as a mother, they choose to accept and understand their children’s feelings and personalities. Acceptance of gay and lesbian children raises concerns as well. In general, parents welcome their gay and lesbian children’s gender disclosure, in terms of fully accepting their children’s gender representations and responsiveness in which they express sympathy when their child is hurt or frustrated. However, it cannot deny that there is a deep conviction that being a man is meant for a woman, and being a woman is meant for a man, which results of not accepting their children as gender-diverse individuals.

Beyond the Boolean: How Programmers Ask About, Use, and Discuss Gender

Categorization via gender is omnipresent throughout society, and thus also computing; gender identity is often requested of users before they use software or web services. Despite this fact, no research has explored how software developers approach requesting gender disclosure from users. To understand how developers think about gender in software, we present an interview study with 15 software developers recruited from the freelancing platform Upwork as well as Twitter. We also collected and categorized 917 threads that contained keywords relevant to gender from programming-related sub-forums on the social media service Reddit. 16 posts that discussed approaches to gender disclosure were further analyzed. We found that while some developers have an understanding of inclusive gender options, programmers rarely consider when gender data is necessary or the way in which they request gender disclosure from users. Our findings have implications for programmers, software engineering educators, and the broader community concerned with inclusivity.

A Sociolinguistics Study on Gender in Egyptian Arabic Proverbs

This study discusses gender in Egyptian Arabic proverbs from a sociolinguistic point of view to see the correlation between language and socio-cultural Egyptian society. The research method used in this study is a combination of intralingual, extra lingual, hermeneutic, and correlational methods. Based on the results of the analysis, it is known that gender disclosure in Egyptian Arabic proverbs uses lingual units in the form of words and phrases. As for the meaning, the expression of gender in Egyptian Arabic uses a literal or actual meaning and a figurative meaning or a non-true meaning. The gender gap that appears in Egyptian Arabic proverbs is in the form of relationship gaps, roles in the family, and the construction of stereotypes of women as inferior and dependent figures. The gender gap reflected in the proverb is in accordance with the reality of the high level of gender inequality in Egypt. This reveals that there is a correlation between language and socio-cultural Egyptian society.

Influência do Disclosure de Gênero na Sustentabilidade Empresarial das Empresas Brasileiras

The objective of this study is to analyze the influence of gender disclosure on the corporate sustainability of Brazilian companies that had their reports prepared in accordance with the GRI standard. For this purpose, the term “gender disclosure” means social disclosure related to SDG5 – Gender Equality. For this purpose, a descriptive, documentary and quantitative data approach was carried out, in a sample of 61 sustainability reports published in 2019 in the GRI database. It was identified that the disclosure of gender is positively associated with the sustainability of companies. Thus, it is shown that to achieve a higher level of sustainability, companies look for competitive strategies, such as gender disclosure.

Exploring Trans People's Narratives of Transition: Negotiation of Gendered Bodies in Physical Activity and Sport.

This paper explores how trans people who make transitions negotiate their gendered bodies in different moments of this process, and how their narrative storylines are emplotted in physical activity and (non)organized sports (PAS) participation. A qualitative semi-structured interview-based study was developed to analyze the stories of eight trans people (three trans women, two trans men, and three nonbinary persons) who participated in PAS before and during their gender disclosure. A thematic analysis was conducted to identify the patterns in the transition process and the structural analysis of the stories from the interviews. Three transition moments (the closet, opening up, and reassuring) were identified from the thematic analysis. Most participants showed difficulties in achieving their PAS participation during the two earlier moments. The predominance of failure storylines was found particularly in men, while success was more likely to appear in women because their bodies and choices fitted better with their PAS gender ideals. The nonbinary trans persons present alternative storylines in which corporeality has less influence on their PAS experiences. The knowledge provided on the moments and the stories of transition help to explain trans people’s (non)involvement in PAS and to guide policymaking and professional action in PAS fields.

Gender disclosure: The impact of peer behaviour and the firm's equality policies

AbstractGender equality is the future towards which society and companies have to move, and it is thus essential to know what efforts organisations are making. In this paper, we analyse the transparency of multinationals in matters of gender, in accordance with the requirements determined by the global reporting initiative (GRI) and United Nations (UN). The results suggest that higher levels of gender equality support the decision to report all GRI+UN indicators, a decision that has been maintained over time and is not moderated by peer disclosure. This behaviour facilitates the inclusion of companies in different reputation lists as a consequence of a greater commitment to gender equality, although these rankings also assess the completeness of the information when considering the disclosure of the GRI+UN indicators. The effect differs according to the practices of peer firms.