Disaster Risk Reduction Programs Research Articles

Disaster Education in Elementary School Curriculum: Basis for Framework Designing

This research aimed to develop a school curriculum framework for disaster education in elementary schools. This is a qualitative-phenomenological study that examines how elementary school teachers teach disaster education to their students. Data was gathered through the use of guided interview questions, and the conduct of in-depth interviews. Based on the result of the study, the researchers captured the key experiences of the teachers and the most common approaches being utilized to disaster education in elementary schools, which include the integration of disaster-related themes and topics into specific school subjects, particularly in Science, Health, Araling Panlipunan, and Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao, disaster advocacy campaign through the use of various digital and online platforms, and social media, training and seminars to pupils on how to respond to disasters through the conduct of drills, utilization of safety equipment, evacuation and rescue procedure, first-aid training and the like, and instilling pro-active attitude and discipline of the learners in responding to disasters. Moreover, with reference to this study, a school curriculum framework on disaster education was developed, which will serve as the guiding tool for all disaster education efforts at the school level, congruent with DepEd's education targets in the context of elementary schools’ safety and disaster resilience, as well as school disaster risk reduction and management (DRRM) programs, projects, and activities.

THE EXTENT OF UNDERSTANDING AND IMPLEMENTATION OF DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS OF SAN MARIANO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

This study aimed to determine the extent of understanding and implementing disaster risk management at San Mariano National High School. The Participatory School Disaster Management Toolkit, created by Save the Children as a contribution to the implementation of Comprehensive School Safety Pillar 2—School Disaster Management—was the data source for quantitative research, which employed the descriptive-evaluative method. The San Mariano National High School's understanding and implementation of disaster risk management were examined using the mean and standard deviation. A Likert scale was employed to gauge the level of understanding and implementation. Considering the results, although the faculty and staff of San Mariano National High School do not belong to the disaster risk reduction management council, programs and activities for disaster risk reduction are executed successfully. The results also showed that faculty and staff understand and participate in disaster risk reduction, response, and preparedness. However, many faculty members and staff encountered difficulties putting these programs into practice, so they were advised to develop a more comprehensive disaster risk reduction management plan that would meet the needs of the school, maintain and upgrade DRR programs, add more members to the DRR organization, purchase and identify facilities and equipment for emergencies, and finally regularly review and assess the implementation of disaster risk reduction programs to achieve very well-implemented DRRM programs.

The Influence of Community Drought Risk Management on Community Development in Tiaty Constituency, Kenya

Climate change contributed to an increase in the rate of disasters, particularly those with meteorological origins. This study assessed community drought risk management strategies and community development in Tiaty Constituency, Kenya. The objective was to determine the influence of disaster risk reduction programs in promoting community development in the area, grounded in the Environmental Community Development Theory. A mixed-methods research approach was adopted, with a target population of 12,153 people. The sample size comprised 395 respondents selected using stratified sampling techniques. Statistical Analysis Software version 25 was utilized for data analysis. Descriptive statistics were conducted to offer descriptive features of the study variables, with quantitative survey data expressed as mean averages. The study revealed that risk reduction programs focusing on environmental conservation and sustainable practices contributed to the long-term sustainability of communities in Tiaty Constituency. It was found that building community resilience extended beyond disaster management and contributed to overall community development, aimed at achieving sustainable self-reliance. The findings highlighted the significant positive impact of drought risk reduction programs in aiding community development and resilience-building efforts. Based on the comprehensive findings, the study recommended prioritizing and expanding risk reduction programs, with a specific focus on environmental conservation, social cohesion, and community participation in hazard assessment, to inform planning and decision-making processes.

Risk Management, Disaster Mitigation in the University Environment

Natural disasters present conditions that can lead to significant damage and pose a threat to the survival of society. Addressing and mitigating the risks associated with these disasters is imperative. One approach involves the implementation of risk management and disaster mitigation strategies. Despite the widespread acknowledgment of these measures, their application in the tertiary sector remains limited. This study focuses on Nadhlatul Ulama University in Yogyakarta, aligning with the emphasis on disaster mitigation at the university level as outlined in Minister of Education and Culture Regulation Number 33 of 2019, which pertains to the Implementation of Disaster-Safe Education Units. Utilizing a qualitative research design with descriptive methods, data collection involves structured interviews. Purposive sampling is employed to select informants capable of providing insights relevant to the study's focus. The research yields an initial model for a disaster-safe university, aiming to enhance understanding of school-based disaster risk reduction models and programs within communities vulnerable to potential disasters. The disaster risk reduction program is encapsulated in an initiative named "Disaster Class," which incorporates elements of Pentahelix disaster management.

Descriptive Study of Community Based Disaster Management in Rural Western Nepal

This study inspects community-based disaster management (CBDM) in Nepal. Employing secondary and primary data, the study used descriptive statistics tool. Firstly, the study identified multiple natural risks (flood and landslide). Secondly, in the practice of CBDM, the collective action was found mainly on planning of disaster calendar, early warning, preparedness, and rehabilitation. Thirdly, there was mean salary income loss per annum (330 USD). It is one third of national per capita. Having a significant economic cost, CBDM reduced effectively humanitarian and economic cost of the community. Thus, CBDM is effective collective action to be resilient at the community. Therefore, mainstreaming CBDMG in multi-hazard risk management program, the government should improve its technical capacity and performance by training &equipment for disaster resilience. This study is expected to contribute disaster risk reduction program of the local, province and central government and also preparedness to resilient.

Spatial Distribution Analysis of Disaster-Vulnerable Groups in Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta

This study aims to analyze the spatial distribution of the population of disaster-vulnerable groups in Bantul Regency in 2022. This study used secondary data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) with data on infants, toddlers, children, pregnant or breastfeeding mothers, people with disabilities, and the elderly. The collected data is then processed to determine the density intervals of high, medium, and low vulnerable groups. The study results are presented as a spatial distribution map of the density of vulnerable groups. The results showed that areas with a high density of vulnerable groups were in Kasihan and Piyungan sub-districts. Sites with a moderate density of vulnerable groups are in the Banguntapan, Sewon, Bantul, Jetis, and Imogiri sub-districts. Meanwhile, areas with low density of vulnerable groups are in Sedayu, Pajangan, Pleret, Dlingo, Pandak, Bambanglipuro, Srandakan, Pundong, and Sanden Districts. Mapping the spatial distribution of vulnerable group density can determine areas in Bantul Regency classified as highly vulnerable group density to be prioritized first, then medium to low vulnerable group density. Thus, this research can be helpful for Bantul Regency policymakers in carrying out earthquake disaster risk reduction programs for vulnerable groups referring to the results of spatial distribution maps, and it is hoped that this research can be implemented for other regions in Indonesia.Keywords: Spatial Distribution, Disaster-Vulnerable Groups, Bantul Regency.

Decoding the livelihood vulnerability of flood-prone communities in Vietnam: Implications for disaster risk reduction and sustainable rural development

In the midst of increasing global uncertainties, understanding household vulnerability to disaster risks and identifying the most susceptible individuals and communities has become an urgent concern. This study assesses and compares the flood vulnerability of two communities, Quang Tho and Quang Phuoc, in Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam. The study utilizes primary data collected in 2022 from 280 rural households whose livelihood sources are agriculture and fishery. Flood vulnerability is determined by applying the Livelihood Vulnerability Index based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's definition (LVI-IPCC) approach. Our analysis reveals that both communities exhibit moderate vulnerability to flood hazards across various dimensions. Notably, fishing-only communities are found to be more vulnerable to flooding compared to mixed agri-fishery farmers. Additionally, we have identified several factors that exacerbate vulnerability, including poverty, low education levels, single parenthood, limited resources, narrow livelihood strategies, and inadequate social connections. Therefore, development policies and disaster risk reduction programs should prioritize disadvantaged groups, focusing on promoting social inclusion and gender equality in accessing services and public resources. It is concluded that tailored disaster risk management and rural livelihood development initiatives are crucial to addressing each community's specific vulnerabilities and challenges, fostering resilience, and thus reducing future risks. Achieving greater sustainability and equilibrium for vulnerable groups necessitates continuous action and investment.

Volunteer altruistic behaviour in terms of disaster threat type.

The results of this study can be considered as supporting information in developing programmes by supporting the altruistic behaviour of community-based disaster volunteers. The sincerity of community-based disaster volunteers in the form of altruistic behaviour is not influenced by the type of disaster threat. One form of collective altruistic behaviour that is important and prominent in Indonesian culture is gotong royong. Gotong royong is a joint activity of helping each other without being paid, which is local wisdom in Indonesia. It is therefore important for policymakers to preserve local wisdom values such as gotong royong in disaster risk reduction programmes across different types of disaster threats.

Community Preparedness Education and Training Program in Facing Earthquake Disasters: literatur review

Disasters due to earthquake natural events can have an impact on the community so that people who live in disaster-prone areas are the most disadvantaged parties. The community as a disadvantaged party must be equipped with disaster preparedness, one of which is a disaster risk reduction program. The purpose of this scooping review is to determine the description of the implementation of the earthquake disaster preparedness education and training program in the community. This research is a scooping review using Prisma flow chart in its implementation. The results of this study showed significant results in all articles (n=10) in improving community preparedness in earthquake disaster risk reduction. The methods used were the latest methods (virtual reality, animated videos, and games) and manual methods (lectures, discussions, and reading) with material on disaster concepts, management, and first aid. This research concludes that the role of the community and the importance of disaster preparedness education for the community is very important to be provided by conducting the latest or modern methods for more effective results.

Implementation of the Disaster Risk Reduction Program in Japan as an Effort for Disaster Risk Reduction in Indonesia

The natural disasters that occurred in Japan have caused losses both financially and in terms of casualties. Based on data from the Japanese government, the total losses experienced by the country from 1980 to 2010 amounted to US$ 208,230,800. Meanwhile, the number of recorded fatalities was 8,568 people, with an average of 276 fatalities per year due to natural disasters in Japan. This study aims to focus on the development of a disaster information system to reduce disaster risk in Japan which can also be implemented in Indonesia. The research method used in this study is a qualitative approach. In this approach, researchers use descriptive methods to collect data. This approach was chosen because this research was conducted during an Overseas Work Lecture through a Video Conference from Japan on May 30, 2023. The conclusions from this study indicate that the Japanese government has changed its approach to natural disasters and prioritized disaster risk reduction (DRR) programs. They focus on better regional planning, building earthquake-resistant buildings, and raising community awareness. In addition, the disaster management system in Japan involves various government ministries and agencies working together in planning, implementing, and supervising disaster management operations. The Japanese government has a strong commitment to the DRR program and regards investment in disaster risk reduction as an important measure to protect the country's life and economy. Through improving urban planning, strict construction regulations, disaster education, and active community participation, Japan is trying to live side by side with disasters and has strong resilience against these threats.

Empowerment and Development of Kajhu Village as a Disaster Resilient Village Based on Fasterization and Ecotourism

Kajhu Village is a coastal area within the Baitussalam District of Aceh Besar. In 2004, the village suffered significant damage due to an earthquake and ensuing tsunami, resulting in loss of life and damage to infrastructure. Despite the inherent disaster risk, Kajhu Village possesses great potential, including the scenic beauty of its coastline and the abundance of mangrove ecosystems. These natural resources can be harnessed to develop environmental and disaster-based tourism opportunities. In recognition of this potential, the Fasilitator Tangguh Bencana (FASTANA) - Tsunami and Disaster Mitigation Research Center at Universitas Syiah Kuala (TDMRC USK), an organization dedicated to community service and disaster mitigation, launched a disaster risk reduction program aimed at empowering the community and reducing the risk of disaster in Kajhu Village. Data collection involved observation and interviews with local residents. Community service activities focused on education and empowerment, including disaster preparedness education for the community and schools, promotion of the importance of protecting coastal ecosystems, and training and empowering the creative economy. Additionally, disaster literacy corners were established in schools within Kajhu Village. Through these programs, the goal was to create a community that is resilient to disaster and economically self-sufficient. By providing support and empowerment to the community, it is hoped that a new mindset can be fostered, resulting in greater independence and resilience. The disaster education provided aims to help individuals and families understand and implement effective disaster prevention strategies. The implications of the community service program in Kajhu Village are increasing community resilience and preparedness in dealing with natural disasters and developing the potential of coastal ecosystems to become sustainable ecotourism attractions, providing inspiration for communities in other areas to adopt a participatory and structured approach in an effort to increase resilience and disaster preparedness and developing the potential of coastal ecosystems.

Quantitative impact assessment of the 2019 tropical cyclone Kammuri lahars: Mayon volcano, Philippines

Lahars (volcanic mudflows) are frequent occurrences in communities near active Philippine volcanoes due to intense and prolonged rainfall. Mayon Volcano is the most active volcano in the Philippines, ejecting pyroclastic deposits that serve as erodible materials for lahars. Damaging lahars have occurred in the past, with the more recent ones in 2006, 2015, 2019 and 2020 posing impacts such as erosion, burial, and flash flooding in low-lying areas. This paper presents the results of an interdisciplinary case study on lahar impact assessment for a selected pilot community at Mayon Volcano. Lahar hazard modeling, an exposure database, and a Filipinized lahar damage state table were combined to estimate potential lahar impacts to buildings for the study area using a lahar impact assessment software tool called REDAS Quick Lahar Impact Simulation Tool (REDAS-QLIST). The tool can estimate lahar losses such as physical damage, economic loss, and total population affected including age-sex distribution. Being able to accurately quantify impact and damage is one of the added values provided by REDAS-QLIST. The damage and loss estimates produced for our case study area were tested using an actual lahar event scenario from Tropical Cyclone (TC) Kammuri in 2019. Stakeholders, especially from local government units, can utilize the methods and results presented to plan and apply adaptable and sustainable disaster risk reduction programs in their communities. Importantly, the methodology can be used with additional lahar modeling results and exposure data through the REDAS QLIST to assess hazard and loss for other volcanic regions in the Philippines.

THE LEVEL OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT (DRRM) PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION AMONG PUBLIC ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS: BASIS FOR A PROPOSED ‘OUR SCHOOL, OUR SAFE ZONE’ PROGRAM

The study aimed to determine the level of Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (RDDM) Program Implementation of the three different districts in Polomolok South Cotabato. A cross-sectional survey was utilized in this study. The respondents were the 40 schools district coordinators of the three districts namely South, West, and East districts of Polomok, South Cotabato. It was found out that the level of Disaster Risk Reduction and Management in Districts 1, 2, and was high in terms of prevention and Migration. In terms of preparedness, the level of implementation of DRRM was high in District 1, moderate in District 3, while low in District 2. In terms of disaster response, the level of implementation of DRRM in Districts 1, 2, and 3 was high. In terms of recovery and rehabilitation, the level of implementation of DRRM was high in Districts 2, 3, while moderate in District 1. A proposed ‘Our School, Our Safe Zone’ program was crafted to address the gaps of the study.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/soc/0007/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Participation of Internal Stakeholders in School Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Program Among Public Schools in Catanauan District: Basis for Developmental Training Program

Participation of Internal Stakeholders in School Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Program Among Public Schools in Catanauan District: Basis for Developmental Training Program

Implications of building code enforcement and urban expansion on future earthquake loss in East Africa: case study—Blantyre, Malawi

Rapid and uncontrolled urbanisation in many parts of Africa is a significant driver of earthquake risk. New constructions are usually built with no compliance with seismic codes, which results in a critical increase in the vulnerability of the building stock. To quantitatively assess the potential consequences of unregulated urbanisation, this study investigates the effect of building code enforcement and urban expansion on the future earthquake loss in the city of Blantyre, Malawi. The analysis, performed within a probabilistic loss assessment framework, estimates the net present value of 30-year aggregated seismic loss for different urban expansion rates and code enforcement scenarios. The results show that high urbanisation rates and lack of building regulations could lead to a threefold increase in average seismic losses in the next thirty years. On the contrary, effective code enforcement could cap the seismic loss increase at 13%, highlighting the financial gain from effective disaster risk reduction programmes.

Exploring NGOs-government collaboration strategies in institutionalising child-centred disaster resilience and climate change adaptation

Child-centred disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation have gained traction through projects and programs implemented by various actors worldwide. However, there remains a lack of understanding of their longer-term impact and influence on policy and practice at different levels of governance. This longitudinal research examines the processes of mainstreaming child-centred disaster risk reduction (DRR) and school safety programs at various levels. The data collection methods included participatory workshops, focus group discussions, and participant observations collected in 2008 and 2019. The findings suggest that the existence of local disaster regulation and mainstream institutions does not serve as a legitimate predictor for how likely governments adopt child-centred DRR and sustain school safety policy implementation. By adopting hybrid and combining approaches to DRR institutionalisation, NGOs and governments have collaboratively combined various strategies, including local regulatory change, incentives, nudging, and coercive and discursive approaches.

Towards disaster risk mitigation on large-scale school intervention programs

Education infrastructure is one of the main barriers on school quality in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (L&MICs), since it is insufficient and unevenly distributed. Improving the school infrastructure is needed to provide a high-quality education environment. Although research on how to improve the infrastructure is available, there is still a lack of a consistent and systematic approach to develop large-scale interventions at the national or regional level. To fill this gap, we propose a data-driven methodology with the purpose of developing a prioritization of interventions to carry out a seismic disaster risk reduction program. The method starts by identifying groups of similar buildings using clustering analysis, starting with a seismic taxonomy as descriptor (i.e., model input). Then, domain experts analyze the suggested clusters to design scalable interventions for the representative building of each cluster. The proposed data-driven methodology requires experts’ criteria in each step to validate the results and make them applicable, but significantly reduces the bias by automating the decision-making process. We use as case study the Dominican Republic public school infrastructure and present the results of the application of the proposed method. The method presented herein is extensible to other infrastructure portfolios, as well as to other types of hazards.

A cost-benefit analysis for the appraisal of social and market prices in the probabilistic seismic risk assessment of building portfolios: A methodology for the evaluation of disaster risk reduction programs

A cost-benefit analysis can be a milestone for the probabilistic seismic risk assessment of building portfolios. This approach appraises social, economic, and technical aspects as evaluation criteria, becoming a reliable method for more accurate feasibility evaluation of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) programs. This paper proposes a simplified methodological approach to estimate the feasibility of intervention campaigns directed to seismic retrofitting for building portfolios. Its feature is the number of variables it encompasses such as: multiple intervention levels, resource distribution, maximum repair time, direct and indirect losses, simplified seismic resilience, number of casualties, amount of replacement buildings, and expected service life. Then, all these factors are analyzed using a conventional probabilistic seismic risk assessment, followed by the estimation of net cash flows in terms of social and market prices. The final profitability and feasibility are determined based on investment indicators (Net Present Value, Internal Rate of Return, and Cost-Benefit ratio). In addition, plots of maximum repair time and simplified seismic resilience (as a function of the resource distribution) are proposed as novel decision-making tools. To illustrate the methodology, a case study of six building portfolios grouped into two categories is presented. The portfolios are conformed by a Peruvian school typology designated as 780-PRE, typically two-story high with reinforced concrete moment-resisting frames plus infill-walls and confined masonry walls. The demonstrative case included eleven target scenarios to assess the as-built and several intervention conditions, based on incremental seismic retrofitting measures. Results confirm that social prices influence the decision-making process, even making feasible projects that were initially unfeasible (when solely appraised under market prices). Finally, the authors propose further applications of this methodology as a tool to support the development of reliable DRR-programs.

Spatial Dynamic Model of Index-Based Disaster Resilience

Measurement and development of resilience are essential in disaster risk reduction programs. Furthermore, efforts are needed to measure resilience baselines to track changes over time and compare areas for monitoring and evaluating resilience development. Therefore, this study identified dimensions and indicators for measuring resilience using a statistical approach and developed an index-based spatial resilience model in a web-GIS environment. This paper presents the spatial distribution of urban resilience to disasters in Semarang City at the sub-district level. Factor analysis showed that 21 selected indicators could represent five dimensions of resilience: social, economic, infrastructure, environmental, and institutional. Furthermore, the model results showed that 88% of the sub-districts were in the moderate resilience class. The spatial distribution of each dimension showed considerable heterogeneity in its coastal and plain areas (city center) as well as better resilience in the social and infrastructure dimensions than in its hilly areas. The hilly areas in the west have relatively better resilience than those in the east. These results can be used as a reference in managing resilience to disasters. The model presents a spatial distribution of resilience based on an index that quickly provides an overview of the conditions and determines priorities for increasing resilience in supporting disaster risk reduction programs.

Geospatial assessment of intrinsic resilience to the climate change for the central coast of Bangladesh

Climate change resilience not only depends on the physiographic properties, but also the socio-economic status of the people. Considering climate change resilience as a socio-ecological construct, few attempts have been taken to measure resilience across the space, especially at national and community scales. There is a paucity of research that contributes to the spatial understanding of climate change resilience at local level from the system approach. This study aims to provide an assessable means through an analytical geospatial exercise of intrinsic resilience of a socio-ecological system in the context of climate change scenario. Due to the unique physiographic and geomorphological characteristics, the central coast of Bangladesh has already been termed as one of the most climate change vulnerable hotspots by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Therefore, it demands a comprehensive assessment in terms of climate change vulnerability, adaptive capacity and resilience. We investigated the intrinsic resilience of this region by adopting Climate Change Resilience of Place (C-CROP) model. This study is the first attempt to the implication of the C-CROP model in real world scenario. Remote Sensing based earth observation, census, and ancillary data were in the centre of the investigation while Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was employed to select and weigh bottom level indicators. 20 adaptive capacity indicators and 17 vulnerability indicators were selected in this regard. Using PCA, 37 indicators are reduced to 5 adaptive capacity and 3 vulnerability principal components which explain 73.81% and 79.17% variance in the data respectively. Quantification and mapping of intrinsic resilience through geospatial approach using Google Earth Engine (GEE) provide useful data that show how intrinsic resilience is spatially distributed in the most vulnerable hotspot in the climate change context. The findings of the study can contribute to climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction programs to sustainably allocate limited resources and set priority interventions in order to build vulnerable communities resilient in changing climatic scenario.