Discipline Of Psychiatry Research Articles

Treating Psychiatric Disorders with Care

Psychiatry is the branch of medicine that deals with diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders related to behaviour, cognition, mood, perceptions, etc. Journal of Psychiatry is an open access peer reviewed international journal that provides a platform for the Researchers of Psychiatry discipline to publish innovative ideas in Psychiatry and outcomes of their research in all the fields of Psychiatry. In the Volume 19, Issue 3 of the journal scientific articles related to various psychiatric disorders and their treatment were published.

Yoga for Today’s Health care

Medicine (‘biomedicine’, ‘allopathic medicine’, ‘conventional medicine’) is a health care approach, applies scientific principles, utilizes medical re-search to treat specific diseases and prevent illness. Commonly used strategies involved are use of pharmaceuticals and surgical procedures with tech-nologically advanced interventions. A strong belief in allopathic medicine is that most diseases can ulti-mately be determined to have a physical, biochemi-cal, infectious or genetic cause. The Influence of mind on health and disease is not much emphasized in medical education except in the discipline of psy-chiatry

The basic discipline of psychiatry as metatext

Several disciplines converge on current psychiatric practice and research. Each one is a discourse with its defining objects, its audience and its socialization as specialized text. The psychophysiological triad includes studies of mentation (language), behavior and physiology. Each text is a context for the others. Thus, in and by itself, each one in isolation lacks explanatory power. The basic science of psychiatry is a metatext including those partial texts in a constructive fashion. Such an attempt is more a linguistic enterprise than an empirical one. It should supersede all reductionisms, including those presented in the form of juxtaposition of disciplines (bio-psycho-social, psycho-somatic, etc.).

Study on funded papers published in domestic nursing journal

Objective To analyze the funded papers of nursing journal in recent eight years in China, in order to learn the status of fund papers which published on domestic nursing journals, and further to analyze funded status of nursing research compared with neurologic and psychiatric research from the perspective of disciplinary development. Methods A total of 10 core journals of the nursing discipline from CJCR as the research objects, based on the databases of CNKI, VIP and Wanfang data to analyze the fund papers published in those journals from 2005 to 2012. Furthermore, comparing these with the data from 10 core journals of neurology and psychiatry discipline during the same period. Results Most papers had funded published on nursing journals from colleges and universities or their affiliated hospitals. Although funded publications of those nursing journals were much less than those published on journals of neurology and psychiatry, they still had a trend of increasing year by year; Funded papers of nursing research presented a single-funded mode. Conclusions The proportion of publications which have funded on core journals of nursing science is low and the fund is not balanced. Key words: Journal article; Nursing care; Funded paper; Documentation analysis

Towards protecting the endangered discipline of psychiatry.

Towards protecting the endangered discipline of psychiatry.

Normal or abnormal? 'Normative uncertainty' in psychiatric practice.

The 'multicultural clinical interaction' presents itself as a dilemma for the mental health practitioner. Literature describes two problematic areas where this issues emerges--how to make an adequate distinction between religious rituals and the rituals that may be symptomatic of 'obsessive compulsive disorder' (OCD), and how to differentiate 'normative' religious or spiritual beliefs, behaviours, and experiences from 'psychotic' illnesses. When it comes to understanding service user's 'idioms of distress', beliefs about how culture influences behaviour can create considerable confusion and 'normative uncertainty' for mental health practitioners. In the absence of clear diagnostic and assessment criteria on distinguishing between 'culture' and 'psychopathology', practitioners have had to rely on their own intuition and seek out possible 'strategies' or 'procedures' from a contradictory and cross-disciplinary evidence base. Decontextualisation of service users' experiences may result in the pathologisation of culturally 'normative' phenomenon, 'category fallacy' errors, and poor health care experiences and outcomes for service users.This paper situates this dilemma within a wider debate that has concerned both the biomedical and social sciences, namely, the unresolved question of 'normality' or 'abnormality'. Indeed, issues that arise from dilemmas surrounding the question of 'culture' or 'psychopathology' are intimately tied to wider cultural ideas about what is considered 'normal'. The disciplines of psychiatry, psychology, and medical anthropology have struggled to establish workable criteria against which to judge behaviour as 'normal', 'abnormal', or 'pathological'. Three models for understanding mental 'abnormality' are evident in 'transcultural psychiatry' (what is now commonly known as 'cultural psychiatry'), and these models have corresponded closely to the interpretive models used by anthropologists attempting to make sense of the apparent diversity of human societies. The three models of 'absolutism', 'universalism' and 'cultural relativism' have not only important consequences for the nature and conduct of research enquiry, but also have implications for how the dilemma of 'culture' or 'psychopathology' is attended to in clinical practice.

Integrating spirituality in the approach to psychiatric practice

Interest in spirituality and psychiatry has grown significantly over the past two decades. Since the 1990s, interest groups have been formed by several professional associations in the USA, Canada, the UK, the Netherlands, Brazil and Australia. Interest in spirituality, religion and culture has, however, always existed in Africa and has recently in a South African (SA) context also emerged more publicly in secular areas such as health and mental health, where the need to be ‘culturally competent’ has extended to competence regarding the multireligious and spiritually diverse contexts of local medical practice. Locally, in SA, a Spirituality and Psychiatry Special Interest Group (S&PSIG) of the South African Society of Psychiatrists (SASOP) was established with the objectives, among others, to promote, maintain and protect the discipline of psychiatry as a medical speciality as far as it relates to spirituality as an additional dimension to the biopsychosocial model, and to provide a forum to clarify concepts and professional boundaries. It also became important to develop local guidelines, which was initiated by the S&PSIG, undertaken in view of the extent of local and worldwide religious affiliation, rapid growth of academic

Beyond Critique: Rethinking Roles for the Anthropology of Mental Health

The current supremacy of the 'bio-bio-bio' model within the discipline of psychiatry has progressively marginalized social science approaches to mental health. This situation begs the question, what role is there for the anthropology of mental health? In this essay, I contend that there are three essential roles for the anthropology of mental health in an era of biological psychiatry. These roles are to (i) provide a meaningful critique of practices, beliefs, and movements within current psychiatry; (ii) illuminate the socio-cultural, clinical, and familial context of suffering and healing regarding emotional distress/mental illness; and (iii) act as a catalyst for positive change regarding healing, services and provisions for people with emotional distress/mental illness. My argument is unified by my contention that a credible anthropology of mental health intending to make a societal contribution should offer no opposition without proposition. In other words, any critique must be counter-balanced by the detailing of solutions and proposals for change. This will ensure that the anthropology of mental health continues to contribute critical knowledge to the understanding of mental suffering, distress, and healing. Such social and cultural approaches are becoming especially important given the widespread disenchantment with an increasingly dominant biological psychiatry.

Interprofessional Practice Approach between Social Work and Pharmacy

The comprehensive and patient-centered management of dementia patients requires the collaborative efforts of various disciplines. An emphasis can be placed on interprofessional relationship that exists among the disciplines of psychiatry, pharmacy, and psychology as it relates to the management of the observable behavioral and psychological disturbances of the disorder. The ability to achieve a positive therapeutic outcome with dementia patients generally involves the active participation of multiple disciplines given the complex and progressive nature of dementia. The existing literature has extensively examined the relationship that exists between nurses and physicians and the observed successes that have been identified with this collaboration has been extrapolated to other health care professions. This article will seek to examine the benefits that can be reaped from the involvement of psychiatry, pharmacy, and psychology in providing a focused and integrated approach to the management of patients with dementia.

Role of cognitive enhancement in schizophrenia

Role of cognitive enhancement in schizophrenia Cherrie Galletly Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Ramsay Health Care (SA) Mental Health Services, Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia Abstract: Schizophrenia is a severe and usually chronic psychiatric disorder characterized by dysfunction in many domains. Hallucinations, delusions, and behavioral disturbances are prominent symptoms of the illness, and are appropriately a focus for treatment, but less attention is given to the cognitive deficits that are also typically found in schizophrenia. Whilst impairments in learning, memory, and executive function have been recognized for many decades, deficits in more subtle aspects of cognition have been recognized more recently. These include biases in the evaluation of information and difficulties with emotional and social cognition. Cognitive deficits make a substantial contribution to real-world function, and improving cognition has the potential to improve social and vocational outcomes. This review provides an overview of potential treatments for cognitive deficits in schizophrenia, including medications, psychological therapies, and neurostimulation. Despite optimal medication and case management, many people with schizophrenia do not achieve full remission. There is sufficient evidence to encourage widespread adoption of at least some of the current cognitive enhancement strategies. However, individual patients differ in terms of their symptoms, patterns of cognitive dysfunction, medication response, and social and occupational situations. Considerable work is therefore needed to personalize cognitive remediation to maximize the benefits. However, at present, these methods are underutilized, even when applied in a universal manner where all subjects receive the same treatment. The barriers to wider availability of these treatments are discussed. Keywords: schizophrenia, psychosis, cognition, treatment, remediation

Suicide Risk Assessment and Risk of Suicide in Schizophrenia

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article LettersFull AccessSuicide Risk Assessment and Risk of Suicide in SchizophreniaMatthew M. Large, M.B.B.S., F.R.A.N.Z.C.P., and Christopher J. Ryan, M.B.B.S., F.R.A.N.Z.C.P.Matthew M. LargeSearch for more papers by this author, M.B.B.S., F.R.A.N.Z.C.P., and Christopher J. RyanSearch for more papers by this author, M.B.B.S., F.R.A.N.Z.C.P.Published Online:1 Apr 2014https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201300545AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail To the Editor: In the February issue, Pedersen and associates (1) reported that between 2005 and 2009, a steadily increasing proportion of patients with schizophrenia had received a suicide risk assessment at the point of discharge from Danish psychiatric hospitals. The authors also reported that 64 of 7,107 (.9%) discharged patients with schizophrenia died as a result of suicide during the following year. This second statistic suggests that patients with schizophrenia are approximately 80 times more likely to die by suicide than the general Danish population, for which the suicide rate is approximately 11.6 suicides per 100,000 per year (2). An understanding of the potential utility of risk assessment and the difference between absolute and relative risk suggests that the steady increase in risk assessment reported in Denmark represents the outcome of misguided policy.A recent meta-analysis found that the odds of suicide among high-risk patients in the year after discharge from psychiatric hospitals were four times higher than among low-risk patients (3). This figure is dwarfed by the 80-fold increase, compared with the general population, in the likelihood of suicide among patients who are discharged with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Irrespective of the patient’s risk category, any patient discharged with schizophrenia is many times more likely than an individual in the general population to die by suicide. The low specificity of risk assessment means that few of the patients classified as high risk will actually die by suicide. Patients classified as low risk will still be at many times the risk of suicide as the general population.Unless there is an intervention to reduce suicide that is suitable for “high-risk” patients that should not also be available to “low-risk” patients there is no point in further stratifying the population of patients discharged with schizophrenia by their assessed relative risk. There is no such intervention. Risk assessment of patients discharged with schizophrenia is pointless. All discharged patients should be offered individualized, optimized care to improve well-being and thereby reduce the likelihood of their taking their own lives.Dr. Large is with the Department of Mental Health Services, Prince of Wales Hospital, and with the School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. Dr. Ryan is with the Discipline of Psychiatry and the Centre for Values, Ethics and the Law in Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.References1 Pedersen GC, Wallenstein Jensen SO, Gradus J, et al.: Systematic suicide risk assessment for patients with schizophrenia: a national population-based study. Psychiatric Services 65:226–231, 2014Link, Google Scholar2 Suicide rates (per 100,000), by gender, Denmark, 1950–2006. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2005. Available at www.who.int/mental_health/media/denm.pdf?ua=1Google Scholar3 Large M, Sharma S, Cannon E, et al.: Risk factors for suicide within a year of discharge from psychiatric hospital: a systematic meta-analysis. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 45:619–628, 2011Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar FiguresReferencesCited byDetailsCited ByNone Volume 65Issue 4 April 2014Pages 564-564 Metrics PDF download History Published online 1 April 2014 Published in print 1 April 2014

Clinical practice guidelines in psychiatry: more confusion than clarity? A critical review and recommendation of a unified guideline.

The discipline of psychiatry has a plethora of guidelines, designed to serve the needs of the clinician. Yet, even a cursory glance is enough to discern the differences between the various guidelines. This paper reviews the current standard guidelines being followed across the world and proposes a unified guideline on the backbone of current evidence and practice being followed. The algorithm for pharmacological and psychosocial treatment for bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and schizophrenia is formulated after cross-comparison across four different guidelines and recent meta-analytical evidence. For every disorder, guidelines have different suggestions. Hence, based on the current status of evidence, algorithms have been combined to form a unified guideline for management. Clinical practice guidelines form the basis of standard clinical practice for all disciplines of medicine, including psychiatry. Yet, they are often not read or followed because of poor quality or because of barriers to implementation due to either lack of agreement or ambiguity. A unified guideline can go a long way in helping clear some of the confusion that has crept in due to the use of different guidelines across the world.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Australia: Perspectives from the sociology of deviance

Over the last twenty years, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has become one of the most diagnosed childhood disorders in the western world. Research within the disciplines of psychiatry and criminology has increasingly identified a link between ADHD, delinquency and crime. So far, consideration of ADHD from sociological perspectives has been limited, while it has been virtually ignored as a diagnosis with social impact and a popular phenomenon within Australia. In response, this article draws on conceptual resources from the sociology of deviance to illustrate the value of sociological perspectives and to explore questions about the impact of ADHD that psycho-medical perspectives cannot. In doing so, the article adds to existing understandings of the social aspects of this prominent disorder and aims to encourage the development of new conceptualisations that lie beyond the existing deficit label.

Psychiatrisierte Kindheit – Expansive Kulturen der Krankheit: Machtvolle Allianzen zwischen Psychiatrie und Fürsorgeerziehung

By the end of the 19th century, the discipline of psychiatry which, at that time, was gaining academic standing, developed an interest in children and childhood. With the establishment of psychiatric university hospitals, its power to provide interpretations accepted by society significantly extended. This paper uses the patient files of the Psychiatric Hospital Hall in Tirol, Austria, (established in 1830) and of Neurological/Psychiatric Hospital Innsbruck, Austria, (established in 1891) to demonstrate how at around 1900 and as the result of new diagnosis schemes (related to the concepts of degeneration, social- and racial hygiene), the medicalisation and psychiatrisation of childhood came into being and the prospering discipline of psychiatry advanced into the role of an educational adviser. Mainly children of working class and peasant farmer backgrounds were the targets of the defectological view of psychiatric and, as the result, special education insights based on the clinical concepts of “social deviance” und “psychopathological inferiority”. The psychiatric prerogative of interpretation with, by then, also psychoeductional claim seized the field of early social pedagogics: Psychiatry developed into the guiding science for corrective training and residential care. The start of regional child psychiatry in 1945 was characterised by an almost seamless continuity with the Nazi era, including continuity of personnel. The files of the later Innsbruck Child Observation Ward (Innsbrucker Kinderbeobachtungsstation, 1954–1979) headed by the hereditary biology and social background theory-guided psychiatrist and curative pedagogue Nowak-Vogl reveal the efficient symbiosis of child psychiatry, corrective training and youth welfare authorities, with serious consequences for the children and adolescents admitted to these institutions.

EPA-1444 - Future roles for social psychiatry

The new century brings with it new tasks and challenges for social psychiatry. These include the tche development of research and practice bridging of the gap between social psychiatry and the other disciplines of psychiatry; need for a focused effort to understand the impact of new communication technology on mental health and illness; the consequences of the longer life expectancy of people with chronic mental illness for those ill and for society; the impact of significant changes of the concept of family and inter-human responsibilities on social capital; the consequences of the constant lowering of the threshold of suffering in populations of; and numerous others.

Soviet Madness: Nervousness, Mild Schizophrenia, and the Professional Jurisdiction of Psychiatry in the USSR, 1918–1936

В 1931−36 гг. советские психиатры диагностировали многочисленные случаи “мягкой шизофрении”, т.е. шизофрении по типу невроза, которая предположительно являлась характерной именно для СССР. В 1936 году в ситуацию вмешался Народный комиссариат здравоохранения, распустив исследовательский институт, развивавший концепцию “мягкой шизофрении”. Комиссариат здравоохранения фундаментально переориентировал психиатрическую науку с изучения “пограничных заболеваний” и проблем психологической адаптации на исследования базовых психических заболеваний и их биологических причин. Настоящая статья прослеживает эволюцию проблематики “мягкой шизофрении” в контексте противостояния психиатрической экспертизы и государства в годы высокого сталинизма. Концепцией “мягкой шизофрении” активно интересовались психиатры из Института невропсихиатрической профилактики под руководством директора Льва Розенштейна. В 1920-х годах они пытались создать новую дисциплину – психогигиену, которую понимали как составляющую международного движения за психическую гигиену, основанного американским психиатром Адольфом Мейером ( Adolf Meyer ). Советские психогигиенисты мечтали о сети “невропсихиатрических пунктов”, разбросанных по всей стране. Эти учреждения должны были изучать природные и социальные условия на местах с целью улучшить душевное здоровье и предотвратить заболевания. Деятельность в этом направлении привела к конфликту Розенштейна и его коллег с партийными органами. Работая с понятием “мягкой шизофрении”, психиатры стремились выразить нормальность в психометрических и социальных индексах, а не в терминах политического и социального сознания. Партийные власти, напротив, настаивали на том, чтобы юрисдикция медицинской экспертизы относилась только к специфическим типам заболеваний, но не к условиям работы и жизни в целом. Постулирование “мягкой шизофрении” как биологического заболевания и было ответом Розенштейна и коллег на партийную позицию. Распустив руководимый им институт и разоблачив концепцию “мягкой шизофрении”, власти установили жесткие границы юрисдикции психиатров. В итоге советская психиатрия оказалась четко ориентированной на концепцию психиатрического заболевания как биологического феномена.

The South African Society of Psychiatrists is speaking up for good reasons

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Forensic psychiatry and the birth of the criminal insane asylum in modern Italy

This paper focuses on the creation of the criminal insane asylum in Italy between unification in 1861 and World War I. The establishment of criminal insane asylums was a triumph of the positivist criminology of Cesare Lombroso, who advocated for an institution to intern insane criminals in his classic work, Criminal Man (1876). As a context for the analysis of the birth of the criminal insane asylum in Italy, this essay also outlines the history of the insanity plea in Italian criminal law and the young discipline of psychiatry during the fifty years after Italian unification.

Suicide risk assessment: where are we now?

Medical Journal of AustraliaVolume 199, Issue 8 p. 534-534 Letter Suicide risk assessment: where are we now? Christopher J Ryan, Corresponding Author Christopher J Ryan Consultation-Liaison Psychiatrist; Consultation-Liaison Psychiatrist [email protected] Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW. Centre for Values, Ethics and the Law in Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW.Correspondence: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorMatthew M Large, Matthew M Large Psychiatrist and Conjoint Senior Lecturer School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW.Search for more papers by this authorSascha Callaghan, Sascha Callaghan Lawyer and PhD Candidate Centre for Values, Ethics and the Law in Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW.Search for more papers by this author Christopher J Ryan, Corresponding Author Christopher J Ryan Consultation-Liaison Psychiatrist; Consultation-Liaison Psychiatrist [email protected] Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW. Centre for Values, Ethics and the Law in Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW.Correspondence: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorMatthew M Large, Matthew M Large Psychiatrist and Conjoint Senior Lecturer School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW.Search for more papers by this authorSascha Callaghan, Sascha Callaghan Lawyer and PhD Candidate Centre for Values, Ethics and the Law in Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW.Search for more papers by this author First published: 21 October 2013 https://doi.org/10.5694/mja13.10840Citations: 4Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume199, Issue8October 2013Pages 534-534 RelatedInformation

First Commentary

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family TherapyVolume 34, Issue 3 p. 253-254 Commentary First Commentary Kasia Kozlowska, Corresponding Author Kasia Kozlowska The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney Medical School, University of SydneyAddress for correspondence: Kasia Kozlowska, Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Hospital; Disciplines of Psychiatry and of Paediatrics and Child Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. [email protected]; [email protected]Search for more papers by this author Kasia Kozlowska, Corresponding Author Kasia Kozlowska The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney Medical School, University of SydneyAddress for correspondence: Kasia Kozlowska, Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Hospital; Disciplines of Psychiatry and of Paediatrics and Child Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. [email protected]; [email protected]Search for more papers by this author First published: 23 October 2013 https://doi.org/10.1002/anzf.1018Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. Volume34, Issue3September 2013Pages 253-254 RelatedInformation