Discipline Of Landscape Architecture Research Articles

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The discipline of landscape architecture is witnessing a radical shift in approach. With the emergence of nature-based solutions in urban public space development, the extensive maintenance of green spaces has also come under the spotlight. The focus of this research is on the ways of establishing and expanding consciously created green spaces dominated by succession, also known as urban wilderness areas. The planning and management of these areas as a whole and of their components is still a complex task that raises many questions. In this article we define the concept of urban wilderness. In addition to the characterisation and interpretation of urban wilderness, we will also discuss its impact on the mental well-being of urban dwellers, i.e. its passive recreational aspects. The theoretical foundations explored are put into practice in a university workshop. The workshop, as an experimental laboratory, sought to answer the question of how theoretical research findings can be integrated into domestic, classical planning practice. As a result, four student concept designs were developed for a real site.

Landscape architectural documents in personal archives, an added challenge

Incorporating architectural records into thematic archival institutions has been a common practice since the 1970s, a trend that has recently accelerated in the Portuguese context. The uniqueness of certain architectural records and collections has been an archival challenge, reflected by the several attempts to standardize their description in an ongoing process since the 1980s. While acknowledging the crucial work done by these institutions in preserving documents, there is also a tendency to focus on preserving fragments of an information system, which can have pernicious effects on understanding archives.
 In an attempt to understand the composition and organization of archives in the field of landscape architecture and how they can restrict or distort archival classification and knowledge, a brief comparative analysis is conducted on the corpus of documentation of three archives under the custody of thematic institutions. For enhanced understanding, a concise overview of the discipline of landscape architecture and the roles played by its practitioners is provided. This comparative analysis attempts to demonstrate how a thematic approach, breaking organic ties, even if indelible, or underestimating lesser-known contexts or producer activities, can restrict or distort archival classification and knowledge.
 The focus on Gonçalo Ribeiro Telles's archive and its ongoing organization, along with the analysis of a drawing from this archive, aims to demonstrate the need for a transition, especially in specialized or thematic institutions, from the construction of professional collections or archives to a focus on personal archives, which are organic aggregations of individuals who, during their lifetimes, also bequeathed records related to landscape architecture.

Digital terrain interactive editing technology for landscape planning and design based on deep learning

Abstract In the era of big data information digitization, digital terrain editing technology is an important research content in the virtual geographic environment, 3D landscape simulation system, which has significant value in digital planning and design practice of cities and villages, regional road networks, and landscape gardens. This paper focuses on deep learning-based digital terrain interactive editing technology for landscape planning and design. Firstly, it introduces the concept and principle of digital terrain interactive editing technology, constructs the model and terrain interactive editing algorithm, and then analyzes three systems’ digital geography interactive data from two aspects of accuracy and convergence. The results show that A system planning digital landscape garden landscape accuracy, planning accuracy, and convergence are small, and the planning accuracy reaches a minimum of 88% and a maximum of 95%. The intersection reaches a minimum of 75% and a maximum of 87%. Compared with the other two systems are high, so it can be seen that the digital interactive terrain editing for landscape planning of this design has high planning accuracy and convergence. Digital interactive editing technology is developing rapidly in China’s landscape architecture discipline research and professional practice applications. It has shown excellent development potential and application value in the landscape planning and design industry. This study improves the accuracy and efficiency of digital interactive editing technology and has great historical significance for the development and progress of the Chinese architectural design industry.

Examine an Intelligence Education Framework of Landscape Architecture (EFLA) Based on Network Model of Technology in Landscape Architecture (NMTLA)

The discipline of Landscape Architecture (LA) is currently expanding its disciplinary boundary. The supporting Technology in LA (TLA) is always evolving and optimized to solve environmental problems. Considering the uncertain classification of the current LA knowledge for education and the importance of technology in LA education, a refined education framework of LA is needed. This research first established a Network Model of Technology in LA (NMTLA) using Network Analysis (NA) and expert interviews. Then, this research proposed an Education Framework of LA (EFLA) based on the NMTLA. To build the NMTLA, this research identified 23 key categories of TLA through content analysis of secondary research. Then, the expert interview and network theory were used to analyze and visualize the relationships among the categories. By examining the degree centrality, closeness centrality, and betweenness centrality of different TLA, this study developed an EFLA which summarizes the twenty-three categories of TLA into four domains: core techniques, applied technologies, integrated technologies, and specific technologies. This study also proposes a series of suggestions for how to apply different categories of TLA in today’s and future LA education. The proposed NMTLA and EFLA in this research can contribute to the development of future LA higher education. They also can potentially address the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in LA education and industry. However, the scope of this study is currently limited to LA education in the USA, which could be expanded to include a worldwide perspective in future research. To enhance the validity of the conclusions, a larger sample size for interviews should be employed in further studies.

The Landscape Question in the Work of Rosa Barba: The Landscape Project and the Abstraction of Territory

Abstract An advocate of landscaping and landscape architecture as fundamental tools in the revitalisation of urban planning in the late 20th century, architect Rosa Barba both energised and modernised the discipline of landscape architecture in Spain by delving into previously unchartered waters and approaching landscape both from a perspective of conceptual innovation and in an effort to offer a response to the issues of the day. From a stance that was simultaneously theoretical, academic and professional, she offered a critical perspective of city, territory and landscape and envisioned new horizons for architecture and urbanism through landscaping, thereby broadening the scope of these disciplines. Her work establishes relevant, pioneering contributions to landscape design and transformation that are still relevant today. The purpose of this article is to offer, via analysis of some of her principal projects, an in-depth examination of the theoretical and disciplinary position from which she approached the landscape question and explored the possibility of improving the conceptual and technical instruments and models used for the analysis and interpretation of the same in a broad, complex manner that both offers a response to the concerns of the day and establishes a theory of landscape intervention.

AN INTERDISCIPLINARY EXPLORATION ON CLIMATE NOTION IN DIGITAL RESEARCH

Research related to climate concepts has started to be more interdisciplinary with the climate change awareness. Climate action, and climate-positive design research topics are common notions among design disciplines, especially in architecture and landscape architecture. It can be said that computation, digitalization, performance-based simulations of environmental effects, and production methods in digital design are initial topics that come to the forefront concerning methodology. The reflections of these methodologies differ according to the aims and objectives. This paper aims to examine which notions and word phrases are used in the literature on climate in digital design research in a comparative way. Within this scope, The International Journal of Architectural Computing (IJAC) and The Journal of Digital Landscape Architecture (JoDLA) are chosen as academic resources indexed in the Scopus. To obtain the differentiations on climate-related concepts and their associations with other fields in an interdisciplinary manner; published research articles' titles, abstracts and keywords are defined as datasets. The examination is conducted through the data mining method as a deductive approach, using the main words are separated and associated with various phrases, and binary term occurrences. The outcomes are visualized through a map to reveal the relations of the notions that occur in the research. The findings reveal that both disciplines work on environmental issues from the context relationality stage. Although landscape architecture seems to be more related with the environment, climate and ecology trio, the binary-term occurrences show that there is not much difference in the research rates. Nevertheless, considering the close relations with environmental and climate issues in the landscape architecture discipline, the specialization is not high in terms of computational approaches regarding architecture. It is anticipated that this research may be used in future interdisciplinary literature and methodological approaches in digital design research in architecture and landscape architecture.

Testing Olmsted’s Lasting Legacy—Comparing Design Theory and the Post-Occupancy Conditions of New York Central Park

Social media is a rapidly developing field in architecture and landscape research, which is used to understand public opinions and landscape use. The year 2022 sees the 200th birthday of Olmsted, the founding father of landscape architecture in America. While we commemorate Olmsted’s ground-breaking contribution to the landscape architecture discipline, in-depth analyses are always required to examine historic legacies for their current relevancy. Taking his first practical work, New York Central Park, as an example, this paper systematically revisits Olmsted’s park design theory and vision, and investigates its post-occupancy conditions from 11,501 posts on TripAdvisor. The results show that the current park use pattern confirms the validity of his scenic image theory. At the same time, his design works have become increasingly popular as public projects to foster social interaction.

Identifying the role of technology within the discipline of 21st century landscape architecture

OVERVIEW This research seeks to explore the meaning of Technology in Landscape Architecture (TLA) as part of Landscape Architecture (LA)’s body of knowledge. It will investigate TLA and its emerging specializations, along with related core domains and associated topical areas. This exploration will also examine the inter-relationships of DTT and research methods within the landscape research as a way to analyze the meaning of TLA and its significance on 21st century LA core domains. In this study context, this research will draw from three realms of knowledge: (1) Digital Tools and Technology (DTT) in LA; (2) LA Core Domains; and (3) Trends, Themes and Priorities in LA Research. This research proposes a mixed methods approach with the exploratory goal to gain a deeper understanding of the meaning of TLA, its specialties and ways it intersects with the core knowledge domains within the LA discipline. This study on TLA will also be comprehensive in its examination of both contemporary scholarly research and professional practice including current trends and themes. The significance of this research demonstrates ways technology has evolved as its own significant domain where the discipline of LA has shifted from the art-science binary narrative to an emergent 21st century conceptual tri-partite core consisting of art, science and technology.

Digitalization of climate adaptation planning: the potential of simulation software tools for landscape design

Climate change plays a significant role in the landscape architecture discipline seeking to solve the problems related to floods and heatwaves. Climate adaptation planning deals with a high level of uncertainty while precipitating future climate events to prepare adaptable landscape designs. However, digital technologies are rarely implemented into landscape design projects with deep environmental concerns. Meanwhile, digital tools have the potential to improve climate adaptation planning while calculating and simulating the adaptive capacity of design. Therefore, this research investigates the capabilities and limitations of software tools suitable for climate adaptation projects. The software tools are evaluated using the ISO 25010 framework comparing their capabilities. The main method used for this research is based on objective experiments while implementing different software tools to conceptual landscape design on a case study project. The experiment revealed that the implementation process deals with many limitations including interoperability and data loss. Moreover, this research conducted in-depth interviews with project stakeholders including planners and clients to identify their problems, needs and expectations regarding software tools. Finally, the roadmap on the software selection resulting from this research provides the guidelines on how to select the most suitable tool for various climate adaptation projects.

Garden Landscape Design Method in Public Health Urban Planning Based on Big Data Analysis Technology.

Aiming at the goal of high-quality development of the landscape architecture industry, we should actively promote the development and integration of digital, networked, and intelligent technologies and promote the intelligent and diversified development of the landscape architecture industry. Due to the limitation of drawing design technology and construction method, the traditional landscape architecture construction cannot really understand the public demands, and the construction scheme also relies on the experience and subjective aesthetics of professionals, resulting in improper connection between design and construction. At present, under the guidance of the national strategy, under the background of the rapid development of digital technologies such as 5G, big data, cloud computing, Internet of Things, and digital twins, the high integration of landscape architecture construction and digital technology has led to the transformation of the production mode of landscape architecture construction. Abundant professional data and convenient information processing platform enable landscape planners, designers, and builders to evaluate the whole life cycle of the project more scientifically and objectively and realize the digitalization of the whole process of investigation, analysis, design, construction, operation, and maintenance. For the landscape architecture industry, the significance of digital technology is not only to change the production tools but also to update the environmental awareness, design response, and construction methods, which makes the landscape architecture planning and design achieve the organic combination of qualitative and quantitative and also makes the landscape architecture discipline more scientific and rational. In this paper, the new method of combining grey relational degree with machine learning is used to provide new guidance for traditional landscape planning by using big data information in landscape design and has achieved very good results. The article analyzes the guidance of landscape architecture design under the big data in China and provides valuable reference for promoting the construction of landscape architecture in China.

A Case Study of Egirdir Zero Waste Park for Living and Learning

Due to increasing demand on natural and man-made sources in all areas, some of the solid materials (i.e., wood, metal, plastic) have become under pressure for effective recovery and reuse. In this sense, the use of solid waste materials in urban furniture applications has become an important need for environmentally friendly urban space design. A city park, Eğirdir Zero Waste park, has already established from selected recovered solid wastes as urban furniture elements, was evaluated in view of landscape architecture discipline. The park was found to be design in sustainability concept which offer multiple ways for users to interact with it. It looks created urban furniture and playground elements useful and safe not only for children’s but also all other user groups for living and learning concept. The park elements and decorative objects are created by and the combination of, waste wood, retailed railroad tie, old telephone posts, waste tires, metal scraps, old irrigation vessels which not only play a role of partition and guidance, but also can be useful as a background and a beautiful decoration from the aesthetical view point. It is clear advantage to use those materials in park as urban furniture, may confer sustainability identity feelings. All these elements were found to be very helpful to the knowledge, and creates interesting areas for the visitor with supplying special concept on selected solid waste concern. It looks one of the aims of built that park is to keep alive of solid wastes to users.

The garden as Raumkunstwerk: the role of early 20th-century architecture schools for the modernisation of landscape architecture ed

The process leading to the first full academic curriculum for the discipline of landscape architecture in Germany being introduced in 1930 is relatively well-researched. Until then, garden design had been taught at special horticultural institutes. However, in the course of reform processes during the early 20th century, the subject of the garden was also introduced in different form and at different types of institutions of higher education as connected to architecture. This correlated with two subfields: architectural design and urban planning theory. The present paper’s first aim is to give a first overview over the variety of partly little-known curricula and courses that addressed open space design, respectively the personalities involved. By referring to a wide scope of sources, connections are disclosed between academia and some of the theoretical works addressing the garden. Within the profession of landscape architecture all the new educational options were known, which leads to the assumption that these options represented a source of inspiration for reforming landscape architecture education in the early 20th century.

From Smart Urban Forests to Edible Cities: New Approaches in Urban Planning and Design

In recent years, the pressing environmental, social, and economic problems affecting cities have resulted in the integration of the disciplines of landscape architecture and urban forestry via a transdisciplinary approach to urban planning and design. Now, new urban forestry approaches and concepts have emerged for more sustainable city planning. The discipline is using different methods and approaches to address many pressing issues such as human well-being and also food security. But, research on these topics is still limited and not available for many cities in the world. To fill this gap, we present this thematic issue “From Smart Urban Forests to Edible Cities: New Approaches in Urban Planning and Design.” The findings from this thematic issue offer new insight to policymakers and practitioners, as well as contribute to the emerging literature on edible and forest cities. Furthermore, the findings spanning different cities from different geographies can be used towards achieving the 2030 Agenda and Sustainable Development Goals of making cities and human settlements more resilient, inclusive, safe, and sustainable, as well as ending hunger, achieving food security, and improving nutrition. However, further studies are still needed, especially in developing countries and the Global South.

Biodiversity and Temporal Diversity in Archaeological Landscapes: Towards a New Perception

Reflecting on several crucial issues regarding the protection, planning, and management of archaeological landscapes from the point of view of the Discipline of Landscape Architecture, the article focusses on the roles of the vegetal component and plant biodiversity in the landscaping of archaeological sites.After outlining a background framework of the theoretical, cultural, and ecological relationships between vegetation and ruins adopting a landscape architecture approach, the article proposes a set of conceptual and operational tools to deal with active and inventive1 conservation of archaeological landscapes, striving to adopt the “strong forward-looking” attitude recommended by the European Landscape Convention (Florence 2000).By re-reading the consolidated concept of biodiversity (CBD, 1992) according to a different research dimension, the concept of temporal diversity is explored and proposed as a key issue in the interpretation and planning of layered landscapes. Focusing in particular on design issues in the management of ruin and vegetation integration, an innovative approach is presented in regards to various greenery-related potentialities in the landscaping and management of archaeological sites.The article’s concluding remarks aim to open new trans-disciplinary windows of research on active and inventive conservation of archaeological landscapes to foster further exploration of this potentially broad ambit of investigation.

Ecology, landscape and urban agriculture. An innovative envelope for vertical farms

This text explores the birth of the science of ecology relating to the landscape architecture discipline and, through the lens of circular economy and recycling, urban agriculture and its most recent experiments concerning vertical farms. Agriculture, which has always been an integral part of the urban landscape, plays an ecological, social, cultural and aesthetic role in the sustainable growth of contemporary cities. With the development of vertical farms and new production technologies, urban agriculture is increasingly evolving towards new architectural experiments. In its final part, the text describes a building envelope, a patent developed by APS spin-off UNIRC, for vertical farms to be organised in unfinished buildings.

What time is this coast? Temporal encounters in the Arctic

While the discipline of landscape architecture is regarded as engaging closely with time, the temporal span that it works within is, more often than not, very narrow. In this article, I draw on three concepts of time that allow experiential engagement with the material and immaterial agencies of an Arctic coastal site to emerge. Conceptually, I refer to descriptive insights from literary figures on time and coastal landscapes along with landscape theorists. As an initial site reading, I apply, explore and review these concepts via a time-centred analysis of a frozen shore. In-situ techniques using photography and fieldnote taking are used to identify different temporalities. I proceed to modelmaking in a studio setting to further explore the processes, states and conditions that were observed on site. I propose that the application of these time concepts provides a framework for landscape architects to articulate observations and understanding of temporal encounters within and beyond this Arctic coast.

Spatial water calendar: An illustrative workbook for adaptive transformation

In this paper, concepts for deploying climate resilient design in deltaic regions which encounter environmental challenges are explored. Today, most deltas experience persistent flooding and long-term waterlogging which adversely affects the livelihood of its inhabitants. A new approach was formulated to rethink design and planning pedagogies in the discipline of landscape architecture at Delft University of Technology, to visualize open-ended spatial transformations involving both the landscape architect and the inhabitants over longer periods of time. The graduates proposed flexible spatial frameworks that integrate time and people1. This results in design interventions that do not rely on a fixed plan, but rather propose and visualize a process using a ‘water calendar’ as the driving force. The spatial water calendar is a chart that helps to represent time linked to space and water which can be useful to enumerate, elucidate, and determine time-based fluctuations in a landscape and make decisions accordingly. The idea was prompted by ancient calendars that were based on the rhythm of seasons – a method which farmers often used. However, the spatial water calendar also integrates other processes which are influenced by water, focussing specifically on the spatial impact, thereby becoming a design tool for landscape architects. The calendar developed in the Circular Water Stories lab is an open-ended framework stirred by a sequence of spatial drawings showing the temporal and social processes in relation to human-made interventions, resulting in spatial transformations through time and scale. Because working with a calendar is highly participatory in nature, the spatial water calendar will be more meaningful in vulnerable geographies2 where there is still a strong connection between people and landscape. Nevertheless, in other parts of the world, we imagine that this approach also opens new possibilities for landscape architects to engage with dynamic sites.

A Study on Surrounding Elements in Housing Gardens: Case Study of Isparta City

The aim of this study was evaluating surrounding elements of selected housing gardens located in 33 neighborhoods of Isparta city center. The total of 278 face-to-face survey technique was applied on household and their responds were noted. It has realized that majority of garden walls had not appropriate design and landscape practice techniques applied. Because the light intensity and shady properties are important influence on garden planting, 164 of responders reported that their garden has a shady property. Moreover, six type of wall element (stone, concrete, briquette, wood, metal, plant) were observed but these walls are mostly constructed with concrete (72), followed by stone (17), metal (8), briquette (7), wood (2) and plant (1), respectively. In addition, 43 walls were found to be made combination of these six basic structural elements. But some surrounding elements were made from mortarless stone and bare concrete that are not particularly attractive. Some pictures from front-, back- and side garden’s surrounding structures (walls, fences, boundary elements) of family house gardens presented for evaluating. It was found that many of garden walls had no aesthetic and functional properties and mostly neglected appearance. In this sense, some suggestions have been made under landscape architecture discipline.

Landscape Design Project of Gölbucagı-Bogaz District of Bartın River for Recreational Use

İnsanoğlu yaşam sürecinin başından itibaren suya çeşitli nedenlerle ihtiyaç duymuş ve yerleşim amaçlı ilk tercihlerini su kaynaklarına yakın alanlarda yapmıştır. Değişik nitelik ve boyutlarda olan bu istek ve ihtiyacı karşılayabilecek kaynak ve alanlar ise dünyanın farklı yerleşim alanlarında ve kültürlerinde geniş bir yelpaze içesinde bulunmaktadır. Su kaynakları rekreasyon amacı için de peyzaj mimarlığı disiplinin ayrı bir çalışma konusu olmuştur. Ekolojik planlamalar yanı sıra kaynakların etkin ve verimli kullanımını sağlayacak peyzaj planlama ve tasarım ilkeleri bu alanlar için önemli temel teşkil etmektedir. Akarsu ve nehir kenarı peyzaj planlama ve tasarım ilkeleri aracılığı ile ekolojik ve mekânsal anlamda daha kaliteli mekanlar yaratılacağı bir gerçektir. Çalışmada dünya ve ülkemiz örneğinde farklı akarsu ve nehir kaynaklarının planlama ve tasarımına yönelik araştırmalar yapılmıştır. Araştırmalardan elde edilen bilgilerin analizi sonucunda Bartın Nehri Gölbucağı Boğaz Kesimi için rekreasyonel alan kullanım planlamasına yönelik değerlendirmeler yapılmış ve alanın peyzaj tasarım projesi çizilmiştir. AutoCad2014, Photoshop CS5, Sketchup ve Lumion yazılımları projelerin çizimi, üç boyutlu gösterimleri ve sunumu aşamalarında kullanılmıştır. Üretilen sonuç projenin ülkemiz ve dünya kentlerindeki nehir kenarı düzenleme çalışmalarına fikir vereceği düşünülmektedir.

Teaching landscape architecture: a discipline comes of age

ABSTRACT Two new books on landscape (architecture) teaching, provided the rationale for this paper. It aims to place these into the context of the development of the landscape architecture discipline in Europe. A description of the beginnings of European university education follows an outline of the genesis of the profession. Moves towards European integration in the 1980s supported the establishment of an institutional framework, allowing the creation of a critical mass of academics, giving new impetus to teaching and research. An EU-funded Thematic Network supported the preparation of a common education guidance document, responding indirectly to the European Landscape Convention’s call for university courses for landscape specialists. The Convention also stimulated a renewed focus on landscape in other fields of study. This has also broadened the horizons of landscape architecture teaching to encompass approaches from related disciplines. Finally, the paper discusses how landscape architecture education should respond to emerging societal challenges.