Awareness Of Disclosure Research Articles

Mitigating product placement effects induced by repeated exposure: Testing the effects of existing textual disclosures in children’s movies on disclosure awareness

Abstract In certain cases, children can react strongly in favor of product placements inserted in movies. Scholars therefore argue that existing disclosures might be one strategy in protecting children from any negative effects. However, disclosure research indicates that viewers should both notice disclosures and, in cases of textual cues, read them. We conducted an experiment with 139 children (Mage = 8.46; SD = 1.12; girls = 53.2 %) and tested the influence of textual disclosure format on disclosure awareness as well as brand-related effects. When comparing with no disclosure, results showed that exposure to an existing textual disclosure positively affects disclosure awareness while exposure to an expanded version of it (i.e., by using more textual elements) did not. Further analyses revealed that prior movie exposure positively affected brand evaluation. However, disclosure awareness reversed this effect. We conclude that children appear to be socialized with the existing textual disclosure and that disclosure awareness might be of importance in shielding children against persuasive influence.

Challenges and prospects in waqf reporting practices in Malaysia

PurposeThis study aims to explain the justification behind the current weak waqf reporting practices in waqf institutions in Malaysia and also investigates the factors affecting the good waqf reporting practices.Design/methodology/approachA series of interviews with four waqf officers who are involved with waqf reporting process from four different waqf institutions in Malaysia were conducted.FindingsThe findings show a number of reasons for the current weak waqf reporting practices including the absence of standardised waqf reporting standards, no reporting or disclosure awareness by the waqf management, limited reporting channels from the state authorities to the national authorities, diversification in the governance structure and reluctance of waqf administration to disclose waqf reporting. The findings also identified several factors contributing to good waqf reporting practices. This includes leadership, good cultural setting within the institution, political will as a push factor, limited qualified personnel as well as sustainability issues and finally, the visibility of the waqf report itself.Practical implicationsThe study findings and recommendations are useful for the State Islamic Religious Councils and waqf institutions in Malaysia to enhance the waqf reporting practices in Malaysia.Originality/valueThis study is among the few studies that identify the reasons and factors affecting the good waqf reporting practices in Malaysia.

Deception in disclosing one's sexual history: Safe‐sex avoidance or ignorance?

This study explores the dialectical tension in the development of a close relationship between practicing safe sex and preserving the relationship. Engaging in safe sex is a goal for many relational partners, but being open and honest about one's sexual history may harm a developing relationship, making both men and women reluctant to discuss their sexual experiences with potential lovers. A discrepancy in previous research concerning whether college students actually know that disclosure is a safe‐sex practice has led to the exploration of three research questions: (a) are college students aware that disclosing one's sexual history is a safe‐sex practice; (b) are college students truthful in disclosing their own sexual history; and (c) what is the relationship between college students’ awareness of disclosure as a safe‐sex practice and their truthfulness concerning their own sexual history disclosure? Results obtained from 364 undergraduate college students indicated that the vast majority of students (99.7%) felt knowledgeable about safe‐sex activities, but over 40% did not know that disclosing one's sexual history was considered a safe‐sex practice. Moreover, one‐third of the sexually active students have avoided this type of disclosure with at least one partner prior to becoming sexually involved, and at least one‐fifth of the sexually active students have intentionally misrepresented their sexual history to their sexual partners. In addition, those respondents who believed disclosure of their sexual history is a requirement before becoming sexually intimate were less likely to alter their sexual history to their partners. Suggestions are offered regarding how the emphasis for future health campaigns should concern relational as well as educational objectives.