Disclosure Index Research Articles

Methodology for assessing digital transformation and digital maturity of companies

Subject. The article investigates methods for assessing the digital transformation of companies to find the most acceptable practices for determining the level of digital maturity of a business and further using the results of these methods implementation in solving specific applied problems. Objectives. The purpose is to improve the methodology for assessing the digital maturity of Russian companies based on their disclosure of information about implementation of their digital initiatives. Methods. The study employs methods of analysis, synthesis, generalization, modeling, description, experiment, and formalization. Results. I developed and substantiated a methodology for assessing the level of digital maturity of Russian companies in the form of a proposal for calculating the index of digital information disclosure. The developed methodology was applied on the example of Russian companies operating in the oil and gas industry. The results of the methodology implementation can be used for further study of the impact of determined level of companies’ digital maturity on financial results of their activities, including the cost of business. Conclusions. The scientific community lacks unified and systematic understanding of the digital economy phenomenon, including methods for assessing the factors of digital transformation that affect the activities of companies. In the domestic and foreign literature, the range and results of issues studied in the field of digital transformation are similar. The level of disclosure of information about the digital restructuring of business of large oil and gas companies is generally at a high level, however, it is chaotic and unsystematic, and lacks the presentation of financial effects of digital initiatives implementation.

Is Mandatory Carbon Disclosure Associated With Real Carbon Performance: A Study of South African Companies Listed on JSE

With the increasing importance of carbon disclosure as a tool to reduce carbon emissions, the enduring question remains whether carbon disclosure reduces carbon emissions. This paper analyzes the rapport between "carbon disclosure and carbon performance" of 82 Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) listed mining and manufacturing firms grounded on data released from 2010 to 2021. The environmental disclosure index is used in this study to quantify carbon disclosure, and the carbon intensity of the selected firms is used to gauge carbon performance. Using IBM SPSS Statistics 26, the study discovers that carbon disclosure (p< -0.023) is negatively associated with carbon performance. It means that an increase in carbon disclosure minimizes carbon performance. Additionally, the study finds that carbon disclosure improves financial performance proxied by return on assets. The findings strongly support King Code III and IV's position that companies can improve environmental and financial performance by extensively disclosing environmental impacts. In this case, carbon disclosure can act as an instrument to improve corporate sustainability and counteract climate change. In line with the research results, it is recommended that policymakers in South Africa promote and adopt policies that compel and regulate companies to disclose their environmental impacts.

Anti-corruption corporate disclosures and earnings management: evidence from a developed market

Purpose This study aims to examine the association between anti-corruption corporate disclosure and earnings management practices by bringing evidence from a developed market. Design/methodology/approach The study uses data from non-financial FTSE 100 Shares in 2016 and 2017. This study develops a disclosure index to capture the anti-corruption disclosures and run pooled, fixed effects and generalized methods of moments regression models to explore the anti-corruption disclosure–earnings management association. This study also disentangles discretionary accruals into positive and negative, use adjusted discretionary accrual computation and take a more conservative view on discretionary accruals computation as an additional analysis. Findings The results show a negative and significant association between anti-corruption disclosure and earnings management practices. When disentangling discretionary accruals (overvalued/positive and undervalued/negative), the authors found that higher anti-corruption disclosures were negatively associated with positive discretionary accruals, but not associated with negative discretionary accruals. The additional analysis confirmed the previous results, showing that anti-corruption disclosures are perceived as a substantive practice, rather than a mere disclosure practice for legitimacy reasons. Originality/value This study contributes to debate on the symbolic versus the substantive uses of anti-corruption disclosures in the UK context.

Measuring the integrated reporting quality in Europe: balanced scorecard perspectives

Purpose The aim of this study is to evaluate the adoption and quality of integrated reports in the European Union (EU). Design/methodology/approach The sample consists of 147 listed firms from the 18 EU countries during 2013–2020. This study creates a disclosure index – based on the balanced scorecard (BSC) that reflects the information content of integrated reports. The content analysis method is used to measure the integrated reporting quality (IRQ). Findings The findings demonstrate that the IRQ increased across the study’s time frame, going from 49.3% in 2013 to 77% in 2020. Furthermore, financial disclosures still get the most attention in the integrated reporting (IR), followed by learning and growth perspective disclosures. In addition, businesses in the financial and industrial sectors rely more on integrated reports. However, the utility sector has the highest IRQ score. By country, Spain has the highest rate of IR adoption, followed by France. Other countries, such as Austria and Hungary, have only implemented IR by one company each. Research limitations/implications This study adds to the IR literature a new approach to measure IRQ by linking BSC with the IR framework. Empirically, businesses of any size can use this method to assess the degree of balance between the revealed financial and nonfinancial information in their reports. Practical implications Empirically, this study helps IR practitioners in determining how widely IR is used in Europe and in updating the database on the IR website. It helps them update and improve the IR framework by identifying the elements that have the least transparency and quality, investigating the causes and enhancing them. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to examine the IRQ in EU countries by linking the BSC with IR elements. This is to split the elements into their own pillars, making it easier to track disclosure and evaluate the corporations’ interest in revealing these perspectives, on their own and collectively.

Does climate risk disclosure shape conservatism? The role of earnings quality in the Egyptian context

The objectives of this study are to (i) examine the relationship between accounting conservatism and climate-related risk disclosure (CRRD) in the context of Egypt, and (ii) look into the moderating role of earnings quality (EQ) in such a relationship. To operationalize CRRD reported by Egyptian firms listed in the SP/EGX ESG index across the years from 2018 to 2022, the study uses a manual content analysis as a base for analysis and employs two (OLS) regression models to test the study’ hypotheses. EQ is measured using the cross-sectional modified Jones model, while accounting conservatism is gauged using the C-Score. Additionally, endogeneity checks in robustness tests are performed using system GMM. The findings show no impact of CRRD on the conservative accounting practices of Egyptian firms. However, there is a sizable adverse effect when EQ is used to moderate this association. This finding is consistent with the notion that firms report high levels of climate impacts and have fewer information asymmetry issues. This paper extends disclosure indexes by highlighting the frequent keywords of CRRD used in the annual narrative reports of Egyptian firms. Hence, this study is among the first to explore the moderation impact of EQ on the relationship between CRRD and accounting conservatism in the Egyptian setting.

An analysis of zakat disclosure in Islamic banks

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the zakat disclosure of Islamic banks at the global level. It is important for depositors and shareholders of Islamic banks to know whether the bank is paying zakat on their behalf or not. Additionally, disclosing the calculation method used is also necessary to eliminate uncertainties resulting from ambiguous reporting that can mislead the stakeholders. This issue becomes more obvious when considering that depositors and shareholders may have different accounts with different Islamic banks, which makes it quite confusing to have multiple ways of zakat calculation or different approaches on who is the party that pays it. This study analyzes the current practices across 13 countries and recommends best practices. Design/methodology/approach The objective of the paper objective is achieved through analyzing the annual reports of 34 Islamic banks in 13 countries for the years 2014 and 2019. It further quantifies the zakat disclosure by constructing a zakat disclosure index. This index considers the disclosure of four major constituents covering the amount and the responsibility for payment, the calculation method, the involvement of the Shariah board and the zakat duty on investment account holders. For further robustness, this study is further supported by content analysis measures using the zakat word count in annual reports. Findings The results indicate a major issue in zakat disclosure. The overall average of disclosure index is low. Most of the banks disclose limited information about zakat, such as the amount and the responsibility for payment, in their annual reports. Less than 40% of the examined banks disclose information about the role of the Shariah board in zakat calculation, and a very limited number of banks (9%) are found to disclose enough details about the zakat calculation method. Furthermore, none of the examined banks mentions the zakat due for the investment accounts. Overall, zakat disclosure of most of the banks, whether following Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions or otherwise, are found to be not up to the expected best practices. Research limitations/implications Among the limitations of this study is the sole dependence on annual reports of Islamic banks without considering other means that banks might be using to communicate zakat-related matters to stakeholders. Examples of such means include a website, social media and other direct or indirect marketing materials. Additionally, the results of this study shall not be overgeneralized regarding differences between countries because the sample does not include all Islamic banks in the selected country. Future research may use the proposed zakat disclosure index on a country-specific data sample. Practical implications The findings have significant implications as they raise a serious concern regarding the sufficiency of the Islamic banks’ disclosure about a core area of their responsibility, that is, the zakat. The index developed can be a tentative measure of zakat disclosure transparency pending further review. The result further suggests looking at the composition of members of Shariah boards to include at least one member with a sound accounting background. Zakat is a religious duty; therefore, a perceived lack of transparency on the amount, method of calculation and how the zakat is paid may affect the future injection of capital into Islamic banks. Originality/value An important contribution of this paper lies in the fact that the collected data is not provided in any available database. Rather, it is manually captured from the individual annual reports of reviewed Islamic banks. Further, this paper proposes an index to measure the zakat disclosure at bank and country levels.

Relationships between Attachment Style, Emotional Self-Disclosure, and Quality of Life among Young Breast Cancer Survivors: A Cross-Sectional Study

This investigation aims to explore relationships between adult attachment, emotional self-disclosure, and quality of life (QoL). The study sample completed the Chinese versions of the Experiences in Close Relationships Inventory, the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast Scale, and the Distress Disclosure Index between October 2021 and March 2022. The relationships between adult attachment, emotional self-disclosure, and QoL were investigated using a multiple mediation effects test and structural equation modeling. Attachment anxiety and avoidance were risk factors for young Chinese breast cancer survivors' emotional self-disclosure and QoL. Emotional self-disclosure mediates the association between attachment anxiety or avoidance and QoL. Assessing and easing attachment anxiety and avoidance may improve the emotional self-disclosure and QoL of young breast cancer survivors. This study confirms that adult attachment plays an important role in young breast cancer patients' adaptation to the disease and that high adult anxiety and avoidance levels can significantly reduce emotional self-disclosure and QoL in young breast cancer survivors. Identifying attachment patterns can help caregivers better understand patients' responses, adaptation, and treatment adherence to cancer, thereby helping caregivers develop targeted and personalized cancer care practice programs or psychotherapy interventions to improve patients' physical and mental health outcomes.

Pengaruh Tekanan Karyawan, Tekanan Pemegang Saham dan Gender Diversity terhadap Kualitas Sustainability Report

The purpose of this research is to examine the impact of employee pressure, shareholder pressure and gender diversity on the quality of sustainability report. To assess the quality of sustainability reports, this study employs the SRQ value, which is a disclosure index based on the GRI-Standard. The population of this research are companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) over a five-year period from 2017 – 2021. By using the purposive sampling method, this research obtained 48 samples that met the criteria. This research uses multiple linear regression analysis in hypotheses testing. The findings indicate that employee pressure and shareholder pressure has a negative and significant effect on the quality of sustainability reports. On the other hand, gender diversity do not have any effect on the quality of sustainability reports.Thus, all the hypotheses proposed in this study were rejected.

PENGARUH GREEN BANKING TERHADAP KINERJA KEUANGAN PERBANKAN DI INDONESIA (PERIODE TAHUN 2018-2022)

Environmental problems include climate change, and an increase in the frequency of natural disasters have become widespread phenomena. These harmful trends have been aided by the absence of environmental considerations in banking operations. The idea of "Green Banking" aims to lower carbon emissions both inside and outside of banks. This research aims to analyze the impact of implementing Green Banking on the profitability of banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the period 2018-2022. Green Banking is measured using the Green Banking Disclosure Index (GBDI), along with M-Banking Transaction Frequency, Bank Efficiency, and CSR Funds as independent variables. Profitability is projected through the Return on Assets (ROA) as the dependent variable. This research found that partially, CSR funds have a positive and significant influence on ROA (Return on Assets). However, factors like GBDI, M-Banking transaction frequency, and bank efficiency have a negative and significant influence on ROA. Tested simultaneously, the implementation of green banking, including GBDI, M-Banking transaction frequency, bank efficiency, and CSR funds, has a positive and significant effect on profitability.

Pengaruh Tekanan Karyawan dan Struktur Kepemilikan terhadap Kualitas Sustainability Reporting

This study aims to analyze the effect of employee pressure and ownership structure on the quality of sustainability reporting. The quality of the sustainability report is measured using a disclosure index. Employee pressure is measured by the number of employees. While the ownership structure in this study is represented by foreign ownership as measured by the number of shares owned by foreigners compared to total outstanding shares, highly controlled equity is measured by equity attributable to owners of the parent entity compared to total equity, and foreign-oriented companies as measured by foreign subsidiaries compared to the number of subsidiaries. The population of this research is all companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2016-2020 which publish sustainability reporting using a sampling method, namely purposive sampling so the final sample of this study is 35 companies. The analysis technique used is multiple linear regression analysis. Overall, the results of this study indicate that employee pressure does not affect the quality of the sustainability report. The ownership structure, namely foreign ownership, highly controlled equity, and foreign-oriented companies also do not affect the quality of the sustainability report.

Determinants of risks disclosure in non-financial companies. Evidence from Portuguese capital market

The present study aims to determine the level of disclosure about financial risks in Portuguese non-financial companies and to identify the determinants of the level of disclosure. To carry out this study, the research methodology used was the content analysis of the reports and accounts, for the period 2017, of 40 non-financial companies listed on Euronext Lisbon, using a disclosure index for financial risks, created based on the requirements contained in the International Financial Reporting Standard No. 7 - Financial Instruments: Disclosures. After the content analysis, to identify the determining factors of disclosure level, a linear regression model was built to relate certain characteristics of the companies with the disclosure level presented. It was possible to conclude that the companies under study have an average disclosure level of about 50% of the requirements contained in IFRS 7 and that the size of companies and the concentration of capital significantly and positively influence the level of disclosure about financial risks. Indebtedness was also a determinant factor, but with a negative sign, being an uncommon result in relation to most other studies.

Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): A Panel Data Analysis for the Emerging Asian Economies

In this paper, we explore the economic, institutional, and political/governmental factors in attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows in the emerging twenty-four Asian economies. To examine the significant determinants of FDI, the study uses panel data for a period of seventeen years (2002-2018). The panel methodology enables us to deal with endogeneity and other issues. Multiple regression models are done for empirical evidence. The study focuses on a holistic approach and considers different variables under three broad areas: economic, institutional, and political aspects. The variables include market size, trade openness, inflation, natural resources, lending rate, capital formation as economic factors, the Business Regulatory Environment and the Business Disclosure Index as institutional factors, and political stability, government effectiveness, and the rule of law as political factors. The empirical findings show most of the economic factors significantly affect FDI inflows, whereas Business Disclosure is the only important institutional variable. Moreover, political stability has a significant positive impact in attracting foreign capital flow, although the impact of government effectiveness is found insignificant. Overall, the economic factors prevail strongly compared to institutional and political factors.

Does SDG disclosure reflect corporate underlying sustainability performance? Evidence from UN Global Compact participants

AbstractThe 2030 United Nations (UN) Agenda for Sustainable Development has posed unprecedented challenges to businesses to integrate Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) concerns into their core operations and strategies and improve their transparency on SDG commitment toward investors and other stakeholders. However, prior studies have questioned the significance of firms' SDG disclosure practices, evidencing their inadequacy. Nevertheless, despite the burgeoning SDG disclosure literature, the extent to which SDG disclosure effectively reflects corporate sustainability performance is still unclear. Accordingly, using data from a large panel data set comprising 635 companies from 45 world countries and 8 industry sectors over the period 2016–2020, this study investigates the relationship between corporate environmental, social and governance (ESG) performance and sustainable development goals (SDGs) disclosure. Voluntary SDG disclosure has been measured using a disclosure index based on each company's response to the uniform and well‐designed communication on progress (CoP) questionnaire drafted annually by business participants in the United Nations Global Compact (UNGC). Several panel Tobit regressions have been estimated to examine whether the level of SDG disclosure retrieved from the CoPs reflects underlying corporate sustainability performance measured by total and individual ESG scores provided by the Refinitiv Eikon database. The study's findings provide robust empirical evidence that sustainability performance positively affects SDG disclosure, especially through environmental and social channels. Therefore, in line with the voluntary disclosure theory's arguments, this study highlights that superior sustainability performers provide more SDG disclosure to prove their high performance and distinguish themselves in the eyes of investors and other stakeholders.

Cyber Risk Management Disclosure of State-Owned Enterprises

Purpose:The purpose of this research is to compile a cyber risk management disclosure index of State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs). This index is used to provide an overview of the disclosures that are expected by the stakeholders which are disclosed in the annual report of SOEs. Disclosure of cyber risk management is important for a business entity to show that the entity has readiness in facing digital technology which is one of the keys to the company's success.Method:The research method used is mixed method. The type of data is primary data sourced from Forum Group Discussion (FGD) inviting SOE Directors, audit committees, investors, risk management practitioners, and academics on how important the cyber risk management disclosure items formulated earlier are. Thirty corporate and SOE practitioners have been interviewed and internal auditor practitioners in SOEs have been sources of validity. The steps in compiling the index are first collecting cyber risk management disclosure items from the previous research and looking at ISO 31000 provisions regarding risk management.Findings: The result of this study is the composition of the cyber risk management disclosure index as many as 18 (eighteen) items with weighting on each disclosure item.Novelty:The novelty of this study is the formulation of a cyber risk management measurement index which is very important in relation to risk management in a company. This research is important to be carried out as a formulation of indicators for cyber risk management management carried out by the company. Researchers anticipate that this cyber risk management disclosure index will help the government create disclosure items for cyber risk management and serve as a norm for disclosing SOE cyber risk management in its annual report.

Audit committee attributes, board of director’s independence and energy disclosure for environmental sustainability in Nigeria

Purpose This study aims to examine how audit committee (AC) attributes influence quality and quantity disclosure of energy consumed by the listed nonfinancial firms for the period of five years (2016–2020). The study aims at providing empirical evidence on how board of director’s independence influences the relationship between AC attributes and firms’ energy in achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs) on world climate policy. Design/methodology/approach The study obtained data from a sample of 83 listed nonfinancial firms, content analysis technique was used to compute energy disclosure indexes using global reporting initiative standards, while regression analysis was conducted to test the relationship among research variables. Findings The study revealed that AC independence, diversity and meetings were significantly related with energy disclosure. Also, the study found that other variables were insignificantly related with energy disclosure. Research limitations/implications The study is constrained for not considering all listed firms in the country. Furthermore, the study considered selected attributes, other important audit-committee size attributes such as audit-committee size, audit-committee size tenure could be study in by the future study. Practical implications The study’s findings would have practical implications for corporations and other business organizations seeking to actively involve the energy-related SDGs 7 and 13 in their business models and successfully communicate these efforts to stakeholders. Originality/value To the best of author’s knowledge, this is the first study that provides empirical evidence on the effect of AC attributes on the energy disclosure using effect of board independence as moderator in Nigeria.

THE INFLUENCE OF PROFITABILITY AND LEVERAGE ON CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

This research aims to empirically test and analyze the influence of profitability and leverage on corporate social responsibility. This research includes quantitative research. The research sample was 97 mining companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the period 2018 to 2022. The sampling technique used purposive sampling. Profitability is measured using Return on Assets (ROA), leverage is measured using the Debt to Equity Ratio (DER), and corporate social responsibility is measured using the corporate social responsibility disclosure index (CSRDI). The data used is company annual financial report data. The data analysis technique was carried out using multiple linear regression analysis and data processing via SPSS. The research results show that profitability has a significant positive effect on the company's corporate social responsibility. Leverage has also been proven to influence a company's corporate social responsibility. Companies that are able to generate profits (profits) and manage debt well will have an impact on the corporate social responsibility of mining companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange.

Determinants of the Related Party Disclosure Practice by Non-Financial Sectors in Bangladesh

This study attempts to find out the determinants that have significant impact on the extent of related party disclosure. Albeit, related party is one of the most important reasons for corporate scandals, very few researches have been conducted to find the determinants of related party disclosures particularly in developing countries’ perspectives. This motivated the authors to find the determinants of related party disclosures. For conducting this study, a disclosure index of 28 disclosure items has been prepared and the annual reports of 102 listed non-financial firms for the year 2019-2020 of Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) were scrutinized against this disclosure index. The findings show that the related party disclosure by the sample companies is on an average 37.36%, which indicates that the current scenario of related party disclosure is not satisfactory. The regression analysis was done to find the determinants of related party disclosures. The results show that the association between the extent of related party disclosure and Multinational Subsidiary is statistically significant. The Security Category has negative but significant impact on the extent of disclosure. The result of this study will add value to the existing literature by providing the empirical evidence of the determinants of related party disclosures from a developing country’s perspective. From practical point of view, the outcome of this paper will help the regulators like Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC) to form a frame of reference for the related party disclosures requirement. The results of this study will also help future accounting researchers to work on this area and the investors to make investment decision on the non-financial companies.

Duality of Interest Disclosures Index

Duality of Interest Disclosures Index

Role of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in the relationship between Green Accounting and Firm Value: Evidence from Indian Companies

This empirical research looks into how different factors including Green accounting, capital structure, and CSR influence Firm value. The research is quantitative in nature, drawing on data from 31 consumer durables companies listed on BSE. The analysis uses multiple regression technique. Additionally, the study uses a CSR disclosure index based on the Key Performance Indicators of the Global Reporting Initiative. This study found that Green Accounting and Capital Structure have effect on Firm Value, and that CSR can significantly moderate this relationship. The study's results shed new light on the complex interplay Green Accounting, financial flexibility, and firm value. It provides empirical data on the links between green accounting, capital structure, CSR, and firm. These results are useful for policymakers and managers who want to know how corporate social responsibility and environmental policies affect an organization's bottom line and its overall efficiency. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52783/tjjpt.v44.i4.807

Integrated reporting and investor returns of deposit money banks listed on the Nigerian exchange

The introduction of integrated reporting aims to solve the drawbacks of corporate reporting practices and make companies accountable to their immediate environment, including other stakeholders affected by company operations in generating returns to investors. This study investigated whether there is a statistically significant relationship between integrated reporting and investor returns. Ex post facto research design was used. Ten (10) Deposit Money Banks were sampled using a purposive sampling technique. Data were extracted from the annual reports of the selected banks, and the unweighted method of content analysis was used to extract integrated reporting data with the checklist from the International Integrated Reporting Framework (IIRF, 2021). The integrated reporting disclosure index was used as a proxy for integrated reporting. Proxies used for investor returns are the price-earnings ratio, dividend per share, and market price per share. The results indicate that the integrated reporting disclosure index is positively related with the price-earnings ratio, dividend per share and market price per share, with coefficients of 56.3403, 1.5240 and 16.6122, respectively, for the three (3) models. This implies that an increase in practicing integrated reporting will increase market price per share, dividend per share and price-earnings ratio. Likewise, the integrated reporting disclosure index has a significant effect on dividend per share and price-earnings ratio with p-values 0.000 and 0.001, respectively. However, the disclosure index has an insignificant effect on market price per share, with a p-value 0.184. This study concluded there is a statistically significant relationship between integrated reporting and investor returns. AcknowledgmentContributions of people who add to the success of this research are hereby recognized. Thanks for your contributions.