Emotional Disclosure Research Articles

A systematic review of the association between interpretations and immediate, intermediate, and distal outcomes.

Interpretations are a hallmark of psychodynamic treatment and a method used in other theoretical orientations as well. Therapists use interpretations to increase patients' insight concerning unconscious and preconscious elements in their lives, with the ultimate aim to reduce mental pain and suffering and improve mental health. This systematic review focuses on the association between the therapists' use and accuracy of interpretation and immediate (within-session), intermediate (between-session), and distal (end-of-treatment) outcomes. This synthesis of the research literature is based on 18 independent samples of 1,011 total patients in individual psychotherapy. The results suggest that the use and accuracy of interpretations were associated, in half the studies, with patient disclosure of emotions and increased insight at the immediate, moment-to-moment enfolding of the session. At the intermediate postsession outcome, the use of interpretations was associated with a stronger alliance and greater depth, in half the studies. At the end of treatment, however, while there is some evidence for a positive effect of the use of interpretations on treatment success, there are also neutral effects and even evidence that interpretations have the potential to be harmful in some particular situations. The article concludes with training implications and therapeutic practices based on the integration of clinical experience and research evidence. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Using Machine Learning of Online Expression to Explain Recovery Trajectories: Content Analytic Approach to Studying a Substance Use Disorder Forum.

Smartphone-based apps are increasingly used to prevent relapse among those with substance use disorders (SUDs). These systems collect a wealth of data from participants, including the content of messages exchanged in peer-to-peer support forums. How individuals self-disclose and exchange social support in these forums may provide insight into their recovery course, but a manual review of a large corpus of text by human coders is inefficient. The study sought to evaluate the feasibility of applying supervised machine learning (ML) to perform large-scale content analysis of an online peer-to-peer discussion forum. Machine-coded data were also used to understand how communication styles relate to writers' substance use and well-being outcomes. Data were collected from a smartphone app that connects patients with SUDs to online peer support via a discussion forum. Overall, 268 adult patients with SUD diagnoses were recruited from 3 federally qualified health centers in the United States beginning in 2014. Two waves of survey data were collected to measure demographic characteristics and study outcomes: at baseline (before accessing the app) and after 6 months of using the app. Messages were downloaded from the peer-to-peer forum and subjected to manual content analysis. These data were used to train supervised ML algorithms using features extracted from the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) system to automatically identify the types of expression relevant to peer-to-peer support. Regression analyses examined how each expression type was associated with recovery outcomes. Our manual content analysis identified 7 expression types relevant to the recovery process (emotional support, informational support, negative affect, change talk, insightful disclosure, gratitude, and universality disclosure). Over 6 months of app use, 86.2% (231/268) of participants posted on the app's support forum. Of these participants, 93.5% (216/231) posted at least 1 message in the content categories of interest, generating 10,503 messages. Supervised ML algorithms were trained on the hand-coded data, achieving F1-scores ranging from 0.57 to 0.85. Regression analyses revealed that a greater proportion of the messages giving emotional support to peers was related to reduced substance use. For self-disclosure, a greater proportion of the messages expressing universality was related to improved quality of life, whereas a greater proportion of the negative affect expressions was negatively related to quality of life and mood. This study highlights a method of natural language processing with potential to provide real-time insights into peer-to-peer communication dynamics. First, we found that our ML approach allowed for large-scale content coding while retaining moderate-to-high levels of accuracy. Second, individuals' expression styles were associated with recovery outcomes. The expression types of emotional support, universality disclosure, and negative affect were significantly related to recovery outcomes, and attending to these dynamics may be important for appropriate intervention.

The effect of social media environments on online emotional disclosure: tie strength, network size and self-reference

PurposeMotivating users to self-disclose online is significant to the long-term development of social media. Therefore, research on emotional disclosure, a significant form of self-disclosure, is required. By developing a stimulus-organism-response model, this study aims to investigate the mechanisms by which the social media environment affects users' online emotional disclosure.Design/methodology/approachThis paper proposes two dimensions of social media environments, the online interpersonal environment (tie strength and network size) and the online information environment (self-reference). They are hypothesized to stimulate users' internal psychological needs (image management and emotional expression) which in turn will influence their emotional disclosure intentions. Using data from 489 users of WeChat Moments, the authors conduct partial least squares analysis to validate the research model.FindingsThe findings show that users' intrinsic psychological needs are stimulated by social media environments, but network size is not correlated with the need for emotional expression. The user's need for emotional expression promotes both positive and negative emotional disclosure intentions. The need for image management has a positive impact on positive emotion disclosure intentions but has a negative impact on negative emotion disclosure intentions.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the understanding of online emotional disclosure. It can also help social media managers create efficient plans to encourage users to create content.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/OIR-04-2022-0245.

First data and translation of the Child Attachment Interview en Español.

The Child Attachment Interview (CAI) was designed to assess attachment representation in middle childhood-filling a gap between behavioral paradigms and adult interviews-and has demonstrated adequate psychometric properties in middle childhood and adolescence. To date, the CAI has not been available in Spanish, given the absence of an accepted translation and psychometric data. Spanish is the second most spoken language in the world, and assessment of attachment in an individual's native language is critical given differences in emotional processing, memory, and disclosure in first versus second languages. We translated the CAI (with consultation from its creator) utilizing standardized translation and back-translation procedures and examined its psychometric properties in a sample of Spanish-speaking high school students. In this study, we report on that process and data gathered from N = 94 Spanish-speaking adolescents in grades 9-12; 20% were double-coded and interrater reliability was acceptable. Findings support the single factor "Security-Dismissal" model, and relations between classifications and subscales were consistent with previous findings. Support for convergent and discriminant validity was provided for both classifications and subscales; however, concurrent validity varied across classifications and subscales. In sum, our translation demonstrates psychometric promise for the assessment of internal working models of attachment in Spanish-speaking high school students. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

The Reflection Room®: Moving from Death-Avoiding to Death-Discussing.

We developed, implemented, and evaluated a participatory arts-based storytelling initiative called the Reflection Room project. Our aim was to investigate if visiting a Reflection Room, (1) creates opportunities for disclosing emotions and processing thoughts, (2) increases comfort discussing dying and death, and (3) supports advance care planning (ACP), conversations. In the pilot phase of the Reflection Room project, a Reflection Room was installed in 25 sites across Canada from 2016-2017. Data collection included reflection cards (n = 463), and surveys completed by visitors upon exiting a room (n = 271) and 3months later (n = 50). Analysis involved theoretically driven coding, inductive content analysis, and descriptive statistics. We found reflections contained both emotional disclosures and reflective processing. Survey data indicated visiting a Reflection Room increased comfort in thinking and talking about dying and death as well as the likelihood of engaging in ACP. In the future, we will explore the extent to which the project fosters social connections and well-being.

Artificial emotions for charity collection: A serial mediation through perceived anthropomorphism and social presence

Despite the broad application of chatbot agents in online interactions, an ongoing debate persists regarding their persuasive role and human-like emotional disclosure. Our study adds to this debate by exploring the effect of chatbot agents’ emotional disclosure on people’s willingness to donate to a charitable cause, and by examining individual and serial mediation between the main effects of perceived anthropomorphism and social presence. To this end, two types of artificial intelligence chatbot agents—one disclosing factual information and another disclosing human-like emotion—were developed and trained using Dialogflow, a natural language processing engine. A total of 619 US residents were recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk, an online crowdsourcing platform. Of these, 593 participants completed the required conversation with either version of the chatbot agent (factual vs. emotional), as well as the survey questionnaire, and therefore, were included in the final analysis. The participants exhibited a higher willingness to donate when they interacted with a chatbot disclosing human-like emotions than when they were only exposed to factual information. Moreover, this study found both individual and serial mediating roles of perceived anthropomorphism and social presence. Concerning the implications, theoretically, this study adds to the understanding of applying the notion of human interaction to that involving humans and chatbots. Practically, our findings can be of great help in increasing willingness to donate thereby enhancing fund-raising activities.

Emotional Responses and Support Needs of Healthcare Professionals after Adverse or Traumatic Experiences in Healthcare-Evidence from Seminars on Peer Support.

The aim of this study was to identify (i) emotions experienced by healthcare professionals (HCPs) after adverse or traumatic events and (ii) needs for support after adverse or traumatic events. Data for this qualitative, descriptive study were collected at 27 seminars for 198 HCPs introducing a peer-support programme after adverse or traumatic events (The Buddy Study). Through interactive exercises, participants shared their experiences, and this study reports on the responses of an exercise identifying emotions and needs after an adverse or traumatic event. The top five emotions were anger, guilt, impotence, grief, and frustration and anxiety, and the top five needs were to be met with understanding, recognition, listening, care, and respect. Ten categories of emotions experienced by HCPs after adverse or traumatic events were constructed, and the five categories with the highest number of mentions were anger and impotence, fear and insecurity, negative self-evaluation, guilt and shame, and alone and overloaded. Nine categories relating to needs for support after adverse or traumatic events were constructed, and the five categories with the highest number of mentions were: being seen and understood, compassion, being respected, time to recover, and organisational support. The emotional disclosure promoted at the peer seminars of the Buddy Study revealed that all participants share the same emotional distress, being either second victims or potential second victims. Moreover, the support needed was of a human-to-human nature that all participants felt capable of providing as a "buddy" for a colleague. Both the identified emotions and needs for support identified in this study may contribute to qualifying the development of the content of support programmes for HCPs after traumatic or adverse events.

Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Patient-Caregiver Dyad Perspectives on Participation in a Digital Storytelling Intervention: A Qualitative Approach

Storytelling has long been considered an effective means of communication, allowing the teller to process their emotions in light of particular life challenges. Effects on the listener also have been demonstrated to be beneficial, especially if the listener is faced with a similar life challenge. Less is known regarding the potential effects of storytelling on listening dyads and opportunities for joint processing following exposure to relevant stories. We sought to study these phenomena in the context of hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), a demanding medical procedure requiring intensive informal caregiving and thus great patient-caregiver entwinement. The purpose of this qualitative descriptive study was to explore participants' perceptions of a 4-week web-based digital storytelling (DST) intervention using both quantitative ratings of acceptability and qualitative coding of interviews conducted after intervention completion. A total of 202 participants (101 HCT patient-caregiver dyads) were recruited from the Mayo Clinic Arizona and randomized into either a DST arm or an Information Control (IC) arm. Participants in the DST arm rated the acceptability of the intervention and were asked to participate in a 30-minute phone interview to discuss their experience with the DST intervention. All interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim and imported into NVivo 12 for coding and analysis, using a combination of deductive and inductive approaches to organize the data, create categories, and develop themes and subthemes. A total of 38 participants (19 HCT patient-caregiver dyads) completed the post-intervention interviews. Patients were 63% male and 82% White, 68% received allogeneic HCT, and their mean age was 55 years. The median time from HCT was 25 days (range, 6 to 56 days). Caregivers were mostly patients' spouses (73%) and female (69%), with a mean age of 56 years. In general, the 4-week web-based DST intervention was well accepted and liked by both patients and caregivers regarding the duration, dyadic participation, and convenience of participating in the intervention at home. Patients and caregivers who completed the DST intervention indicated that they were satisfied with the intervention (mean score, 4.5 of 5), were likely to recommend it to others (mean score, 4.4), would watch more stories (mean score, 4.1), and that the experience was worth their time (mean score, 4.6). Major themes that emerged from the qualitative analysis included (1) building communal connection through engaging with the stories; (2) positive emotional growth after HCT; (3) value of gaining the other's perspective; and (4) impact of open communication on the patient-caregiver relationship. A web-based DST intervention provides an attractive format through which to deliver a nonpharmacologic psychosocial intervention to HCT patient-caregiver dyads. Watching the emotional content in digital stories may help patients and caregivers cope with psychoemotional challenges together and provide an opportunity for emotional disclosure. Further work on determining optimal paths to disclosure is warranted.

Light as an artistic tool of designing the architectural and urban environment

The article examines light as a tool of architectural and lighting design and a mean of artistic expression, which creates new social messages and influences environmental objects and the architectural environment. Within the scope of the tool, techniques of artistic lighting are researched and formed, traditional and innovative lighting tools of emotional and figurative formation of the urban and architectural environment from the standpoint of artistic design are determined. Traditional means and devices are lenses, optics, developer, LED and craft lamps. Innovative means and equipment are projectors, lasers, video mapping, theatrical elements, musical accompaniment, interaction through websites and mobile devices, management of the cloud environment using system controls, copywriting based on social messages and senses. As a result of the study, light methods of artistic design were considered, specifically transformation, digital art, emotional disclosure, city landmark, keeper of history, optical metaphor, fusion with nature, and types of artistic lighting were formulated. The analysis of the examples also allowed us to determine specific types of artistic lighting and light artistic effects: functional, atmospheric, optical, media or digital, combinatorial type with shadow and caustic effects. For each type of lighting, unique techniques and means of environment organization are formulated for each of the three levels: urban, architectural and object-spatial. The usage of methods, techniques and tools is possible both combined and separately. Their harmonious implementation and usage form an emotional interactive lighting architectural and urban planning environment with its own atmosphere and rules of perception. Successful operation of certain methods and means within each of the formulated types of environment lighting could express emotionality and social messages. Their organic interaction is possible applying an artistic approach based on the combination of philosophy and social messages with aesthetics and modern technologies and that encourages social responsibility and self-organization.

Эмоциональная доминанта текста: некоторые лингвистические аспекты исследования

The article reviews the aspects of research into the text emotional dominant by linguistic methods, which allow to limit variability of the meaning interpretation. The relevance of the research topic is determined by the lack of competent studies on the methods of emotional dominant disclosure in the text content. Despite certain scientific and practical significance, modern text linguistics and linguistics of emotions demonstrate relative unevenness in the procedures of analysis development, which are, however, likely to clarify a number of theoretical problems: to make distinction between the concepts of psychological and textual dominants, subjective comprehension of the text and its objective contents; to extract the emotional constituent from the generalized content dominant in the text; to state correlation between a set of emotive signs and communicative aims of the author by means of multidimensional and multistaged analysis. In the article the emotional texts are studied by means of linguistic methods of semantic and contextual analysis, emotive analysis of language and text units and modificational procedure of keywords determination with the aim to identify the emotional dominant and define its characteristics proceeding from the signs unity to the generalized emotional content of the text, then to the conceptual dominants and communicative goals of the text composer. The analysis led to revelation of the following emotional characteristics in the text content: emotive complexes, emotional attractors, false dominant, random stimulus, false determination of emotion. The identified parameters and approaches to the analysis should foster studies on the linguistic aspect of the emotional text dominant, as well as refine practical methods for its accurate determination in modern textual contents.

Value of Schwartz Rounds in promoting the emotional well-being of healthcare workers: a qualitative study

ObjectivesSchwartz Rounds are forums that enable healthcare staff to reflect on emotional and social dimensions of their work. In this study, we aimed to explore the experiences of Schwartz Rounds...

The Effectiveness of Psychological Interventions for Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long-term disorder that significantly impairs somatic, emotional, and psychological functioning. The objective of this review is to identify, appraise, and synthesize the effects of psychological interventions (e.g., cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), emotional disclosure (ED), group therapy (GT), mindfulness (M), patient education (PE), and relaxation (R)) on biopsychosocial outcomes in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A systematic search of all relevant existing randomized clinical trials (RCTs) was conducted using the following online bibliographic databases: JSTOR, PubMed, PsycNET, and The Cochrane Library. Reference lists were searched for additional reports. The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool (RoB 2.0) was used to assess the risk of bias in the included studies. After the selection process, 57 articles were included and 392 were excluded. Three separate meta-analyses were conducted involving psychological interventions as the main variables, showing: (1) significant positive medium effect sizes for average values (Hedges-g = 0.399, Z = 0.399, p = 0.009); (2) significant positive large effect sizes for maximum values (Hedges-g = 0.856, Z = 4.223, p < 0.001); and (3) non-significant results for minimum values (Hedges-g = -0.047, Z = -0.335, p = 0.738). These results demonstrate that, when grouped, psychological interventions are, on average, moderately effective in treating RA. Overall, this review shows consistent, supportive evidence that psychological interventions can significantly contribute to the standard medical care of RA patients. However, more high-quality, large-sample RCTs still need to confirm these findings.

Emotional Disclosure and Social Judgment

Negative emotions can negatively bias social judgment. However, these emotions can be tempered when expressed, suggesting that emotional disclosure might enable fairer evaluations. Three projects confirmed this prediction. Subjects who disclosed about a past betrayal, compared to those who suppressed, felt closer to their betrayers—the first step toward forgiveness. Disclosing the emotions evoked by viewing an assault, compared with suppressing those feelings, reduced victim blaming. Disclosure did not reduce blaming of victimizers, indicating that disclosure addresses specific emotions rather than calms general arousal. A recent study showed that disclosing a personal travail of any kind promotes acceptance of COVID-19 facts among political conservatives. Collectively, these results indicate that expressing troubling thoughts and feelings can enhance social judgment.

Effects of Emotional Regulation, Resilience, and Distress Disclosure on Post-Traumatic Growth in Nursing Students.

Nursing students, who need to reflect on self, secure their identity, and be prepared as would-be nurses, can make a good use of post-traumatic growth (PTG) that can function as a catalyst for positive change even amidst this COVID-19 crisis. Emotional regulation strategies in traumatic events are key factors for successful growth, resilience is positively associated with PTG, and distress disclosure is an important factor for stress reduction. In this context, this study is a descriptive research study to identify factors influencing the PTG of nursing students, using emotional regulation, resilience, and distress disclosure as the main variables. Data were collected from 231 junior and senior students of the nursing departments of two universities, and the collected data were analyzed using the t-test, the Mann-Whitney U test, ANOVA, the Scheffé test, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression in SPSS/WIN 26.0. Analysis of the PTG scores of the nursing students by general characteristics revealed significant differences in PTG according to the transfer status, perceived health status, and levels of satisfaction with major, hybrid-learning class, interpersonal relationship satisfaction, and clinical practice. Factors influencing PTG were identified to be resilience, reappraisal among emotional regulation strategies, satisfaction with clinical practice, and transfer, with the overall explanatory power calculated at 44%. Based on the results of this study, it is necessary to consider resilience and reappraisal, which is a sub-variable of emotional regulation strategies, in order to develop programs designed to promote PTG of nursing students in the future.

SENTIMENT ANALYSIS OF ONLINE GOJEK TRANSPORTATION SERVICES ON TWITTER USING THE NAÏVE BAYES METHOD

Abstract— Social media is the most accessed internet content by internet users in Indonesia. This is not surprising, given the many benefits that social media provides, one of which is the benefit of self-expression. Self-expression can include many things, including emotional openness, which is the openness of a person in conveying the emotions he is feeling. Along with the development of social media, emotional disclosure is ubiquitous in social media, one of which is social media Twitter. With the development of information technology, means of transportation are also developing with the existence of online transportation services. Currently, the use of online transportation services has become a necessity, so it is necessary to conduct a sentiment analysis on online transportation services to find out how the public responds to these online transportation services. The purpose of this study is to analyze community responses by analyzing data in the form of tweets and then classifying them into positive, negative, and neutral classes using the Naïve Bayes method because the error rate obtained is lower when the dataset is large, besides that the accuracy of Naive Bayes and the speed is higher. high when applied to a larger dataset. The results of this study indicate that the neutral sentiment level of public tweets is greater than the level of positive sentiment and negative sentiment with an accuracy of 25.00%.

A qualitative exploration of the lived experiences and perceived impact of a supportive-expressive group therapy on men living with gastrointestinal cancer

Abstract Background: This study seeks to understand the functioning of a gastrointestinal (GI) men-only Supportive-Expressive Group Therapy (SEGT) program over time by exploring (1) men's lived experiences with group process and (2) perceived group impact relevant to supportive/expressive goals. Methods: A convenience sample of patients with GI cancer attending an ongoing, men-only GI cancer SEGT was interviewed at 3 and 6 months from enrollment. A qualitative study design with mixed inductive and framework thematic analysis was used. Open-ended, semistructured interviews directed the exploration of group experiences over time. SEGT goals framed the inquiry toward exploring the perceived impact of the group. Results: Twenty-three men were interviewed at 3 months and 13 men at 6 months of intervention. Men pointed to an overall global satisfaction with group process and subjects discussed. The SEGT model provided a sex sensitive, safe, and mutually supportive outlet for expressing and normalizing participants' feelings and emotions. Three central themes emerged relevant to group experiences: (1) the role of social comparison, (2) the role of supportive-expressive exchanges, and (3) the role of the group format, composition, and facilitation. Feeling heard and validated accelerated a sense of belonging and facilitated emotional disclosure. SEGT contributed to re-evaluation of life values/goals, mitigation of existential anxiety, and mood improvement. Conclusions: Group participants perceived the SEGT as effective in addressing and mitigating emotional and existential concerns. Perceived benefits were consistent with SEGT goals. The findings offer groundwork for developing men-centered cancer support groups that foster emotional exploration and expressive disclosure through validation and acceptance.

A Case Study Investigation Into a Group Online Sport Psychology Support Intervention for Injured Athletes

Sport psychology support can have a positive impact on sport injury rehabilitation; however, there appear to be barriers to injured athletes accessing such support (e.g., financial and geographical constraints). Online delivery has been suggested as a method to address some of these barriers. This case study therefore sought to explore whether an online sport psychology support hub was an effective method of sport injury psychology support. Sixteen injured athletes (seven male and nine female) participated in a 6-week sport psychology intervention where they were given access to an online hub moderated by a sport psychologist, in which sport psychology support was provided through social support (online forum), written emotional disclosure (diary), and psychological skills development (education resources). The impact of the hub was measured through analysis of the forum posts, diary entries, and responses to an evaluation questionnaire. While engagement with the hub was not as high as anticipated, the athletes reported several positive benefits from using the hub and rated its overall impact highly, demonstrating the potential of online delivery.

What’s On Your Mind? Deathscape of Filipino Postmortem Remembrance and Mourning Practices on Facebook

People’s lives have had a major shift since the emergence of COVID-19 pandemic all over the globe. Death and burial practices in the Philippines during the pandemic have been a challenge faced by the bereaved family. Due to the threat of the deadly virus, these public religious practices were posed with serious challenges and necessary restrictions. In previous years, studies that investigate the digital practice of postmortem mourning and grieving are limited (Lagerkvist, 2013; Mukherjee &amp; Williams, 2014; Gamba, 2018). In the Philippines, digital mourning is a relatively new phenomenon and Sapalo (2021) contended that this phenomenon must be paid with keen attention to how it develops over the next months and even years. A total of 50 Facebook posts (n=4,187 words) were gathered from the Facebook timeline of ten (10) deceased Filipinos contracted by the COVID-19 virus and 31 Filipino digital mourners who have shared the said posts were interviewed. Using qualitative research through netnography, the present study examined the language used by Facebook users when mourning with their loved once, including the analysis of their memorial confessions as posted in the timeline of the deceased and its role in the healing process. Using frequency counts, the findings indicated that the dominant language used by users is English. Also, based on the thematic analysis, the participants’ posts disclosed the following confessional status when remembering and mourning in digital spaces: reminiscing memory with the deceased, honoring the dead in positive ways, emotional disclosure, supporting the bereaved family, and prayers for the deceased eternal repose. The participants likewise reported that their memorial posts are intended for significant functions such as diffusion of traditional rituals into virtual space, instill grief solidarity for healing, communal mourning in support to the bereaved and by illuminating the deceased’s legacy.

Self-Compassion Focused Writing Practices: A Systematic Review

In the current systematic review study, it is focused on examining the interventions of 'self-compassion-focused writing', which is a method that combines the concept of self-compassion, which has gained attention in the psychology literature in recent years, and the Written Emotional Disclosure Paradigm which is based on expressing emotions by writing. For this purpose, ScienceDirect, PsycINFO, Web of Science, PubMed, EbscoHost and DergiPark databases were searched through various keywords. Considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study, 31 studies determined to be fit for purpose were examined in terms of sample characteristics, methodology and results. It was observed that the studies were generally conducted with college students and predominantly female, the results were compared with the active intervention groups, random assignment was made to the groups, and repeated measurements were taken. Generally, it has been determined that self-compassion-focused writing provides positive changes on psychological (depression, positive/negative affect), body-related (body satisfaction, body image) and physical (pain) variables. In the reviewed studies, it was concluded that self-compassion-focused writing generally tended to produce stronger positive results compared to active control groups (traditional writing, self-esteem-based writing). Besides, it was observed that the positive changes obtained in studies that carried out follow-up evaluations tended to continue partially. The results show that self-compassion-focused writing is a promising method.

Effect of AI chatbot emotional disclosure on user satisfaction and reuse intention for mental health counseling: a serial mediation model.

This study explored the effect of chatbot emotional disclosure on user satisfaction and reuse intention for a chatbot counseling service. It also examined the independent and sequential mediation roles of user emotional disclosure intention and perceived intimacy with a chatbot on the relationship between chatbot emotional disclosure, user satisfaction, and reuse intention for chatbot counseling. In total, 348 American adults were recruited to participate in a mental health counseling session with either of the two types of artificial intelligence-powered mental health counseling chatbots. These included a chatbot disclosing factual information only or a chatbot disclosing humanlike emotions. The results revealed that chatbot emotional disclosure significantly increased user satisfaction and reuse intention for a chatbot counseling service. The results further revealed that user emotional disclosure intention and perceived intimacy with a chatbot independently and serially mediates the effect of chatbot emotional disclosure on user satisfaction and chatbot counseling service reuse intention. The results indicate positive effects of artificial emotions and their disclosure in the context of chatbot moderated mental health counseling. Practical implications and psychological mechanisms are discussed.