Discharge Of Oily Wastewater Research Articles

Low-pressure-driven special wettable graphene oxide-based membrane for efficient separation of water-in-oil emulsions

Oil and water separation is a significant challenge due to the rapid discharge of oily wastewater. Special wettable membranes have received substantial consideration in emulsified oil/water separation. Here, a superhydrophobic octadecyl-functionalized crosslinked graphene-oxide-grafted ceramic membrane (R18-CLGO-N-CM) was designed to separate water-in-oil emulsions. The selective layer of the ceramic membrane was evaluated using molecular dynamics simulation studies to understand its mechanism and separation capabilities. The underwater oil contact angle on the surface of the R18-CLGO-N-CM was dramatically reduced, from 141.3° ± 1.5° to 0°, and the water contact angle in air increased from 0° to 152.8° ± 0.6°, after functionalization. High hexane permeability was observed in the range of 294 to 311 Lm−2 h−1. The octadecyl-functionalized crosslinked graphene oxide acts as an excellent separating layer to selectively allow oil passage with a separation efficiency of ~99% for water-in-oil emulsion. The designed membranes show excellent antifouling behavior while dealing with water-in-heavy oil emulsions. The surface of the functionalized membrane was restored with a flux recovery ratio of 98.5% by simply treating the surface with dichloromethane while separating the water-in-light oil emulsions. This work shows that the rational functionalization and grafting of 2D materials on the membrane surface can significantly enhance the antifouling characteristics and the separation performance of the membranes.

Superhydrophobic wood sponge with intelligent pH responsiveness for efficient and continuous oil-water separation

In recent years, the leakage of crude oil and the discharge of oily wastewater in industrial production have seriously endangered the water environment and ecological safety. Adsorbent materials with excellent oil-water separation performance play an important role in water purification. In this work, we employed a simple yet effective strategy to prepare highly compressible wood sponges. And with the prepared wood sponge as the substrate, the prepared pH-responsive copolymer was coated on the surface of the wood sponge by spraying method, and the pH-responsive superhydrophobic wood sponge was successfully prepared. The experimental results show that the wood sponge has excellent pH-responsive properties and can complete the transition of surface wettability between superhydrophobicity and hydrophilicity according to the change of pH value. The wood sponge has good oil adsorption capacity (12.72 g g−1), and reusability. Continuous oil-water separation can be carried out under the vacuum pump, and the oil-water separation efficiency in one separation cycle is above 92%. It has great application potential in the treatment of oily wastewater.

Superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic ceramic membranes grafted by layered polydopamine and polydopamine encapsulated silica particles for efficient separation of oil-in-water emulsions

Owing to frequent oil spills and the increasing discharge of oily wastewater, oil pollution has threatened the sustainability of the ecosystem. Ceramic membranes (CM) have been employed for oily wastewater treatment because of their mechanical and chemical stability, but a suitable separating layer is required to treat surfactant-stabilized oil-in-water emulsions effectively. Herein, a separating layer was rationally designed on the CM surface by combining cross-linked layered polydopamine (CL-LPDA) and polydopamine-encapsulated silica particles (SiO2@PDA) with appropriate permeation flux and antifouling characteristics. The resulting CL-LPDA-SiO2@PDA-CM demonstrated superhydrophilicity with a water contact angle of 0° and underwater superoleophobicity with an underwater oil contact angle of 157°, making it an ideal membrane for separating oil-in-water emulsions. The designed membrane could treat a surfactant-stabilized oil-in-water emulsion with a maximum separation efficiency of 97 % and a permeation flux of 109.76 L m−2h−1. The CL-LPDA-SiO2@PDA-CM has also shown significant resistance to fouling under 20 cycles of observation, and the flux recovery ratio (FRR) was higher than 90 %, indicating that pore-clogging could be effectively prevented in the separating layer.

Robust self-cleaning membrane with superhydrophilicity and underwater superoleophobicity for oil-in-water separation

The discharge of oily wastewater has increased dramatically and will bring serious environmental problems. In this work, a self-cleaning and anti-fouling g-C3N4/TiO2/PVDF composite membrane was fabricated via the layer-by-layer approach. The surface of as-prepared composite membrane displayed a superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic behavior under irradiation with visible light. Also, upon irradiation with visible light, the fabricated g-C3N4/TiO2/PVDF composite membrane displayed enhanced permeation flux and improved oil removal efficiency as a result of the generation of hydroxyl free radicals during the photocatalytic filtration process. Significantly, irradiation with visible light remarkably improved reusability of the composite membrane by initiating photocatalytic decomposition of deposited oil foulants, which enabled removal of over 99.75% of oils, thus reaching a nearly 100% flux recovery ratio. Furthermore, the g-C3N4/TiO2/PVDF composite membrane exhibited great anti-fouling behavior in photocatalysis-assisted filtration. The mechanistic study revealed that underwater superhydrophobicity and the generation of free hydroxyl radicals jointly contributed to membrane anti-fouling. The greatest advantages of this g-C3N4/TiO2/PVDF composite membrane are that not only does it degrades the oil pollutants, but it also makes the membrane less vulnerable to fouling.

Multifunctional nano-cellulose aerogel for efficient oil–water separation: Vital roles of magnetic exfoliated bentonite and polyethyleneimine

Discharge of oily wastewater have caused serious environmental pollution and resources waste. Due to the characteristics of hydrophobic and porous, aerogel has been proved to be a kind of promising oil-adsorbing materials for oil adsorption and recovery. However, dissatisfactory adsorption properties and recovery ability of aerogel for oil pollution treatment were still critical issues hindering aerogel applications. Magnetic exfoliated bentonite (MBTex) possesses good magnetic separation property, anti-mold ability and anti-extruding strength. Meanwhile, Polyethyleneimine (PEI) can cross-link with nano-cellulose to form sponge-like structure and prevent the corrosion of magnetic media. Basing on the above-mentioned characteristics of MB and PEI, a new carboxy cellulose nanofibers/polyethyleneimine/magnetic exfoliated bentonite (CNF-C/PEI/MBTex) aerogel was synthesized using simple hydrothermal and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods, and the adsorption and recovery ability of different oil on samples were investigated. The results showed that CNF-C/PEI/MBTex aerogel exhibited superhydrophobic properties (contact angle 151°), excellent mechanical properties (full recovery at 80% pressure), anti-mold properties (the anti-mold efficiency was more than 90%) and magnetic responsivity. Furthermore, CNF-C/PEI/MBTex aerogel exhibited high oil adsorption capacity (24.6 ∼ 77.8 times higher than its original weight) and can recover the adsorbed oil by simple hand squeezing (the adsorption capacity still exceeds 90% after 20 cycles). In summary, the present work provides a valuable reference for the synthesis of high-performance adsorbent materials for oil–water separation using cost-effective clays combined with polymers.

Performance evaluation of a pilot-scale membrane filtration system for oily wastewater treatment: CFD modeling and scale-up design

The discharge of oily wastewater into the environment adversely impacts the ecosystem and human health due to the existence of toxic and carcinogenic compounds in oil. To decrease the destructive environmental impacts, membrane filtration technology has been used because it can remove emulsified oil with droplet sizes ranging from 1 to 10 μm which is a challenging issue for other types of treatment methods. In this research, a comprehensive 3D CFD model was developed to investigate the oily wastewater treatment process in a pilot-scale membrane filtration system. The model was validated using available data in experimental runs such as oil removal efficiency and average transmembrane pressure (TMP) for two types of oily wastewater containing heavy and light crude oils. Following that, the hydrodynamic condition of the pilot-scale unit was analyzed which is difficult to be investigated in a real condition. The impacts of inlet oil concentration, permeate, and aeration flow rates on permeate oil concentration and TMP were also evaluated. Results revealed when the inlet oil concentration was at the threshold of 270 and 330 mg/L containing heavy and light crude oil, respectively, the system met the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) 73/78 regulation. Additionally, the model was capable of predicting TMP changes under constant flux. Finally, the validated model was used to upscale the pilot-scale system to achieve a permeate production rate of 10,000 L/h for larger capacities. Based on the results, the oil removal efficiency was above 88 % in pilot and upscaled systems.

Fabrication of a superhydrophilic/underwater superoleophobic PVDF membrane via thiol–ene photochemistry for the oil/water separation

The direct discharge of oily wastewater into the environment is considered one of the greatest threats to the ecological environment. Membrane technology is considered as an efficient strategy to treat oily wastewater. However, the membrane fouling caused by oil adsorption has intensively impeded its practical utilization in oil/water separation. This work aims to fabricate an anti-oil-fouling membrane for the effective separation of oil/water emulsions. The PEGylated poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membrane was synthesized via thiol–ene photochemistry with poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) and 3,6-dioxa-1,8-octanedithiol (DOT) as the modifiers. The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) mapping analysis revealed that the PEGylated layers show uniform distribution on the membrane surface by regulating the feed PEGDA concentration. The superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic characteristics of the PEGylated membrane provided oil-adhesion resistance to the membranes. The membrane grafted with a high amount of PEGylated layers shows a low pure water flux, due to the pore blockage. The PEGylated membrane possesses the stable surface wettability and permeation performance of emulsion. The separation efficiency of PEGylated membranes for multiple emulsions is greater than 99%, and the highest rejection value is as high as 99.9%. After the three-cycle filtration of emulsified pump oil solution, the flux recovery ratio of membranes still reaches 90%, indicating an outstanding fouling resistance to emulsified oily matters. This work provides a feasible strategy to prepare the antifouling PVDF membrane used for the oil/water separation.

Ce-MOF-based superhydrophobic polyurethane sponge reinforced by cellulose for efficient oil-water separation

It is extremely significant to manufacture materials with simple and low-cost synthetic method for the disposal of large-scale oil spills and environmental pollution caused by the illegal discharge of oily wastewater. In this paper, cerium metal-organic framework (Ce-MOF), 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H perfluorodecyltrimethoxysilane (PFOTS) and cellulose were used as raw materials to prepare polyurethane hydrophobic sponges (PU) interconnected by chemical bonds to improve physical properties performance. The sponge shows excellent superhydrophobicity with a surface water contact angle (WCA) of 152.53 ± 0.8°. It has high mechanical strength and oil absorption capacity for various oils/organic solvents up to 15.0–44.9 times its weight. It is more imortant that C–F–Ce@PU can separate immiscible oil-water mixtures driven by vacuum pump or gravity. Superhydrophobic/oleophilic C–F–Ce@PU can also be used to separate water-in-oil emulsions. The above characteristics provide a reference for its practical application in oil-water separation.

In situ transformation of hierarchical FeOOH/CuO arrays with electro-cleaning capability for oil-in-water emulsion separation and electro-fenton degradation of organic dye

With the increasing oily wastewater discharges and crude oil leakage accidents, the eco-environment and human health is seriously harmed. Membrane technology is an ideal choice for industrial oil/water separation, but the gradually structural fouling has severely hampered the long-term practical applications. Herein, membrane separation, electroflotation and electro-Fenton technologies are successfully coupled through structural design and regulation. The FeOOH nanosheet/CuO nanowire coated on copper mesh is prepared via chemical oxidation and thermal dehydration. The FeOOH nanosheets are in situ converted and tightly encapsulated on the surface of CuO nanowires, while the hierarchical nano-array structure and interconnected FeOOH coating ensure the superhydrophilic, underwater superoleophobic and electroflotation self-cleaning capabilities. Therefore, the 3*Fe/CuO-5 membrane exhibits high water flux (≥1400 L h−1 m−2), separation efficiency (≥99.2%) and excellent electroflotation self-cleaning capability (within 2 min) in oil-in-water emulsion separation. Moreover, the heterogeneous electro-Fenton system composed of 3*Fe/CuO-5 membrane exhibits good degradation efficiency of 30 mg L−1 methylene blue within 100 min. Thus, the as-prepared 3*Fe/CuO-5 membrane is promising in industrial wastewater purification due to its rapid oil separation and soluble organic purification ability.

A versatile platform of corn stalk-based membranes for high performance of oil/water separation

Due to the discharge of oily wastewater, there is an urgent need to develop advanced oil/water separation materials having the characteristic of versatility and cost-efficiency in an eco-friendly manner. In this work, we used natural corn stalks as a raw material to prepare a versatile platform for oil/water separation. The corn stalks without treatment can separate efficiently light oil/water mixtures with a high flux, which is attributed to underwater superoleophobicity and interconnective porous structure. In addition, an enlarged membrane was prepared by combining multiple corn stalks to achieve a higher flow rate of oil/water separation (30 mL/min) relative to a single corn stalk. More interestingly, the local corn stalk can be used directly to separate oil/water mixtures through removing part of stem marrow. After modifying with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and hydrophobic silicon dioxide (SiO2), a corn stalk@PDMS@SiO2 membrane (CPSM) was obtained to achieve heavy oil/water separation owing to the wetting state transition from superhydrophilicity to superhydrophobicity. The XPS measurement reveals the chemical information of superhydrophiobic coating. Moreover, the CPSM could successfully separate water-in-1, 2-dichloroethane emulsion and selectively absorb oils. The developed corn stalk-based materials originate from nature, are simple to prepare, and realize efficient separation for multiple types of oil/water mixtures.

Surfactant-enhanced dead-end ultrafiltration for tertiary treatment of produced water

With growing energy demands and more stringent oily wastewater discharge regulations, produced water (PW) is one of the most complex waste streams that must be effectively treated before disposal to the environment or reuse as process water. This study investigated the applicability of surfactant-enhanced multiple-cycle dead-end ultrafiltration operation for the polishing (tertiary) treatment of PW. Sub-micron sized emulsified oils were prepared to mimic PW characteristics in the polishing step. Performance experiments were conducted using lab-scale modules fabricated with commercial ready-to-use hollow fiber membranes and mini-plant testing unit at operating conditions analogous to full-scale application. The influences of dosing anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS) below critical micelle concentration on emulsified oils characteristics, as well as membranes fouling propensity and hydraulic backwashing efficiency were studied. For the first time, a consistent dead-end ultrafiltration performance treating emulsified oils with oil contents up to 50 mg/L was achieved due to a substantially enhanced hydraulic backwashing efficiency (overall permeability recovery range of 72 % - 90 % for different emulsified oils concentrations and SDS concentration of 0.48 g/L). The promoted hydraulic reversible fouling by surfactant-enhanced ultrafiltration was attributed to the minimized hydrophobic-hydrophobic interactions, and the improved access of backwashing water via “facilitated” paths through the formed fouling layer.

Biomimetic cellulose-nanocrystalline-based composite membrane with high flux for efficient purification of oil-in-water emulsions

The massive discharge of oily wastewater and oil spills are causing serious pollution to water resources. It is urgent to require clean and efficient method of purifying oily emulsions. Although the separation membranes with selective wettability have been widely used in the efficient purification of oil/water emulsions. It is still very challenging to develop functional films that are environmentally friendly, fouling resistant, inexpensive, easy to prepare, easy to scale, and highly efficient. Cellulose nanocrystalline-based composite membranes (CCM) were prepared by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SATRP) and vacuum self-assembly. The prepared CCM is superhydrophilic and superoleophobic underwater due to the hydrophilic nature of the modified cellulose-nanocrystalline and the micro-nano surface structure. The CCM shows high separation efficiency (> 99.9 %), high flux (16,692 L−1·m−2·h−1·bar−1) for surfactant-stabilized oil-in-water emulsions, good cycle stability and anti-fouling performance. This biomass-derived membrane is green, cheap, easy to manufacture, scalable, super-wettability, and durability, it promises to be an alternative to separation membranes in today's market.

Solar-Driven Evaporators with Thin-Film-Composite Architecture Inspired by Plant Roots for Treating Concentrated Nano-/Submicrometer Emulsions.

Oil/water separation by porous materials has received growing interest over the past years since the ever-increasing oily wastewater discharges seriously threaten our living environment. Purification of nano-sized and concentrated emulsions remains a big challenge because of the sharp flux decline by blocking the pores and fouling the surfaces of those porous materials. Herein, we propose a solar-driven evaporator possessing thin-film-composite architecture to deal with these two bottlenecks. Inspired by plant roots, our evaporator composes of a large-pore sponge wrapped by a thin hydrogel film, which is constructed by the contra-diffusion and cross-linking of alginate and calcium ions at the sponge surface. The dense superoleophobic hydrogel layer serves as a selective barrier that prevents oil emulsions but allows water permeation, while the inner sponge with large pores facilitates water transport within the evaporator, ensuring sufficient water supply for evaporation. By splitting the single evaporator into an array, the evaporator performs a high evaporation rate of ∼3.10 kg·m-2·h-1 and oil removal efficiency above 99.9% for a variety of oil emulsions. Moreover, it displays a negligible decline in the evaporation rate when treating concentrated emulsions for 8 h.

Advances in Asymmetric Wettable Janus Materials for Oil-Water Separation.

The frequent occurrence of crude oil spills and the indiscriminate discharge of oily wastewater have caused serious environmental pollution. The existing separation methods have some defects and are not suitable for complex oil-water emulsions. Therefore, the efficient separation of complex oil-water emulsions has been of great interest to researchers. Asymmetric wettable Janus materials, which can efficiently separate complex oil-water emulsions, have attracted widespread attention. This comprehensive review systematically summarizes the research progress of asymmetric wettable Janus materials for oil-water separation in the last decade, and introduces, in detail, the preparation methods of them. Specifically, the latest research results of two-dimensional Janus materials, three-dimensional Janus materials, smart responsive Janus materials, and environmentally friendly Janus materials for oil-water separation are elaborated. Finally, ongoing challenges and outlook for the future research of asymmetric wettable Janus materials are presented.

Highly efficient oil–water separation of superhydrophobic cellulose II aerogel based on dissolution and regeneration of cotton in lithium bromide system

In recent years, the frequent occurrence of oil spills and the excessive discharge of oily wastewater have caused serious damage to the environment. Therefore, the development of oil/water separation materials has attracted widespread attention. Here, we have successfully synthesized cellulose aerogels (CAs) based on a green and simple LiBr system and modified the CAs with methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) for the fabrication of hydrophobized cellulose II aerogels (HCAs). The prepared HCAs have low density (0.021–0.039 g/cm3), high porosity (97.6–98.7 %) and hierarchical porous structure. The water contact angle of the HCAs was 150°±5°, exhibiting the excellent hydrophobic and lipophilic properties of the HCAs. Oil/water separation experiments have shown that HCAs has outstanding separation efficiency of over 96 % for a variety of oil/water mixtures. Furthermore, the HCAs also exhibited excellent reusability for long-term use. HCAs are promising for a wide range of practical applications in oil–water separation, including oil/chemical spills and industrial effluent discharge, owing to the green and facile preparation process, excellent separation efficiency and superior reusability.

Turbo-Synergistic Oily Wastewater Remediation in Bio-Inspired Cone Array Barrel.

Oily wastewater discharge causes not only the pollution of environment but also the waste of resources. Existing technologies for wastewater remediation, such as membrane and particle methods, are variable and effective, but are difficult for achieving continuous and rapid oil-water separation. Here, with the synergy of turbo stirring, a strategy for emulsion separation is demonstrated based on the bio-inspired cone array barrel. Under the centrifugal force, oil droplets in emulsion are thrown onto the cones arrayed on inner wall due to the Coriolis effect, captured by microstructures on cone surface and then penetrate out through the superhydrophobic pores, while only the remediated water remains. The separation technique maintains a high efficiency of above 99.5% for over 30 times of use, as well as for emulsions with variable ingredients. This structure-dynamics synergistic separation strategy evolves the future technologies on water purification in industrial and daily processes.

Fluorine-free superhydrophobic cotton fabric for highly-efficient gravity-driven oil/water separation

Rapid urbanisation and industrialisation have imposed great environmental impact due to the discharge of oily wastewater and oil spill incidents. The application of superhydrophobic and superoleophilic surfaces in oil/water separation (OWS) has attracted much attention due to their high selectivity of oil which leads to high separation efficiency in OWS. Herein, a fluorine-free superhydrophobic cotton fabric filter was prepared by loading SiO2 onto the surface from the silica sol and followed by coating with stearic acid through facile dip coating method. The silica sol was prepared using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) where the loading was manipulated in order to study its effect on hydrophobicity. In the drying process, the effect of the drying temperature on the hydrophobicity was studied. All the pristine and modified cotton fabric samples were characterised by employing FTIR, SEM-EDX and water contact angle measurement. In the preparation process, the optimum TEOS loading was determined to be 4.5 mL. Additionally, the as-prepared superhydrophobic cotton fabric was used to perform OWS, under sole influence of gravity, by using different oil-water mixture solutions and the separation efficiency was above 99%. The results showed that higher drying temperature gives rise in hydrophobicity, and thus lead to more efficient OWS.

Highly durable and sustainable heterogeneous fabric using in-and-out fluorinated urethane coating for elimination of bacteria and oil–water separation

To address the poor oil–water separation efficiency and bactericidal properties of existing oil–water separation membranes for the treatment of industrial oily wastewater discharge, this study designed an in-and-out coating material for modifying the inner site and outer surface of porous activated carbon fabric (ACF) using urethane reactions. To this end, fluorinated polyurethane (F-PU) coating materials were synthesized using perfluoroalkyl alcohol, ethylene glycol (EG), and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI). Subsequently, the inner and outer surface of the ACF were coated with F-PU via the urethane reaction of the hydroxyl groups (–OH) of the surface of ACF and the isocyanates of F-PU. The successfully fabricated in-and-out F-PU-coated heterogeneous fabric exhibited excellent hydrophobic properties, anti-scratch performance, oil–water separation performance, and bacterial penetration blocking efficiency (>99% for gram negative and gram positive bacteria). Furthermore, the in-and-out-coated ACF exhibited high durability, and retained its bacterial penetration blocking performance after scratch tests.

Fabrication of a biological metal–organic framework based superhydrophobic textile fabric for efficient oil/water separation

In response to the industry's difficulty in properly separating oily wastewater discharge, researchers are investigating enhanced oil/water separation materials. In this work, a cost-effective and environmentally friendly superhydrophobic textile fabric was fabricated for effective oil–water mixture and emulsion separation. A biological metal–organic framework consisting of copper as a core metal and aspartic acid as a linker (Cu-Asp MOF) was used to improve the surface roughness of the pristine textile fabric, and stearic acid was used to lower its surface energy. The thermal gravimetric analysis investigated the prepared Cu-Asp MOF's thermal stability. X-ray spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy studied the crystal orientation and chemical composition of the Cu-Asp MOF, Cu-Asp MOF@SA, pristine textile fabric, and superhydrophobic textile fabric, respectively. The surface morphology of the pristine and modified textile fabric was studied by scanning electron microscope. The wettability results showed that the prepared superhydrophobic textile fabric has a water contact angle of 158° ± 1.3 and water sliding angle of 2° ± 0.2°. The prepared superhydrophobic textile fabric showed excellent oil–water mixture and emulsion separation performance, oil absorption capacity, chemical stability, mechanical abrasion resistance, and a high flux rate. These outstanding characteristics of the prepared superhydrophobic textile fabric greatly increase the possibility for practical applications.

Surface modified basalt membrane as a photothermal material for improved oily wastewater solar evaporation

ABSTRACT Oily wastewater is produced from many processes in petrochemical, food, pharmaceutical, mining, and metal industries. Proper management of oily wastewater discharges is required to mitigate their environmental impacts. Basalt fabric has been reported as being uniquely suitable for oily wastewater purification via solar evaporation due to its robust structure and surface chemistry. In this study, an efficient, low-cost, and scalable 3D photothermal evaporator was prepared by surface modification of basalt fabric with TiO2 nanoparticles for oily wastewater treatment and solar steam generation. The basalt membrane was coated with two types of TiO2 (Degussa P25 and nitrogen-doped TiO2) to enhance its hydrophilicity and photocatalytic properties important for fouling control. The basalt membranes were then tested for their impacts on water evaporation under various salinities and concentrations of gasoline constituents and crude oil. In pure water, the modified membrane system achieved an evaporation rate of 1.65 kg‧m−2‧h−1 under 1 sun irradiation, which is higher than the theoretical value of 1.47 kg‧m−2‧h−1 due to the 3D nature of the structure capable of harvesting energy from the environment. Crude oil significantly decreased the evaporation rate of the unmodified basalt membrane. However, the coating of TiO2 nanoparticles was found to ameliorate the fouling effect by increasing the membrane evaporation efficiency from 0.75 kg‧m−2‧h−1 to 1.42 kg‧m−2‧h−1 in a 2.0 g/L oily water composition. This technology is promising as a new approach to manage oily wastewater storage tanks and evaporation ponds in industry in addition to improving the efficiency of resource recovery.