Discipline In China Research Articles

Philosophy of Sports in China: An Overview of Its History and Academic Research

ABSTRACT The philosophy of sports is a relatively young discipline in China which we argue, can be divided into four stages of development over the past four decades. This paper attempts to map the history of this development and provide an indication of how Chinese sport philosophy has contributed to the global development of research in this area. Stage one (1980–1985) focused primarily on ontological issues such as the nature of sport philosophy and the definition of ‘体育’ (Chinese pinyin ‘tiyu’, a term refering to sports, physical education and other physical activities). Stage two (1986–1996) saw an expansion of research and publications in sport philosophy that encompassed a variety of topic areas, including ethics and aesthetics. Scholars also began to introduce foreign works into their own research as well as turning to the traditional Chinese bodies of thought such as, Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism, to explore philosophical issues in sport. The third stage was a period of relative stagnation (1997–2003) until Chinese sport philosophy expanded steadily, arguably thanks to the awarding of 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. Over the past 15 years (the fourth stage), Chinese sport philosophy has made further contributions in ontological, ethical and aesthetic study of sports, which is shown in the increasing number of new doctoral dissertations, books and journal papers published. However, it still faces challenges. In recent years, there have been fewer conferences or symposiums on sport philosophy which has led to a decline in academic exchanges, resulting in a divided focus of resources rather than progression within a common community of academic interests. For this to be rectified, there needs to be greater opportunities for academic exchange and dialogue as well as the creation of professional associations and journals for Chinese sport philosophy.

RETRACTED: The application of multimedia technology in physical education

With the development and progress of the times, multimedia technology covers all aspects of our production and life, especially in the education and teaching reform of our country, which has made outstanding contributions. This paper expounds the feasibility of multimedia teaching in primary and secondary school physical education from three aspects: the role of multimedia technology in primary and secondary school physical education, the precautions of using multimedia technology and how to promote the relationship between teachers and students. This paper studies the application of new media technology in Physical Education in the new era, finds out various problems in the process of developing countries, and finds out several strategies according to the problems, hoping to improve the level of physical education in China, so that the physical education discipline in China can get a good development.

Engineering thermophysics and sustainable energy development

Fossil energy supports the development of human society but is facing depletion because of industrialization. In order to solve the formidable problem in compatibility and coordination between energy utilization and the environment and accelerate the development of sustainable energy, it is pressing to realize the transition from fossil to sustainable energy as soon as possible to solve common challenges in human development. Energy technology revolution will bring new opportunities and challenges in the development of the engineering thermophysics discipline. According to urgent needs for energy, power and environmental issues and new progress in discipline development, the Chinese Society of Engineering Thermophysics is aiming for constructing a sustainable energy system and carrying out strategic research on the development of an energy paradigm and frontier growth point of the engineering thermophysics discipline in China. The new integrated development paradigm of energy, resources, and environment provides a promising support for the realization of a sustainable energy strategy. Key objectives of the new development paradigm is to open up new channels of sustainable energy, carry out an energy diversification strategy, and try to solve the formidable problems in compatibility and coordination between energy utilization and the environment, including clean utilization of traditional fossil energy sources, development of green energy, and integration of energy resources into the environment. Important research directions for future development in the engineering thermophysics discipline include: thermophysical properties of an environment friendly working medium; modern analysis methods for new energy sources; combustion under extreme conditions; theories and methods for efficient, clean, and low carbon conversion of fuels; efficient conversion and utilization of solar energy; regional, intelligent, and diversified utilization of wind energy; new methods and mechanisms for efficient and low-cost utilization of biomass; comprehensive cascade utilization of chemical and physical energy sources of fuels; distributed energy system with multiple energy source complementation and its optimization integration theory; energy consumption minimization principle on CO2 capture based on comprehensive cascade utilization of energy; and novel high-efficiency energy storage method based on entropy principle.

Discipline Planning Of the Modern Glass Art

The main purpose of establishing the glass art discipline in colleges and universities is to further promote the long-term development of the glass art discipline in China, and develop more talents in this field to meet the demand of social development. Nowadays, as the promotion and popularization of glass teaching subjects, the whole level of glass art teaching has also been effectively enhanced, the abundant rich ethnic culture it contains supplies more nutrition and inspiration to the explorers. Based on this, this paper makes analysis on the planning of modern glass art for reference.

Foreign ink: student mobility, overseas training and Chinese geography, 1912–1952

During China’s Republican period Chinese students, supported by public and private scholarships, gathered at the University of Liverpool and Clark University for geographical training. Upon their return these students revolutionized traditional Chinese geography with the introduction of regional geography and fieldwork. The returning students and ‘native geographers’ – who had very limited professional overseas training – split into factions that competed for control of the Geographic Society of China and other resources. However, the Chinese Communist regime’s programme of thought reform changed the trajectory of these returning geographers, resulting in the decline of human geography and the rise of historical geography. The story of these returning Chinese students is valuable for understanding the modernization of geography as a discipline in China and academic mobility as both an intellectual venture and a lived experience.

Research on the Current Situation and Countermeasures of Sports Engineering for Colleges and Universities in China

The construction and development of sports engineering subject is based on its special subject knowledge system and structure. Based on the analysis of the research field of sports engineering, this paper analyzes and constructs the knowledge system of sports engineering from many aspects of basic theory, such as methodology, engineering application and technical system. The discipline construction of sports engineering is a process of continuous improvement from knowledge to organization. The three main factors affecting its development are discipline knowledge, discipline organization and discipline soft, hard environment. Taking these three factors as the first level indicators and combining with the characteristics of the development of sports engineering discipline in China’s universities, this study designs an indicator system for the feasibility evaluation of the construction of sports engineering discipline in universities, and puts forward countermeasures and suggestions for the development of sports engineering discipline in China.

Mapping disciplinary differences of knowledge production and collaboration networks in China

ABSTRACT The knowledge economy – defined here as production and services based on knowledge intensive activities – is widely recognized to have accelerated knowledge production and spillovers through a deepening of collaborative networks that can extend over extensive geographical distances. However, limited by data availability, the geography of China’s knowledge production and collaborative networks, segmented by different disciplines, has been little studied in economic geography or innovation studies. This paper draws on data on academic publications that were extracted from the China Academic Journal Network Publishing Database (CAJD) in order to construct knowledge production and collaboration networks for different disciplines in China. The results depict a series of maps that show that: (1) the ‘hard’ sciences (natural sciences and engineering) outperform much more than the ‘soft’ sciences (humanities and social sciences) both in article number and collaboration strength; and (2) large metropolises have overwhelming advantages in the terms of both paper production and the collaboration strength for all disciplines, despite varying among different disciplines. These uneven geographical patterns can be partially attributed to a high concentration of scientific resources in a few large cities, which was inherited from the Maoist period.

Linking spatial differentiation with sustainability management: Academic contributions and research directions of physical geography in China

Physical geography focuses on the Earth surface system and is dedicated to revealing how people affect the environment and how the environment reacts to people. Based on its characteristic spatial cognitive perspective, the inductive–deductive combined approach, and the comprehensive research paradigm that integrates multiple elements, processes, and scales, physical geography always provides an important scientific basis for understanding human–nature interactions and solving sustainable development issues in different eras. Putting theory into practice, physical geography plays a pivotal role in realizing the UN Sustainable Development Goals and China’s goal of ecological civilization. At present, China is in a stage of rapid socio-economic development and global conditions are changing more quickly than ever. Based on its disciplinary characteristics and traditional advantages, physical geography in China should always develop around social needs and play an increasing role in resource- and environment-related policies and outreach. Future development of physical geography as a discipline in China is expected, taking spatial cognition as the basic perspective and human–nature interaction as the core content, along with the combination of deductive and inductive approaches and the strengthening of interregional integration, all under the goal of sustainability. Considering the shared environmental challenges and the complexity of interconnections between countries in the context of globalization, the academic exploration and practice of physical geography in China have been providing scientific support for the sustainable development of China and beyond.

Applied Participatory Learning for Teaching Professional English to Students Majoring in Nuclear Disciplines in China

Introduction. This article deals with design and development of participatory learning. Three different perspectives: literature review, students’ feedback and teachers’ feedback were analyzed. The relevance of this study is determined by the apparent improvement of students’ proficiency of English, deeper knowledge about their profession and higher self-confidence in and after classes. The purpose of this article is to use participatory learning methods to build a new and more effective educational process for professional English teaching. Materials and Methods. Our research implemented the principle of participatory learning to improve the students’ communicative ability of English. Visual aids were applied to enrich teaching methods and open classroom setting was adopted to upgrade the learning atmosphere. Group learning mode was to cultivate students’ ability of communication and cooperation. Theme-based teaching setting was carried out to encourage students’ self-study ability, knowledge summary ability and creativity. Questionnaires, interview and peer observation were used. The objectives of the experiment were 50 third-year students majoring in radiation protection and nuclear safety at Chengdu University o f Technology. Results. Survey results reflect different aspects of students’ perception of the new settings, encountered difficulties in learning and new challenges for teachers. The positive feedbacks to the experiment were received from peer teachers. It is found that students of PLA group were more active, better performed in courses, and had an average increase of 8.18 points (total 100 points) in exams. Discussion and Conclusion. Our results and discussions lie in the smart connection between nuclear studies and English learning, and are based on varied qualitative research methods to verify the effectiveness of participatory learning. Through the analysis of the results, it can be seen that participatory learning has changed the traditional teaching mode to a certain extent and the nuclear major students were more effectively engaged in the professional English classes. It is, therefore, recommended to apply the research results to engineering related ESP practices at universities and colleges in China or in other culture.

Introduction

Introduction Benjamin Tze Ern Ho (bio) Of late, Chinese scholars have argued for the need to incorporate traditional Chinese ideas into mainstream international relations (IR) theory, which is seen as privileging a Western-centric reading of international affairs. Given the global prominence of China, it behooves scholars and policymakers alike to consider how these ideas are being translated into contemporary Chinese conceptions of international order and influencing China's foreign policy practices. The four essays in this roundtable attempt to do just that. First, Feng Zhang adopts a historical perspective on the study of China's engagement with the international order and examines the implications of the Xi Jinping doctrine for the country's foreign policy. Second, Xiaoyu Pu discusses China's policies and actions in the Indo-Pacific, including its strategic calculations, its perceptions of the U.S. role in the region, and the sources of rising tensions between the United States and China. Using a "status dilemma" framework, Pu argues that Sino-U.S. competition is fueled by concerns in the United States and China that the other side seeks domination and regional hegemony, respectively. Third, Beverley Loke analyzes Chinese and U.S. discourses of great-power management. She examines how each country sees itself as a responsible stakeholder and assesses their respective approaches to a "new model of great-power relations." Finally, Catherine Jones argues that, despite the use of grand political slogans, Beijing's foreign policy practices reflect more modest objectives, not unlike the behavioral strategies of middle powers. Taken together, these essays provide important analytical insights for better understanding China's foreign policy actions and the extent to which Chinese ideas concerning international affairs are playing out in practice. The rest of this introduction provides a brief sketch of Chinese thinking about international relations in light of China's rise and its importance for our understanding of Chinese political worldviews. [End Page 2] China's prominence in international relations has emboldened Chinese IR scholars in recent years to advocate a "Chinese way" of thinking about international relations and incorporate traditional Chinese ideas into mainstream IR scholarship. Qin Yaqing, the president of the China Foreign Affairs University, observes that efforts to develop Chinese IR theory have gathered momentum since the start of the 21st century, given China's growing economic strength and international influence.1 While these concepts have yet to obtain universal traction and are still largely in an embryonic stage, the ability to theorize, as Qin puts it, "is a sign of intellectual maturity."2 Chinese scholars are increasingly using indigenous resources to articulate what they view as a unique Chinese contribution to the wider discipline. The importance of articulating a Chinese approach to IR theory lies in part in the need to establish and present Chinese national interests to the international community. In a study of the relationship between China's global ascendancy and its IR theory, Hung-Jen Wang identifies the three main features of Chinese scholarship as "identity, appropriation, and adaptation."3 In the first phase of scholarship, the identities of Chinese IR scholars were shaped by China's political systems, cultural values, and historical experiences. Such work emerged in the late 1980s and early 1990s following China's reintegration into the international system. Chinese scholars next began to appropriate Western IR theories using the Chinese principle of ti-yong (substance-function)—that is, by combining Chinese concerns with the learning of foreign concepts. The third phase saw Chinese scholars adapt these concepts of Western IR scholarship (such as "balance of power" and "nation-state") to analyze events in China. To this end, Wang observes that "repeated cycles of learning and appropriation may ultimately relativize the universal values of those and other concepts found in Western IR theories so as to transform their original Western meanings."4 Similarly, in his survey of the development of IR theory in China, Qin argues that the development of IR as an academic discipline in China has moved from pre-theory to a theory-learning (or theory-deepening) stage. The theory-innovation phase, whereby scholars "seek to explain reality and understand social phenomena from a distinctly Chinese perspective," [End Page 3] has yet to materialize...

Regional Pungency Degree in China and Its Correlation with Typical Climate Factors.

Chili is an indispensable condiment in Chinese dishes. Due to regional environmental and cultural differences, there are certain differences in the regional food spicy degree. This study analyzed the pungency degree of dishes in 21 regions of China and created a pungency degree map using experiments and statistics. Seven typical climatic factors were selected, such as temperature and humidity, to analyze the most influential climatic factor on pungency degree through multiple regression methods. This study sampled 300 dishes of 12 cities in three typical provinces (Sichuan, Hubei, and Zhejiang) and found out the SHU (pungency degree in Scoville Heat Units) of dishes to supplement the study. The results suggest that Guizhou cuisine is the most pungent, where the proportion of dishes with chili is more than 50%. In the pungency degree map of the 21 Chinese regions, southwest China has cuisine that is strongly pungent, and the next pungent cuisine area includes the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, Shanxi, and Ningxia. The cold area in northeast China, including Qinghai and Beijing, is the area of intermediate pungent cuisine. Central and eastern parts of China belong to the light pungent cuisine area. The field sampling of 12 cities also confirmed that the pungency degree of regions is Sichuan > Hubei > Zhejiang. The multiple regression analysis results suggest that the most influential climatic factor is the average sunshine duration which has negative correlation with pungency degree. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Environment correlative dietology is an emerging and important discipline in China. This research has helped us to enrich our data on chili dishes and expand our geo-environmental food database. In terms of the flavor of the dishes, objective data were used instead of the former subjective comments for quantitative analysis. Since ancient times, there has been a traditional saying of spicy dehumidification and perspiration. This study uses mathematical statistical analysis methods to innovatively analyze the correlation between regional chili taste and geographical environment climate. These are all conducive to the establishment of scientific and healthy food flavor models.

Brief discussion of history of vascular surgery in New China

The history of vascular surgery in new China could be divided into the following three stages: the first stage, since the early 1980s, the technique of endovascular surgery was introduced in China, developed in some major hospitals, and gradually popularized to some basic hospitals conditionally. Vascular surgery had gradually developed into an independent discipline in China by the late 1980s. The second stage, since the late 1980s, vascular diagnosis and treatment technology, vascular equipment, and related research modification had been improving continuously in China, and achieved certain success, especially since the establishment of the department of vascular surgery affiliated to the Chinese Medical Association in 1993, vascular surgery in China representing its period of primary development. The third stage, since the beginning of the 21st century, the innovation of the technique of endovascular surgery and hybridization technology, and the development of materials technology had contributed to the second leaping forward of vascular surgery in China. Since then, vascular surgery enters a new era of minimally invasive surgery and opens a period of rapid development.

Keep initiative mind to save burn crisis and strive hard to reach the summit of the burn discipline

The Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery in Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital of Medical College of Ji'nan University grew up along with the development of burn discipline in China. In the past 60 years, it has developed into a burn specialty with three wards, 100 beds, and nearly 100 medical staff from several beds and surgeons. It is characterized by the treatment of severe burns and is a medical burn center integrating medical treatment, teaching and scientific research. In recent ten years or more, the subject development has closely followed the changes of burn discipline and society and has carried out the construction of sub-specialties. It has formed obvious speciality features in the network construction for severe burn rescue, the construction and management of burn intensive care unit and the comprehensive prevention and treatment of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome for severe burn patients and has enjoyed a good reputation in our speciality. We will continue to maintain the professional spirit of burn medicine workers for emergency and disaster relief for burned patients, keep initiative mind, strive hard to continuously improve the professional and technical level, and strive to establish a regional burn treatment center to make more contributions to the development of burn discipline.

Chemometrics in China

The idea of publishing a special issue entitled “Chemometrics in China,” highlighting the best of Chinese research, originated from a discussion between Managing Editor, Paul Trevorrow, and the former Editor-in-Chief, Paul Gemperline who invited Ru-Qin Yu to guest edit such an issue. With the kind help of Professor Hailong Wu, organizer of the regular chemometrics-related sections of Chinese Chemical Society conferences, a list of potential authors was prepared, and an invitation letter from the Editor-in-Chief was distributed to them. In some sense, the Journal of Chemometrics (CEM) epitomizes the development of discipline in China. In volume 4, 1990, the first Chinese paper appeared; a short communication by Professor Maosen Zhang's group of The University of Science and Technology of China1, and in volume 5, 1991, a second Chinese paper from Professor Zhihong Xu's group of Institute of Chemical Metallurgy was published,2 although at that time, Chinese authors used to classify their field as computational chemistry or simply computer chemistry rather than chemometrics. Among 29 research papers published in volume 7, 1993, there were three Chinese papers, one from Professor Nianyi Chen's group of Shanghai Institute of Metallurgy, and two from Hunan University.3-5 The number of Chinese papers published in CEM gradually increased during the 1990s, accounting for five of the 49 papers published6-10 in1996. In the first decade of the millennium, this number reached a peak of nine Chinese papers among the total 68 research papers11-19 in 2009. In the current decade, there are 20 Chinese papers among the total 58 research papers20-39 in 2015. With such expanding representation, it seems appropriate to present a special issue highlighting the best of Chinese research. The development of chemometrics in China was closely associated with research work in different fields of chemistry, as the aforementioned, early authors' work covered the fields of analytical chemistry (Maosen Zhang1), chemical engineering (Zhihong Xu2), and physical chemistry (Nianyi Chen3). In particular, Professor Nianyi Chen was an early pioneer of chemometric research in the field of physical chemistry. Before publishing papers in CEM, the founding editor, Bruce Kowalski, invited Professor Chen to lecture at Center for Process Analytical Chemistry (CPAC) on the topic “Pattern recognition in China” in 1989. In this issue, Professor Wencong Lu presents a mini review highlighting some of the pioneering work of Professor Chen in the field of data mining in material design.40 We were deeply saddened by the passing of Professor Yizeng Liang during the compilation of this special issue. Professor Liang published 26 research papers4-6, 8, 23, 30, 31, 41-59 in the Journal of Chemometrics. In volume 6, 113 to 116, 1992, a laboratory profile60 and a photo of the members of Bergen chemometrics group was published featuring Liang. After defending his PhD thesis in Hunan University in 1988, Liang started his postdoctorial research in Professor Kvalheim's group in 1990. In volume 7, 1993, Liang published his curve resolution work from Kvalheim's group41, 42 and coauthored two additional papers from Hunan University.4, 5 In the present issue, we invited Professor Hongmei Lu to write a paper in memory of Professor Yizeng Liang.61 We hope this issue highlights the best of Chinese chemometrics research. Among others, we invited Professor of Statistics, Qing-Song Xu, to write a paper on the uniform experimental design in chemometrics. The uniform design is an original invention of Chinese scholars with many unique features, although not so well-known in the West. The present special issue is an apt location to include such a mini review highlighting this methodology. Professor Kai-Tai Fang kindly agreed to coauthor this paper.62 We also invited Professor Lu Xu to write a paper concerning the extraction of topological indices from molecular structure63 and Professor Zeng-Ping Chen to write a paper concerning quantitative analysis based on spectral shape deformation.64

Review of the 60 years' development of Jiangxi burn medicine on the 60th anniversary of Chinese burn discipline

This year marks the 60th anniversary of establishment of burn discipline in China and also the 60th anniversary of the development of burn medicine in Jiangxi. This paper reviews the development history of burn discipline in China and development history, present situation, and direction of burn medicine in the future in Jiangxi, in order to provide suggestions for burn medicine in Jiangxi.

人因学发展的新取向

<p id="C4">Emerging technologies, new features of human-computer interaction, and unique social and human needs have created a favorable opportunity for the further development of Human Factors and related disciplines in China. This paper first discusses and analyzes some representative new technologies and new approaches, including neuroergonomics, cognitive engineering, joint cognitive systems, and sociotechnical systems, that have expanded the depth and breadth of Human Factors and related fields of study. The paper then discusses the challenges and strategies in the applications of Human Factors and related disciplines. To further develop these academic fields in our country, this paper proposes three actions. The first action to take is to solve the problem of establishing an interdisciplinary research and education system. The second and third actions are to pay attention to innovations in Human Factors theories and take innovative design as the breakthrough point. Intelligent systems, user experience, space and aviation, and health care are the domains with high priority for research and application of Human Factors and related areas of study. At present, four urgent steps are necessary: (a) establish a fully developed higher education system, (b) organize an interdisciplinary research structure, (c) institute professional certification, and (d) develop a system for Human Factors design standards.

Evaluating the outcomes of medical informatics development as a discipline in China: A publication perspective

BackgroundAs the world's second largest economy, China makes unique contributions to the world in many fields, including sociology, the economy, technology and defense. Medical informatics (MI) is an important cross-disciplinary field that, along with its applications, has received massive funding from the Chinese government. However, the question of how to evaluate China's input and output in MI remains important and complex issue of great significance for China and the rest of the world. ObjectiveThis paper analyzed, for the first time, the quality and quantity of research by Chinese academics in MI based on their articles published in international specialty journals in recent years and examined MI research hotspots in China. Our purpose is to summarize the experiences and lessons learned by China and the rest of the world as they develop MI. MethodWe targeted 18 MI journals listed in the JCR 2016 report and searched for papers published by Chinese academics in these 18 journals in the WOS and PUBMED databases and on journal sites. We also performed data cleansing and categorized the obtained information. We used Excel, SPSS, Ucinet and NetDraw to conduct quantitative analyses on the research papers. ResultsA total of 1340 articles satisfied the inclusion criteria of this study. We observed a significant upward trend in the number of articles published over time, particularly after 2011. Lei Jianbo, Huang Zhengxing and Li Jin-song are active Chinese authors in the MI discipline who have written many high-quality publications. Meanwhile, universities remain the primary breeding grounds for scientific research: 93.36% of the articles came from universities. Zhejiang University published the most first-author articles, whereas Zhejiang University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University and Tsinghua University produced 17.76% of the total articles. According to the lists of authors, 24% of the papers were co-authored with foreign researchers. This rate of cooperation is increasing each year, from 5.88% to the current rate of 39.04%. An analysis of keywords showed that “EMR”, “SVM”, “Authentication”, “Telecare medical information system”, “EEG”, “ECG” and “RFID” were the most frequently searched terms in popular technological fields, including artificial intelligence and image processing. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the number of high-frequency keywords and a broadening range of research fields, which has led to the emergence of several research hotspots, including MI systems, mobile health care, telecare, data mining and machine learning. ConclusionsThrough the quantitative analysis of publications, we discovered the emergence of three stages – infancy, slow growth and rapid growth – in China's MI research in recent years as academics make achievements in their research works. The global influence of Chinese academics is growing, and they are making increasingly conscious efforts to enter into research collaborations with foreign researchers. The findings of Chinese academics’ publications are gaining international recognition.

Public health education at China\u2019s higher education institutions: a time-series analysis from 1998 to 2012

BackgroundAlthough China’s modern education for public health was developing over the past 60 years, there is a lack of authoritative statistics and analyses on the nation’s development of education for public health at higher education institutions (HEIs). Few quantitative studies on this topic have been published in domestic and international peer-reviewed journals. To address this knowledge gap, we aimed to use national data to quantitatively analyse the scale, structure, and changes of public health education in China’s HEIs, and to compare the changes of public health education with those of other health science disciplines.MethodsThis study uses previously unreleased national data provided by the Ministry of Education of China that includes the number of health professional students by school and major. The data, which spans from 1998 to 2012, are descriptively analyzed.ResultsThe number of HEIs for public health education per 100 million population increased from 7.2 in 1998 to 11.3 in 2012. The total enrolment, number of students, and number of graduates increased at rates of 7.3, 7.4, and 5.8% per year, respectively. The percentage of junior college students dropped drastically from 24.0 to 8.4% from 1998 to 2012. During that same period, the number of undergraduates, master and doctorate students increased. Undergraduates accounted for the majority of public health graduates (63.1%) in 2012, and master and doctorate students increased by 10.0 and 5.1 times, respectively, from 1998 to 2012. The relative percentage of public health enrollment, students, and graduates to all health education disciplines dropped from about 6.0% percent in 1998 to around 2% in 2012.ConclusionsThe overall scale of public health education has clearly expanded, though at a slower pace than many other health science disciplines in China. The increase of public health graduates helped to address the previous shortage of public health professionals. Gradually adopting a modern model of education, public health education in China has undergone notable changes that may be informative to other developing countries though it still faces a complex situation in terms of graduates’ adherence to public health, student recruitment, teaching and training, program planning and reform.

Doctoral Training and Building World-Class Disciplines: Empirical Analysis Based on a Doctoral Research Experience Survey

Through analyzing the relationship between building disciplines and developing talent, this study asserts that building world-class disciplines is the foundation of building world-class universities, and training doctoral students is a necessary part of developing disciplines. The quality of such training is an important metric of world-class disciplines. In addition, scientific research is the essential way to train doctoral students. Therefore, the experience of doctoral students participating in research can be an important criterion for evaluating the quality of doctoral student training. Based on the tasks of building world-class disciplines in China and the conditions and requirements for training doctoral students, the authors establish a framework for analyzing the relationship between the two. Using a questionnaire survey, they begin with doctoral students’ training environment and research experience to understand their perceptions of advisor guidance, resource platforms, research culture, capacity development, and training models. The authors examine the urgent problems facing doctoral student training in China to improve training quality and provide a reference for promoting the development of world-class disciplines.

Political Science and Chinese Political Studies—Where Is Chinese Political Science Headed?

This paper aims to discuss the ongoing academic debate on the new developments in Chinese political studies over the past three decades, and how the discipline will advance knowledge about Chinese politics in the future. In the debate some scholars emphasize the scientific, universal, and cosmopolitan nature and orientation of political research, while others have challenged the applicability of western paradigms, theories, concepts, and methods for studying China. They emphasize the unique, particular, national, and local characteristics and orientation of Chinese political research, advocating to establish localized Chinese political science or a Chinese school in the Chinese context. This suggests that the discipline might be at a crossroads. How to evaluate the current state, problems, challenges, and future directions—scientification or localization, universality or particularity, or coordination between the two, and so on— would influence how we study Chinese politics, public policy, and foreign policy, thus, have long-term impacts on the future directions of the political science discipline in China.