Disclosure Event Research Articles

Experiences of Caregivers in Disclosing HIV Status to Children Infected with HIV in Mopani District, South Africa

Background Caregivers are confronted with difficulties in determining the ideal period to initiate HIV disclosure to the child infected with HIV. Moreover, caregivers are uncertain about how to facilitate the HIV disclosure process, and opportunities to start the discussion are frequently missed until a later stage. Caregivers often fear that the child will be affected psychologically and have poor cognitive ability to comprehend the nature of the illness. Objective The objective of the study is to explore and describe the experiences of primary caregivers regarding HIV disclosure to children infected with HIV. Methods A qualitative, explorative, and descriptive study was conducted at 4 selected ART facilities in the Mopani district. Where face-to-face semi-structured interviews were conducted until data saturation with 16 primary caregivers. Data was analysed and coded using the ATLAS.ti 9 program, according to the thematic method of analysis. Results Analysis of data identified three main themes that described the experience of caregivers regarding HIV disclosure in children, which are cues to disclose HIV status to children, experiences of the event of HIV status disclosure to children, and caregiver’s experiences of healthcare providers’ role in HIV disclosure process. Conclusion Caregivers revealed that they initiated the HIV disclosure process to the children because of their personal and child-related factors. However, they perceived HIV disclosure as a difficult process to initiate, because of lack of skills, knowledge, and support from healthcare providers. Caregivers perceived children as too young to receive HIV disclosure information and they feared that the child would react negatively.

Seemingly manipulated anomaly: Evidence from corporate site visits

We find that the stock prices of some firms are suspected to be manipulated by the market in the CSV disclosure event scenario. An anomaly in the daily cumulative abnormal returns (CARs) of these “suspicious” CSVs is documented. Around the suspicious CSVs, the CAR trending upward (downward) one month before the event day, temporarily declining (increasing) on the event day, and then trending upward (downward) one year after the event day. We refer to this seemingly manipulated anomaly as the CSV manipulative effect. Based on a unique data set of CSVs to listed firms in China, we obtain the following main findings. First, the CSV manipulative effect is not caused by other company announcements disclosed around the CSV event date, and the probability of manipulative effect brought by CSVs is significantly greater than that brought by other company announcements. Second, factors related to market manipulation significantly affect the CSV manipulative effect. Third, we construct a machine learning model to detect the CSV manipulative effect and find that it is capable of detecting this effect. Fourth, the portfolio constructed by the CSV manipulative effect performs better than the portfolio constructed by the momentum or reversal effect.

Disclosure Events and Psychosocial Well-Being Among Young South African Adults Living with HIV.

Poor psychological well-being is both prevalent among South Africans living with HIV and has been associated with poor HIV clinical outcomes. However, the relationship between disclosure and psychological well-being remains unclear. This analysis sought to examine the relationship between two disclosure-related variables, disclosure status and reaction received, and psychosocial well-being among a sample of young adults living with HIV (YALWH) in urban South Africa. This was a secondary analysis using observational data from Standing Tall, a randomized controlled trial that recruited 100 participants ages 18-24 who tested positive for HIV after initially presenting to two well-established mobile clinics for HIV testing. Interviews investigating primary and secondary outcomes of interest were done at baseline and 6 months following recruitment. About half (51%) of participants disclosed their HIV status within 6 months after recruitment. Simple linear regression analyses revealed that disclosure of HIV status within 6 months after study enrollment predicted significantly lower levels of disclosure concerns and internalized stigma (p < 0.05). Reactions to disclosure were not significantly associated with any of the measures of psychosocial well-being considered in this analysis (p > 0.05). The results suggest that the act of disclosure among newly diagnosed YALWH may be associated with reductions in internalized stigma. In addition, the finding that the act of disclosure may be a more important determinant of psychosocial well-being than the reaction to disclosure has important implications for interventions designed to promote disclosure and psychosocial well-being in YALWH.

Placebo in the random walk of stock price: Momentum effect of corporate site visits

Using a unique database of corporate site visits (CSVs) to listed firms in China, we document the daily cumulative abnormal returns (CARs) around site visit events. Based on the performance of CARs before CSVs, we construct a CSV-momentum strategy that involves buying stocks with past winning CSVs and selling stocks with past losing CSVs. We find that the CSV-momentum strategy can generate significant CARs. Furthermore, we propose an explanation of momentum based on the random walk of stock prices over time. The results indicate that the placebo effect of CSVs reduces the accumulated uncertainty in the random walk of stock prices, providing a proper explanation for the momentum effect. In comparison to previous research, our study expands on prior work on CSVs and momentum effects. Moreover, we offer an innovative explanation of momentum formation from the perspective of an information placebo, providing valuable insights for investors into firm-specific information disclosure events.

COVID-19 Event Extraction from Twitter via Extractive Question Answering with Continuous Prompts.

As COVID-19 ravages the world, social media analytics could augment traditional surveys in assessing how the pandemic evolves and capturing consumer chatter that could help healthcare agencies in addressing it. This typically involves mining disclosure events that mention testing positive for the disease or discussions surrounding perceptions and beliefs in preventative or treatment options. The 2020 shared task on COVID-19 event extraction (conducted as part of the W-NUT workshop during the EMNLP conference) introduced a new Twitter dataset for benchmarking event extraction from COVID-19 tweets. In this paper, we cast the problem of event extraction as extractive question answering using recent advances in continuous prompting in language models. On the shared task test dataset, our approach leads to over 5% absolute micro-averaged F1-score improvement over prior best results, across all COVID-19 event slots. Our ablation study shows that continuous prompts have a major impact on the eventual performance.

Views of adolescents living with perinatally acquired HIV on HIV status disclosure in Eswatini

ABSTRACT HIV is recognised as a multifaceted chronic disease, bearing psychosocial consequences that potentially impact on the personal and social well-being of those living with it. Adolescents and youth bear a significant proportion of the burden of the HIV epidemic but they have low rates of disclosure of their HIV status. This study aims to determine the views of adolescents living with perinatally acquired HIV on HIV status disclosure among 361 adolescents aged 15–19 in Eswatini. A cross-sectional study was conducted on adolescents who already knew their status, and data were collected using a structured questionnaire. A majority of the participants, 55% (n = 200), were females, and 44% (n = 160) were males. A low number of adolescents (22%) had disclosed their HIV status to anyone. Adolescents who found it difficult to understand disclosure themselves had low levels of onward disclosure (27%) compared to adolescents who better understood the disclosure event. Our results revealed that adolescents’ prevalence of HIV status disclosure was low. This raises concerns as some of the adolescents were in relationships with partners who were not aware of their status. However, older adolescents displayed some level of disclosure self-efficacy in that a higher proportion of them disclosed better than younger adolescents.

The Impact of Climate Information Disclosure on Audit Fees: A Study Based on Principal Component Analysis

To investigate the influence of corporate climate information disclosure on audit fees, this study examines the period from 2012 to 2021, focusing on companies listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges. The research is based on the quasi-natural experiment of the ESG rating disclosure event by SynTao Green Finance in 2015. Firstly, using principal component analysis and a multi-period difference-in-differences model, the study determines the impact of climate information disclosure on audit fees. Robustness tests are conducted using trimming procedures and placebo experiments, which confirm the initial findings. Secondly, building on the previous analysis, the study explores the interaction effects of analyst forecast deviation and the presence of the Big Four audit firms on the relationship between ESG ratings and audit fees. Finally, the research concludes that the disclosure of climate risk information reduces audit fees by mitigating information risk and operational risk for companies. Moreover, this negative impact of climate risk disclosure on audit fees is more pronounced when analyst forecasts are more accurate or when the auditing firm belongs to the "Big Four" group.

Vigilance and habituation: Polymorphic experience effects in internet users' privacy disclosure decisions

Internet users frequently encounter diverse data requests, and their privacy disclosure decisions have attracted massive practical and scholarly attention. Nevertheless, how the accumulation of users' disclosure-related experiences influences their future privacy disclosure decisions is still under-explored. In this paper, we theoretically derive and examine the impacts of two types of disclosure-related experiences—privacy disclosure and privacy invasion experiences. These experiences respectively represent user experiences in the participation and feedback stages of privacy disclosure events. We draw on the systematic-heuristic model of information processing and the privacy calculus model to raise the core speculation that users' disclosure-related experiences exert multiple forms of effects on their privacy disclosure decisions through multiple theoretical routes (i.e., polymorphic experience effects). To test this speculation, we conducted two online survey studies (N = 485, N = 324) and yielded three major findings: (1) users' privacy disclosure experiences can promote their information disclosure intentions through direct and mediation routes (i.e., habituation effects); (2) users' privacy invasion experiences can deter their information disclosure intentions through mediation and moderation routes, yet the latter varied across the investigated contexts (i.e., vigilance effects); (3) the moderating role of privacy disclosure experiences and the directly influencing role of privacy invasion experiences were largely insignificant. Our research reveals the polymorphic impacts of disclosure-related experiences on Internet users' privacy disclosure decisions and lays the foundation for future theoretical and practical work.

Antecedent goals for concealable stigma disclosure: The ironic effects of compassion

AbstractDisclosure of a concealable stigmatized identity is perhaps one of the most difficult obstacles facing individuals who live with “discreditable” attributes. Although previous research suggests that antecedent goals, or the reasons why individuals disclose their stigma to others, have a fundamental influence on disclosure events and their subsequent outcomes, much of this work has focused on the perspective of the discloser, with little attention paid to the perspective of the confidant. The current experiment used the Actor‐Partner Interdependence Model to test the hypothesis that more salient compassionate, as opposed to self‐image‐focused, goals would be associated with more positive disclosure experiences, for both dyad members, as reflected in their self‐reports of improved affect, greater interpersonal closeness, reduced anticipated stigma, bolstered social support, and increased trust. Results indicated that, although focusing on compassionate goals during disclosure can foster feelings of interpersonal closeness and perceived trust, prioritizing the needs of one's confidant in conjunction with one's own needs may, at times, have ironic negative effects, including diminished positive affect. Overall, findings highlight the continued need to examine reciprocal influence processes in interpersonal disclosure contexts to better understand when, why, and for whom revealing a concealable stigma will yield benefit, rather than harm.

Desires for Individual- and Interpersonal-Level Patient Portal Use for HIV Prevention Among Urban Sexual Minority Men: Cross-sectional Study.

Gay, bisexual, and other sexual minority men have expressed the acceptability of patient portals as tools for supporting HIV prevention behaviors, including facilitating disclosure of HIV and other sexually transmitted infection (STI/HIV) laboratory test results to sex partners. However, these studies, in which Black or African American sexual minority men were undersampled, failed to determine the relationship of reported history of discussing HIV results with sex partners and anticipated willingness to disclose web-based STI/HIV test results using a patient portal. Among a sample of predominantly Black sexual minority men, this study aimed to (1) determine preferences for patient portal use for HIV prevention and (2) test the associations between reported history of discussing HIV results and anticipated willingness to disclose web-based STI/HIV test results with most recent main and nonmain partners using patient portals. Data come from audio-computer self-assisted interview survey data collected during the 3-month visit of a longitudinal cohort study. Univariate analysis assessed patient portal preferences by measuring the valuation rankings of several portal features. Multiple Poisson regression models with robust error variance determined the associations between history of discussing HIV results and willingness to disclose those results using web-based portals by partner type, and to examine criterion validity of the enhancing dyadic communication (EDC) scale to anticipated willingness. Of the 245 participants, 71% (n=174) were Black and 22% (n=53) were White. Most participants indicated a willingness to share web-based STI/HIV test results with their most recent main partner. Slightly fewer, nonetheless a majority, indicated a willingness to share web-based test results with their most recent nonmain partner. All but 2 patient portal features were valued as high or moderately high priority by >80% of participants. Specifically, tools to help manage HIV (n=183, 75%) and information about pre- and postexposure prophylaxis (both 71%, n=173 and n=175, respectively) were the top-valuated features to include in patient portals for HIV prevention. Discussing HIV test results was significantly associated with increased prevalence of willingness to disclose web-based test results with main (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] 1.46, 95% CI 1.21-1.75) and nonmain partners (aPR 1.54, 95% CI 1.23-1.93). Our findings indicate what features Black sexual minority men envision may be included in the patient portal's design to optimize HIV prevention, further supporting the criterion validity of the EDC scale. Efforts should be made to support Black sexual minority men's willingness to disclose STI/HIV testing history and status with partners overall as it is associated significantly with a willingness to disclose testing results digitally via patient portals. Future studies should consider discussion behaviors regarding past HIV test results with partners when tailoring interventions that leverage patient portals in disclosure events.

Revamped Dual-key Stealth Address Protocol for IoT Using Encryption and Decentralized Storage

Blockchain technology unarguably has over a decade gained widespread attention owing to its often-tagged disruptive nature and remarkable features of decentralization, immutability and transparency among others. However, the technology comes bundled with challenges. At center-stage of these challenges is privacy-preservation which has massively been researched with diverse solutions proposed geared towards privacy protection for transaction initiators, recipients and transaction data. Dual-key stealth address protocol for IoT (DkSAP-IoT) is one of such solutions aimed at privacy protection for transaction recipients. Induced by the need to reuse locally stored data, the current implementation of DkSAP-IoT is deficient in the realms of data confidentiality, integrity and availability consequently defeating the core essence of the protocol in the event of unauthorized access, disclosure or data tampering emanating from a hack and theft or loss of the device. Data unavailability and other security-related data breaches in effect render the existing protocol inoperable. In this paper, we propose and implement solutions to augment data confidentiality, integrity and availability in DkSAP-IoT in accordance with the tenets of information security using symmetric encryption and data storage leveraging decentralized storage architecture consequently providing data integrity. Experimental results show that our solution provides content confidentiality consequently strengthening privacy owing to the encryption utilized. We make the full code of our solution publicly available on GitHub.

"I know why I am taking this pill": Young women navigation of disclosure and support for PrEP uptake and adherence in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa.

There is limited understanding of the dynamic interplay between adolescent girl's and young women's (AGYW) disclosure and social support for using oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and adherence. Towards this, we conducted interviews with 42 AGYW enrolled in The Community PrEP Study who exhibited either high or low blood concentrations of tenofovir-diphosphate (TFV-DP) in dried blood spots. Guided by Theories of Practice, interviews and analysis focused on AGYW perspectives and experiences with PrEP disclosure, support and adherence. AGYW with high TFV-DP blood concentrations described larger social support networks and disclosure events. In contrast, those with low TFV-DP blood concentrations described disclosing to fewer people, resulting in limited social support. Participants discussed partner support, however, this support was not described as consequential to adherence, irrespective of TFV-DP levels. Those with high levels of TFV-DP in their blood described the ability to navigate social scrutiny and changes in social support, while those with low levels of TFV-DP in their blood were more likely to question their own continued use of PrEP. To facilitate AGYW's prevention-effective use of PrEP, expanded skill-building for disclosure and resiliency against changes to social support should be examined as part of PrEP services.

Parent Reactions to Sexual and Gender Identity Disclosure Events in the Deep South

Parental reactions to sexual and gender identity disclosures are known to be related to queer children and adolescents’ mental health and psychosocial adjustment. An improved understanding of how and why parents react how they do, in conjunction with their perceptions of how the coming out process unfolded can inform our understanding of how a young person’s coming out is experienced by parents in the broader context of the family. A clearer understanding is especially important for families located in historically sociopolitically conservative geographic areas because these parents might be at highest risk for a maladaptive reactions to coming out, subjected to homophobic legislation and cultural pressures, and because families from these areas are less represented in the literature. In the current qualitative study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with parents of queer children and adolescents living in the Deep South. Results illuminate a highly heterogenious experience and provide an initial roadmap, via the articulation of a conceptual model, to guide further research with families in this context.

Mechanism of Platform Interaction on Social Media Users’ Intention to Disclose Privacy: A Case Study of Tiktok APP

Interaction is the main feature of social media, while in recent years, frequent privacy disclosure events of the social media user affect users’ privacy disclosure behavior. In this paper, we explore the mechanism of interaction characteristics by social media apps on users’ privacy disclosure behavior. Using SOR theoretical models and the privacy calculus theory, the effects of privacy disclosures on TikTok are examined. Structural equation modeling is used to analyze the data from 326 questionnaires. We concluded that human–computer interaction (perceived personalization, perceived control) and interpersonal interaction (perceived similarity) positively and negatively affected perceived benefits and perceived risks, respectively, and had positive effects on intention to disclose privacy through perceived benefits and perceived risks, respectively, except that perceived personalization had no effect on perceived risk and intention to disclose privacy. In addition, perceived benefits and perceived risks played an intermediary role in interactivity and privacy disclosure intention. Finally, we provided countermeasures and suggestions for social media operators and policy makers.

Disclosure Committees: Implications for Disclosure Quality and Timeliness

ABSTRACT To help companies comply with the certification requirements under Section 302 of SOX, the SEC recommends issuers form a disclosure committee. In this study, we examine the effects of disclosure committees on disclosure quality and timeliness. We find that the presence of disclosure committees is associated with higher quality and more timely corporate disclosure. In addition, we provide evidence that the benefits of disclosure committees on disclosure quality are greater if membership detail is publicly revealed and that benefits of the committee may be greatest for firms that experience a negative disclosure event. Lastly, we provide evidence that disclosure committees are associated with higher quality earnings announcements and lower likelihood of receiving a severe SEC comment letter. Collectively these results suggest disclosure committees are not merely ‘window dressing’, a conclusion with implications for practitioners, regulators, and academics interested in improving corporate disclosure practices.

Effect Analysis of Carbon Information on Enterprise Value Based on Big Data

An effect analysis approach of carbon information on enterprise value based on big data is proposed. This study first systematically expounds on the sources of research data and data collection methods and then comprehensively analyzes corporate carbon information disclosure status and characteristics. It also conducts an empirical study on the short-term impact of carbon information disclosure on corporate value creation and draws the following conclusions. Industry classification has an important impact on corporate carbon information disclosure in terms of the status and characteristics of corporate carbon information disclosure. Except for the financial and insurance industry, the average amount of carbon information disclosure in susceptible sectors such as the extractive industry and construction industry is relatively high. In terms of carbon information disclosure content, the carbon information disclosed by enterprises is mainly related to low-carbon technology and low-carbon product plans. Through empirical analysis of the impact of carbon information disclosure on short-term stock market performance and investor returns, it is found that the trading volume and value of stocks in the 5 trading days after the information event were higher than those in the previous 5 trading days. Still, the increase in the overall stock market value was not significant. This shows that the occurrence of carbon information disclosure events can improve the liquidity and trading activity of the stock market, trigger the stock market’s market response to carbon information disclosure, and enable investors to obtain more abnormal returns among short-term investors. It has a certain impact on short-term enterprise value creation.

Embodiment of concealable stigma disclosure through dynamics of movement and language

A concealable stigmatised identity (CSI) is any identity that can be hidden but, if revealed, can be potentially socially devaluing (e.g., sexual minority). Those living with a CSI have opportunities to disclose their identities to friends and family members or within professional contexts. According to the disclosure processes model, people adopt either approach-oriented or avoidance-oriented goals when self disclosing. The current study sought to identify how antecedent goals and relationship context are embodied in the dynamics of unintentional behaviours during disclosure. Participants simulated a disclosure event to both close other and professional other targets and were primed with either approach or avoidance-motivations. Postural activity and language were analysed using detrended fluctuation analysis and recurrence quantification analysis. Results revealed that the movement dynamics of participants who were motivated by approach goals exhibited more complex and flexible behaviour compared to those who were motivated by avoidance goals. In addition, there was more recurrent word use towards close others compared to professional others. These results support the supposition of the disclosure processes model that approach-avoidance motivation impacts behaviour and sheds light on the functional differences between relationship contexts on a CSI disclosure experience.

Measuring the Information Content of Disclosures: The Role of Return Noise

ABSTRACTDisclosure is of fundamental interest to accounting research. When the sign/magnitude of disclosed news is unclear, the information in disclosure events is inferred using the ratio of return volatilities during event and non-event windows (Beaver 1968). We show that return noise due to microstructure frictions and mispricing affects this ratio, and that effect is comparable to or exceeds that of information content. We use the SEC's Tick Size Pilot program to confirm the causal effect of return noise on the ratio, and to evaluate alternative ways to control for it. The most promising approach is to use the difference between, rather than the ratio of, return volatilities during event and non-event windows. We illustrate its benefits by showing how it alters prior inferences regarding time-series and cross-sectional variation in information content as well as changes in the information content of earnings announcements around the 2004 amendments to Form 8-K filings.

Disclosure dilemmas: how people with a mental health condition perceive and manage disclosure at work

Purpose Little research has explored the process of disclosure decision-making from antecedents to outcomes. This paper presents a model of decision-making about disclosure of a mental health condition to the immediate supervisor in the workplace shortly after starting a new job. Methods A qualitative descriptive design was employed to explore participants’ experiences of the disclosure decision-making process, the disclosure event itself (if applicable), and their perceptions of the impact of the decision on personal, interpersonal, and organizational outcomes. The transcripts were coded and analyzed using directed content analysis. Results Twenty-eight participants were purposively selected to represent different disclosure decisions, sex, diagnoses, and maintenance of employment. Analysis identified goals and conditions/context were important antecedents for the disclosure decision. All participants discussed concerns about prejudice and discrimination if they disclosed, and, for those who chose to disclose, high stress and anxiety were described during the disclosure event; however, supervisor reactions were generally described as positive. Conclusions Regardless of the disclosure strategy adopted, participants reported that their disclosure decision helped to support their self-acceptance and recovery. For those who disclosed, most perceived a positive response by their supervisor. However, the pervasive concerns of prejudice indicate there is still much work to be done. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION Decision-making about disclosure of a mental health condition to the immediate supervisor in the workplace is a complex process. Disclosure goals, the relationship with the supervisor and the workplace context are important antecedents to the disclosure decision. Careful consideration should be given to the planning of disclosure, particularly related to what information will be shared, how it will be shared, and an appropriate level of emotional content to enhance the likelihood of a positive response from the supervisor. Disclosure planning should take the supervisor’s style and organizational norms into account.

Current problems of employee labor liability for disclosure of trade secrets

The article addresses the problems associated with the disclosure by the employee of information related to trade secrets. It was established that Russian law does not adequately protect rights in the event of disclosure of trade secrets by an employee. It was concluded that it is possible to use the experience of individual foreign countries in reforming Russian labor legislation regarding the issue under study.