Disclosure In Financial Reports Research Articles

Corporate COVID-19-Related Risk Disclosure in the Electricity Sector: Evidence of Public Companies from Central and Eastern Europe

Risk disclosures contribute to financial stability by providing stakeholders with a better understanding of companies’ risk exposures and risk management practices. Presently, corporate risk has been accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic, and the level of disclosure varies across industries, companies, and organizations. Due to the strategic importance of the energy industry, the paper aims to assess COVID-19-related risk disclosure in the biggest electricity companies in Central and Eastern European countries, and to identify the main determinants of the disclosure. For this purpose, risk disclosure was assessed based on publicly available data disclosed by the 10 biggest public electricity companies operating in this region. Our findings indicate that factors such as the company’s size, leverage, and profitability do not significantly affect COVID-19-related risk disclosure in financial reports; nevertheless, COVID-19 risk disclosure in non-financial reports is significantly correlated with the company’s assets and revenues. Moreover, there is a significantly strong positive relationship between the scope of COVID-19-related risk disclosure in the management reports and the number of women on the company’s management board. COVID-19-related risk disclosure in management board’s reports is significantly higher than disclosure in non-financial reports and explanatory notes of financial statements. Our results suggest that risk disclosure is needed to mitigate information asymmetry, especially in pandemic situations.

Does more voluntary environmental information disclosure cut down the cost of equity: heavy pollution industries in China.

Examining the coexisting policies for mandatory and voluntary disclosure of environmental information, this paper focuses on the unique background for such disclosure in the context of domestic companies in heavy pollution industries (EHPIs), a topic thus far overlooked by the literature. We aim to identify, in regard to compulsory environmental information disclosure in financial reports, whether adding further voluntary information disclosure to corporate social responsibility (CSR) results in an extra discount from investors during an equity financing. We evaluate a sample of 4390 A-share listed companies in EHPIs operating in China between 2010 and 2018. Specifically, linguistic analysis and image recognition are conducted with Python, and a regression model is applied to test our hypotheses. The positive impact of the following variables on the cost reduction in equity capital is thus demonstrated: (a) CSR disclosure, (b) higher quality CSR reports, (c) increased environmental information disclosure in CSR reports (CSR_E), (d) more accurate environmental investment information, and (e) additional graphs and text. Moreover, the degree of CSR_E disclosure's reduction in the cost of equity is 30 times that of CSR disclosure, while charts have specific positive effects that text does not. Therefore, we identify a new path for remitting information asymmetry in a financial market by extending information manipulation research, especially studies of nonfinancial information. Overall, information disclosure should be taken seriously by both firms and supervisors. Hence, this study offers guidelines for regulatory authorities to explore the coordination effect of mandatory and voluntary disclosure policies, i.e., to achieve environmental governance and the sustainable development of enterprises by improving corporate governance.

KAJIAN ETIKA PENYUSUNAN LAPORAN KEUANGAN BERBASIS MAQASIDU SYARIAH

This study aims to understand ethics in the preparation of financial statements and interpret the ethics of preparing financial statements based on maqashid sharia at the National Amil Zakat Agency (BAZNAS) Bone Regency. This research is a type of descriptive qualitative research using a phenomenological approach. Sources of data used in this study are primary data and secondary data. Primary data in the form of information and data obtained during observations and interviews in the research process. While secondary data is in the form of additional information or data obtained from trusted institutions or sources which have then been published to the general public for reprocessing in research. The results of this study indicate that with regard to the ethics of preparing financial statements carried out by BAZNAS, Bone Regency, it is in accordance with the existing rules in the implementation of financial statement disclosures which are also carried out every 6 months in accordance with Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 14 of 2014 concerning the Implementation of Law No. Law Number 23 which regulates the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP). Then BAZNAS Bone Regency has also carried out its responsibilities in accordance with maqasidu sharia, namely by bridging the obligations of muzakki and mustahiq needs with a full sense of moral responsibility to Allah Subhanahu Wata'ala. Disclosure of financial reports carried out by BAZNAS Bone Regency has also covered several aspects such as physical, mental and spiritual aspects.

Determinant factors on the disclosure level of local government’s financial statements in Indonesia

Financial reports are required from both the federal and municipal governments to demonstrate and improve governance and raise openness and accountability of government financial management. This study aims to determine how much mandatory disclosure in local government financial reports can be increased by adding variables such as the number of members in the legislative body, debt, and population, as well as a control variable – the age of the municipal authorities. The population of this study comprised all Local Government Financial Statements (LGFS) in Indonesia and the Supreme Audit Agency’s financial statement auditing requirements as of 2018. The paper adopted a purposive sample technique; 248 local governments in Indonesia were sampled. This study tested hypotheses using multiple regression analysis with the SPSS Version 25 application. The findings show that the number of members in the legislative body, debt, and total population do not affect the level of LGFS disclosure; however, the level of welfare does. This study should provide information that can help increase LGFS disclosure in a way that is valuable for local governments. Utilization of information technology in meeting social demands more efficiently and effectively is one of the strategies for local governments in carrying out financial statement disclosures.

Pengaruh Pengawasan Legislatif dan Temuan Audit terhadap Internet Financial Report Pemda Dimoderasi Sistem Pengendalian Internal

This study aims to provide empirical evidence regarding the effect of legislative oversight and audit findings on the disclosure of Internet Financial Reports (IFR) for the local governments of NTB, NTT and Bali (Bali Nusra), as well as the moderating effect of the internal control system (SPI). The total population of the study was 44 local governments consisting of provincial, district and city governments in Bali Nusra. The study was conducted during 2018-2019 with a total of 88 observations. The sampling method used non-probability sampling with saturated sampling (census). The results of the study indicate that legislative oversight has a positive and significant impact on the disclosure of the Bali Nusra Regional Government's IFR. Meanwhile, the audit findings have no significant negative effect on the disclosure of the Bali Nusra Regional Government IFR. In addition, the SPI strengthens but is not significant in moderating the effect of legislative oversight and audit findings on the disclosure of IFR for the local government of Bali Nusra. The implication of this research is to provide input to the heads of local governments as consideration for improving the implementation of IFR, as a benchmark and form of evaluation related to the implementation of IFR to increase transparency.
 Keywords : Legislative Oversight; Audit Findings; Internal Control System; Internet Financial Report.

The Effect of Regional Income, Leverage, Regional Property on Internet Financial Reporting Disclosure

This study aims to analyze the effect of local revenue, leverage, local government wealth on the disclosure of web-based local government financial statements. The population and sample of this study are the regional government financial reports of Central Java Province which consist of 29 districts and 6 cities for the 2015-2018 fiscal year which have been audited by the BPK. The analysis method uses a multiple regression panel data model with the Eviews 9 application. The results of this study indicate that local revenue and general allocation funds have a significant positive effect on the disclosure of web-based local government financial reports. However, the wealth of the local government in turn has a negative effect on the disclosure of web-based local government financial reports. Meanwhile, leverage has no effect on the disclosure of web-based local government financial statements. The results of this study can be used as a consideration for the government informing regulations, rewards, and sanctions in order to increase the transparency of digital financial reports.

The Effect of CSR Disclosure on Firm Value with Profitability and Leverage as Moderators

This study determines the effect of the corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure on firm value. The population of this study is composed of mining companies listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange from 2016 to 2018. The study used a purposive sampling technique and obtained a sample of 66 companies. Applying moderated regression analysis, the results indicate a positive effect of CSR disclosure on firm value. Furthermore, profitability strengthens this effect on firm value, whereas leverage weakens it. CSR disclosure and its interaction with leverage reveal an influence on firm value. The lower the level of the leverage ratio of a company, the higher the CSR disclosure conducted by it, which subsequently increases firm value. This study contributes to business professionals by confirming that firm value will rise with increased CSR disclosure in financial reports.

Developing Best Measurement and Reporting of Waqf Institutions: Socio-Economics and Governance Impact (Indonesia Case)

<p>This study aims to analyse the current practices of disclosure of financial and non-financial reports of waqf institutions in Indonesia; to identify the performance indicators concerning social economic and governance impact of waqf; to suggest the best reporting framework for waqf institutions in Indonesia. A qualitative method was employed to measure the content analysis of annual report. Data are collected by downloading annual reports of waqf institutions from their website. Twenty waqf boards of 201 registered waqf institutions as the sample of participants. The disclosure of performance reports were measured by counting 57 disclosure items. The results indicate that waqf boards in Indonesia do not have a guidance or list for reporting their activities; methods on how to assess waqf board performance and the impact of waqf on social-economic and governance. They did not comply with 57 disclosure items, and none of waqf board reported the impact of waqf on social-economic and less governance. The proposed guidance and measurement will give managerial implications and useful for waqf boards to make good reports, and assess the impact of waqf on social, economic, and improving its governance.</p>

DIGITALISASI PUBLIKASI LAPORAN KEUANGAN DAERAH

Digitalization disclosure is considered capable of reaching all aspects of society and can be accessed at any time. Advances in technology will make all information accessible easily, cheaply, and quickly. This study aims to analyze the influence of government size, accessibility, and audit opinion on the disclosure of digital local government financial reports. Population and research sample are Local Government Financial Statements. Central Java Province, as many as 29 Regency Governments and 6 City Governments for the 2015-2018 Fiscal Year that have been audited by the Supreme Audit Agency. The analysis technique uses multiple regression with the Fixed Effect Model. The results show that all independent variables, namely government size, accessibility, and audit opinion have a positive and significant effect on the disclosure of digital local government financial statements.

أثـر محــددات الإفصاح عن شریک المراجعة علـى مستوى التحفظ المحاسبی بالتقاریر المالیة: مع دلیل تطبیقی بالبورصة المصریة

§ ملخص الدراسة: تجسد الهدف الرئيس للدراسة في استخلاص وبيان محددات الإفصاح عن شريک المراجعة Audit Partner وتحديد أثرها على مستوى التحفظ المحاسبي Accounting Conservatism في التقارير المالية بالشرکات المقيدة بالبورصة المصرية، ولتحقيق هذا الهدف إعتمد الباحث على المسح الميداني لعينة مکونة من (150) مفردة لاستخلاص محددات الإفصاح عن شريک المراجعة بالتقارير المالية، کما تم الاعتماد على أسلوب تحليل المحتوى Content Analysis من خلال فحص وتحليل التقارير المالية لعينة مکونة من (100) شرکة من الشرکات المسجلة بالبورصة المصرية خلال الفترة من عام 2017م وحتى عام 2019م وذلک بواقع (300) مشاهدة، لقياس أثر محددات الإفصاح عن شريک المراجعة على مستوى التحفظ المحاسبي بالتقارير المالية، وتم استخدام مجموعة من الأساليب الإحصائية المناسبة من خلال برنامج (SPSS). وخلصت الدراسة إلى مجموعة من النتائج العلمية والتطبيقية أهمها: دعم المحتوى المعلوماتي لنموذج الإفصاح عن شريک المراجعة (APDM) المستثمرين في تقييم جودة عملية المراجعة وشفافية التقارير المالية من خلال تتبع سجل شرکاء المراجعة، کما کشفت نتائج المسح الميداني عن وجود فروق ذات دلالة معنوية بين آراء عينات الدراسة بشأن محددات الإفصاح عن شريک الارتباط (الإسم، السمعة، التخصص الصناعي، الإستقلالية، المسئولية والمساءلة، المشارکة في التقرير) ودورها في تحسين مستوى الإفصاح المحاسبي بالتقارير المالية. وقد کشفت نتائج الدراسة التطبيقية بالشرکات المقيدة بالبورصة المصرية عن وجود تأثير ذو دلالة معنوية بين محددات الإفصاح عن شريک المراجعة بشکل عام وبين مستوى التحفظ المحاسبي بالتقارير المالية للشرکات محل الدراسة. The main objective of the study was extracting and clarifying the determinants of the audit partner's disclosure and determining its impact on the level of accounting conservatism in the financial reports of the companies listed in the Egyptian Stock Exchange. To achieve this goal the researcher relied on a field survey of a sample consisting of (150) items to extract the determinants of the audit partner’s disclosure in the financial reports. The content analysis method also has been used by examining and analyzing the financial reports of a sample of (100) companies registered in the Egyptian Stock Exchange during the period from 2017 to 2019, by (300) views, to measure the impact of the determinants of the audit partner’s disclosure on the level of accounting conservatism in the financial reports. A set of appropriate statistical methods have been used through (SPSS) program. The study concluded a set of scientific and applied results, the most important of which are: The informational content of the Audit Partner’s Disclosure Model (APDM) helps investors in evaluating the quality of the audit process and the transparency of financial reports by tracking the audit partner’s history. The results of the field survey also revealed that there are significant differences between opinions of the study samples regarding the determinants of the audit partner’s disclosure (name, reputation, industry specialization, independence, responsibility and accountability, participation in the report) and their role in improving the level of accounting disclosure in financial reports. The results of the applied study of companies listed on the Egyptian Stock Exchange revealed that there is significant impact between the determinants of disclosure of the audit partner in general and the level of accounting conservatism in the financial reports of the companies under study.

How to measure bank credit risk disclosure? Testing a new methodological approach based on the content analysis framework

Risk disclosure is a crucial factor in enhancing the efficiency of financial markets and promoting financial stability. This paper proposes a methodological tool to analyze credit risk disclosure in bank financial reports, based on the content analysis framework. The authors also uses this methodology to carry out an empirical study on a small sample of large Italian banks. The paper provides preliminary empirical evidence that banks differ in their credit risk disclosure, even though they are subject to homogeneous regulatory and accounting requirements. Furthermore, by carrying out a correlation-based network analysis, the paper provides preliminary evidence on the existence of a relationship between credit risk disclosure, bank size, and business model. The existing literature has not provided any methodological tool to analyze qualitative and quantitative profiles of bank credit risk disclosure. In order to fill this gap, we propose an original research methodology to investigate bank credit risk reporting. While previous contributions have examined related aspects adopting automated content analysis techniques, this paper proposes an original and non-automated content analysis approach. Our research has several regulatory and strategic implications and lays the foundation for further research in banking, finance, and accounting.

Discretionary Disclosure in Interim Financial Reports of Listed Companies in Vietnam

Discretionary disclosure refers to differences in the depth of disclosed items that managers can exercise in disclosing information because there are no specific requirements of the disclosure extent. This paper investigates discretionary disclosure levels in interim financial reports by Vietnamese listed companies and identifies the influencing factors. Discretionary disclosure is measured by employing the researcher-based index and the determinant factors are examined by estimating a regression model. The results indicate that discretionary disclosure levels in interim financial reports in Vietnam are relatively low, and positively associated with board independence, and solvency, but negatively associated with state ownership. Accordingly, the study provides some suggestions to improve discretionary disclosure in interim financial reports in Vietnam and enhance the transparency of financial information on the stock exchanges.

Which ones are more important: characteristics or complexities? A study of the disclosure in local government financial reports

Local Government Financial Report (LGFR) is one form of local government transparency in financial reporting for a period. The study aims to determine the effect of characteristics as proxied by the assets and size of local government, and complexity as proxied by the number of LGFRs and size of Legislature on the extent of financial report disclosure of local government. The data employed in this study are Local Government Financial Reports from 9 Municipal Governments and 18 Regencial Governments in West Java for the period 2014-2017. The results of this study suggest that the asset and size of local government have a positive effect on the degree of financial report disclosure of local government. On the other hand, the number of LGFR and legislature size has no effect on financial report disclosure of local government.

Fourth Quarter Earnings Volatility: Case of Firms Listed in DFM

Mandatory disclosure of quarterly financial reports for publicly traded companies, in the majority of jurisdictions around the world, is the direct consequence of applying “timeliness” as presented in the Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting (the conceptual framework) developed jointly in 2010 by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). Having relevant information available sooner would improve its capacity to influence decisions. However, the interim reports are not required to be audited. In UAE, companies whose securities are listed on a securities and commodities market licensed by the Securities and Commodities Authority (SCA) are required to notify and provide interim financial reports, which are reviewed by the external auditor of the company. The objective of this paper is to analyze, in UAE, the volatility of the fourth-quarter earnings compared with the previous three. This study includes four years (2012-2015) of quarterly financial statements of firms listed in Dubai Financial Market (DFM). In order to determine if interim results are suspect, the paper analyzes the magnitude of differences in fourth quarter earnings and revenues relative to the first three quarters by using the Kiger’s 1974 methodology. Overall, results indicate that the volatility of earnings and revenue in the fourth quarter is significantly higher than those of the first three quarters. This main finding would be explained by the necessary adjustments to the fourth quarter earnings and revenues in order to correct the estimation. In fact, the quarterly financial statements require the use of more estimates than those prepared at the end of the fiscal year. This research would contribute to better understanding the quality of interim reports in an emerging market context.

The impact of applying international financial reporting standards to SMEs On optimizing the utility of financial reports between Palestinian and Libyan business environmen

The main aim of the research is to identify the impact of the application of IFRS for SMEs on optimizing the utility of information for financial reports. To answer the questions and test the hypotheses of the research, researchers relied on the descriptive analytical approach. First, the researchers clarified the theoretical aspect through previous studies, and then they analyses d the results of the applied study by testing the hypothesis using the SPSS.
 A questionnaire was distributed after evaluation and arbitration by a number of specialists on selected sample. The sample of 120 respondents consists of general managers, department directors, head of departments, accountants, auditors and financial controllers working in the financial departments of the Palestinian and Libyan businesses.
 The results of the research showed a the implementation of IFRS has many advantages and benefits, the most important of which is improving the quality of disclosed financial information, and increasing the level of disclosure and transparency in financial reports.
 The study also recommended that small and medium-sized enterprises of the Palestinian and Libyan businesses should comply with the IFRS to improve the quality of information financial reports.

Analisis Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Tingkat Pengungkapan Sukarela Laporan Keuangan Pemerintah Daerah

This study aims to analyze the factors that influence the voluntary disclosure of local government financial reports. Voluntary disclosure of financial statements is measured using the number of voluntary disclosure items found in financial statements, while the independent variables used in the study are the size of regional government, age of local government, number of regional work units, level of dependency, regional financial independence, regional wealth, opinion audit and profitability ratio. The sample of this study used a total sampling method, in order to obtain a sample size of 57 reports of financial security of local governments in West Sumatra from 2015-2017. The analytical tool used is multiple linear regression. The results of the study show an average voluntary disclosure of financial statements of 7 items. This research shows that the size of the regional government, the age of the regional government, the number of regional work units, the level of dependency, regional financial independence, regional wealth, audit opinion, and profitability ratio are not proven to have an effect on voluntary disclosure of regional financial statements

Relation between financial information disclosure and capital structure decisions

The main aim of the present study is to relation between finansial information disclosure and capital structure decisions in companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange. Methodology: Statistical population of this study is consisted of companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange during the time period of 2009 to 2014 and sample volume is equal to 118 companeis by using screening method and after the elimination of outlaying observations. In this study rating of information including rating of regulations compliance, rating of timely financial disclosure, rating of financial forecasts disclosure, rating of annual financial reports disclosure and rating of company website disclosure were taken as independent variables in order to study their effect on capital structure decisions. Results: This study is an applied study in terms of goal, in terms of nature and content it is a descriptive - correlation study and in terms of research design, it is an ex post facto (semi-empirical) study, which means, it is conducted on the basis of historical and past data analysis (financial statements of companies). In this study, in which panel data with fixed and random effects are used, results obtained from firm data analysis by using multivariate regression at 95% indicated that there is a direct relationship between rating of timely financial disclosures, rating of financial forecasts disclosure and rating of annual financial reports disclosure with capital structure decisions. Conclusion: It was also indicated that there is no significant relationship between rating of regulations compliance and rating of company web site disclosure with capital structure decisions of a company.

Studying the relationship between ranking firm data and capital structure decisions in firms enlisted in Tehran Stock Exchange

The main aim of the present study is to examine the relationship between rating enterprise information and capital structure decisions in companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange. Statistical population of this study is consisted of companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange during the time period of 2009 to 2014 and sample volume is equal to 118 companies by using screening method and after the elimination of outlaying observations. Methodology: In this study rating of information including rating of regulations compliance, rating of timely financial disclosure, rating of financial forecasts disclosure, rating of annual financial reports disclosure and rating of company website disclosure were taken as independent variables in order to study their effect on capital structure decisions. This study is an applied study in terms of goal, in terms of nature and content it is a descriptive - correlation study and in terms of research design, it is an ex post facto (semi-empirical) study, which means, it is conducted on the basis of historical and past data analysis (financial statements of companies). Results: In this study, in which panel data with fixed and random effects are used, results obtained from firm data analysis by using multivariate regression at 95% indicated that there is a direct relationship between rating of timely financial disclosures, rating of financial forecasts disclosure and rating of annual financial reports disclosure with capital structure decisions. Conclusion: It was also indicated that there is no significant relationship between rating of regulations compliance and rating of company web site disclosure with capital structure decisions of a company.

Human Resource Information Disclosure in Financial Reports: A Study of Tata Consultancy Services Limited

Human Resource Information Disclosure in Financial Reports: A Study of Tata Consultancy Services Limited

Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Tingkat Pengungkapan Laporan Keuangan Pemerintah Daerah pada Kabupaten/Kota Provinsi Sumatera Barat Tahun Anggaran 2014-2016

This study aims to examine and analyze the influence of local government size, dependency level, age of local government, legislative size, population, regional income, functional differentiation and capital expenditure on the level of disclosure of local government financial reports to district/city regional governments in West Sumatra Province. The population of this study is the district/city regional government in West Sumatra Province with the sample used is the regional government financial report on the District/City Regional Government in West Sumatra Province for the period 2014-2016. The sample included in the criteria of this study were 57 local government financial reports using purposive sampling method. Data analysis method in this research uses multiple linear regression analysis with SPSS 20 program. The results of the research show that the legislative size and the number of population affect the level of disclosure of local government financial statements, but the size of the local government, the level of dependence, the age of local governments, regional income, functional differentiation and capital expenditure do not affect the level of disclosure of local government financial statements.