Disaster Mitigation Program Research Articles

Analysis Resilient Village of Merapi Volcano Eruption in Pusung Village, Boyolali Subdistrict, Boyolali District

<p><em>Pusung Village located in the Merapi Volcano Foot. Based on the Kawasan Rawan Bencana (KRB) Map of Merapi Eruption in 2010, Pusung Village was included in KRB I. After the 2010 eruption, Pusung Village began to sister village disaster mitigation program. But in implementation, the disaster mitigation program with all aspects of village resilience to disasters has’nt been optimally. So, this study was conducted to determine the level of toughness Pusung Village and direction the implementation of village resilience. The method is scoring and SWOT analysis of </em><em>questionnaires</em><em> and observation. The results of this study are Pusung Village included Middle Disaster Resilient Village with the interaction SO is fulfillment sister village program requirements, the results of WO are disaster simulations be activated and need a balanced allocation, the result of ST is readiness in various aspects that can minimize disaster risk and the result of WT is balancing prevention services.</em></p>

MITIGATION OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION IN PANGANDARAN REGENCY

The government has a function to protect its people, including managing the disaster. The function of government in natural disaster management is a function that is expected to be carried out with full commitment. Disaster management is an activity carried out comprehensively and there is a need for active stakeholder involvement. Pangandaran Regency is a disaster-prone area. This article aims to describe the mitigation launched by the Pangandaran Regency government to reduce disaster risk using a Qualitative approach and observation, interview and literature study. Pangandaran Regency has been stretched to get out of the tsunami disaster that had occurred. Even mitigation efforts have been carried out with the involvement of various stakeholders in Pangandaran Regency. With mitigation, disaster risk reduction can be done. Therefore the government should make efforts to overcome disaster risk through the Mitigation Program by the Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD). The disaster mitigation program consists of two types namely Mitigation with a Structural approach and namely mitigation by focusing on physical development, such as the construction of temporary evacuation sites or the construction of an early warning system (EAS). Then the other form is Non-Structural mitigation which is mitigation carried out in the form of non-physical development, such as disaster education to school children and also to the community through activities carried out by mothers. Disaster training is given to private parties to understand disaster in Pangandaran.Keywords: Disaster, Mitigation, Risk Reduction, Management Disaster, Pangandaran

Landslide Vulnerability and Risk Assessment: A Study at Kiriketioya and Belihuloya Watershed

Sri Lanka is a continental island consisting of 65,610 km2 of land. The country is highly likely to affect by both natural and man-made hazards. Landslides can be identified as one of the major natural hazards. As a developing country, it is very important to identify landslide vulnerability and risks because that can influence future development activities and disaster mitigation programmes. Kiriketioya and Belihuloya watershed areas are located in the second and third pen plain of the country. It belongs to the Imbulpe Divisional Secretariat Division and approximately covers 72km2 of land. The main objective of the study is to identify the landslide vulnerabilities and risks in the study area. The study was based on the data collected from both primary and secondary sources. Secondary data and information were collected through many sources as an extension to the literature review. Primary data were collected through field observations. Arc GIS 10.3 software was used for digitizing, modelling, data analysis and interpretation. Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS (30m resolution) satellite images were used to calculate Normalized Different Vegetation Index (NDVI) and to analyze the land-usage. Weighted overlay methods in Arc GIS was used mainly to create landslide vulnerability map and the risk map. Landslide vulnerable and risk areas were identified and classified into high, medium and moderate zones. Areas of high risk of landslides are located in the high elevation areas. Approximately 60% of the lands of the study area have a moderate to high risk for landslides. Hence, it is essential to implement mitigatory measures to reduce landslide risks for the high and moderate landslides vulnerability lands.

Community Participation, Mitigation Flood Disaster in Indonesia

Flooding is a natural phenomenon that often occurs in various countries including in Indonesia. Flooding is the process of rainwater overflow that occurs in large quantities with uncontrolled flow and crashing into an area or settlement due to not being able to accommodate large enough water discharge and causing overflowing of rivers, lakes, or ditches, so that the water inundates the surrounding land . In flood disasters in Indonesia there are major factors in the occurrence of flood disasters namely natural factors, and human factors. In improving flood mitigation must involve the participation of the community, especially the local community, without supporting community participation, the disaster mitigation program will not be realized, where community participation includes environmental cleanliness and illegal logging ban which is one of the flood mitigation efforts, where this is very important in carrying out activities prior to the flood disaster.

Impact of Climate on Food Security in Mainland China: A New Perspective Based on Characteristics of Major Agricultural Natural Disasters and Grain Loss

Under the background of global warming, China has experienced frequent natural disasters that have seriously affected grain production in recent decades. Based on historical documents from 1978–2014, we explored the spatio-temporal variation of five major kinds of natural disasters and grain losses in China using statistical techniques: the Mann-Kendall (MK) test, social network analysis (SNA), and geographic information system (GIS) tools. The disaster intensity index (Q) clearly showed the variation of natural disasters; all of China experienced a significant increasing trend at an annual scale, reaching its peak (27.77%) in 2000. The step change points in floods, droughts, hail, and low-temperature events began to occur in 1983, 1988, 1988, 1992, respectively, while no obvious trend was detected for typhoon activity from 2001 to 2014. Drought and flood were the most serious types of disaster over the last four decades, accounting for more than 50% of total grain losses. Eight major provinces were identified with severe grain losses: Heilongjiang, Shandong, Henan, Hebei, Anhui, Sichuan, Jiangsu, Hunan, and Hubei. Five studied natural disaster types were identified throughout the seven physical geographical regions. Spatial distribution for the different disaster types showed significant geographical distribution characteristics. Natural disasters gradually became more diverse from north to south. Droughts, hail, and low-temperature disasters were randomly distributed throughout China; flood and typhoon disasters exhibited significant spatial auto-correlation and clustering patterns. Finally, in accordance with the intensity of natural disaster, the annual grain losses at the provincial scale initially increased (ranging from 0.14 million to 3.26 million tonnes in 1978–2000), and then decreased after 2000 (ranging from 3.26 million to 1.58 million tonnes in 2000–2014). The center of gravity of grain losses gradually moved northward. These results emphasize that developing different strategies for disaster prevention and mitigation programs in the major grain producing areas (e.g., Heilongjiang, Shandong, and Henan) are critical and important to China’s food security.

Site Coefficient of Short Fa and Long period Fv Maps Constructed from the Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis in Yogyakarta Special Province

Among the devastated earthquakes that have occurred in theYogyakarta Special Province (YSP) were earthquakes that occur in 1867,1943 and 2006 [1,2]. Macro site coefficient is already available in [3]however, more detailed site coefficient or presented on a micro scale is notyet available. The disaster mitigation program is needed and one of whichis the availability of the microseismic site coefficient maps for short periodFa and long period Fv particularly for building design. The probabilisticseismic hazard analysis (PSHA) has been carried out. The subduction andthe shallow crustal earthquakes within 500km radius from the city ofYogyakarta have been used. In contrast to [4], PSHA was carried out byusing 10% probability of the earthquake being exceeded within 50 years. Result of this study indicates that YSP is dominated by hard SD andmedium soil categories. The medium soil is mainly located at along theOpak and Progo river valleys and along the southern coast of Bantul andKulonprogo districts. The short period site coefficient Fa is stronglyinfluenced by the Opak fault as an earthquake source, while the sitecoefficient for long period Fv is more influenced by the Megathrustearthquake source. For PGA < 1.0g, the seismic coefficient Fa for shortperiod increases with increasing Vs30, meanwhile for long period ofseismic coefficient Fv decreases with increasing Vs30.

Natural disasters and girls vulnerability: is child marriage a coping strategy of economic shocks in Indonesia?

ABSTRACTIndonesia is a country that is highly prone to natural disasters, while at the same time faces a high child marriage prevalence compared to other Asia Pacific countries. Many studies show that in times of humanitarian crisis, child marriage practices, which heavily affect girls, are increasing. This study then intends to examine quantitatively any association between natural disasters and child marriages in Indonesia by using the 2015 National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS) and the 2014 Village Potential Census (PODES). By applying logistic regression and controlling the model with several socio-economic conditions such as education, religion and regional characteristics, this study finds that natural disasters are positively associated with the probability of girls entering child marriage. Child marriage could be one of the options for households to reduce the burden when they face adverse welfare effects from natural disasters. Furthermore, disaster mitigation significantly reduces the probability of child marriage because disaster mitigation and preparedness will lessen the devastating shocks of the disasters, reducing the need to then enter into child marriage. The strong relationship between child marriage and natural disasters should attract the attention of policymakers to conduct better disaster mitigation programs, as well as to effectively provide assistance to the most vulnerable members of communities when natural disasters occur.

Mitigating the Risk of Disaster Through Community Engagement and Disaster Preparedness Training – With a Special Reference to Samiyarpettai- A Model Village at Cuddalore District, Tamilnadu

This paper analyses; how the community based approach and orientation on Disaster mitigation and preparedness program has tremendously helped the communities to survive through the course of natural calamities, such as Tsunami. Furthermore, the paper engages to study the effectiveness of community engagement and their active participation in the Disaster mitigation management program. In turn how, the program devolved the community members to take precautionary action and as a result to safe guard their lives from the perilous disaster situations. Taking the” Samiyarpettai” – a small marine village exist in coastal line of Cuddalore district, Tamilnadu, as a special reference. And how the initiative in disaster management training to the people of Samiyarpettai has empowered to survive when tidal waves of tsunami struck the village in 2004,Dec

Development of Nationwide Vs30 Map and Calibrated Conversion Table for Indonesia using Automated Topographical Classification

A nationwide Vs30 map for Indonesia was developed based on automated topographic classification from 90-m grid digital elevation data and their correlation with Vs30. Automated topographic classification has been proposed by Iwahashi and Pike (2007) and a procedure to convert topographic class into Vs30 maps has been developed by Imamura and Furuta (2015) based on Vs data from J-SHIS (Japan Seismic Hazard Information System). In order to be suitable for Indonesia, calibration work according to Imamura and Furuta's procedure should be conducted since the geotechnical conditions in Japan may not be the same as in Indonesia. This paper presents adjustment of the Vs30 correlation by Imamura and Furuta to convert topographic class into Vs30 and construct a Vs30 map of Indonesia. This correlation was calibrated by using Vs data from BMKG (Indonesian Agency for Meteorological, Climatological, and Geophysics) as well as standard penetration test logs that were collected by the authors. Utilization of local field measurement data will certainly enhance the reliability of the Vs30 map. The developed nationwide Vs30 map will be very useful for disaster mitigation programs and for preliminary design of earthquake resistant buildings and infrastructure in Indonesia.

An approach for measuring social vulnerability in context: The case of flood hazards in Muzarabani district, Zimbabwe

Understanding the complexity of vulnerability to disasters, including those triggered by floods, droughts and epidemics is at the heart of disaster risk reduction. Despite its importance in disaster risk reduction, there remains a paucity of approaches that contribute to our understanding of social vulnerability that is hidden in dynamic contextual conditions. The study demonstrates an accessible means to assessing the spatial variation of social vulnerability to flood hazards and related for the context of Muzarabani district in northeast Zimbabwe. The study facilitated local identification with residents of variables contributing to social vulnerability and used the principal component analysis (PCA) technique to develop a social vulnerability index (SoVI). Using ArcMap10.2 geographic information systems (GIS) tool, the study mapped composite SoVI at the ward level. The results showed that Muzarabani district is socially vulnerable to hazards. The social vulnerability is influenced by a variety of economic, social and institutional factors that vary across the wards. Quantifying and visualising social vulnerability in Muzarabani provides useful information for decision makers to support disaster preparedness and mitigation programmes. The approach shows how spatially distributed multivariate vulnerability, as grounded in interpretations at local level, can be quantitatively derived for contexts such as those of Muzarabani. The study findings can inform disaster risk reduction communities and cognate disciplines on quantitative assessments for managing hazard vulnerability where these have hitherto not been developed.

Historical waterscape trajectories that need care: the unwanted refurbished flood homes of Kinston's devolved disaster mitigation program

Abstract In 1999 Hurricane Floyd pummeled the eastern portion of North Carolina (NC, U.S.A.), and in its wake many localities participated in federal home acquisition-relocation programs in flood-prone areas, with shared and devolved governance. This article reports on one such program that was conducted in the City of Kinston, where a historical African-American neighborhood called Lincoln City was badly flooded by water containing raw sewage from a compromised wastewater treatment plant upstream. Afterwards, some of the acquired homes were relocated to an adjacent area populated by middle-class, African-American families. The article explores to what extent political devolution of flood mitigation disempowered residents to deal with this crisis in their waterscape. Combining a framework from medical anthropology regarding the logics of choice and care with historical political ecology, it illustrates how devolved government policy led to a continuation of the waterscape's discriminatory history after the buyout program, with no recourse for local citizens as the program worked through a logic of choice that demarcated responsibilities. Understanding this case requires a historically informed assessment of social impact, in which the chosen flood mitigation measures are critically assessed using tools from historically-informed political ecology, leading to a longerterm logic of care where needed. Keywords: Devolution, flooding, path-dependency, waterscape, buyout, mitigation, care, choice

Development of Community-based Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Program for Volunteer Leaders of Villages in Disaster-prone Area of Bangladesh

The aim of this study was to develop a community-based disaster prevention and mitigation program for volunteer leaders of villages in disaster-prone areas of Bangladesh. The action research method was used in this study. The target area was 10 villages. A needs survey for disaster prevention and mitigation was conducted among 100 village volunteer leaders (10 leaders from each village). Based on survey results, disaster prevention and mitigation training programs were developed and training contributed to enhancing volunteer leaders’ knowledge and techniques. In order to implement disaster prevention and mitigation activities in the community, the cooperation of the Bangladesh Red Crescent Society (the local counterpart in this study) was vital Follow-up programs were modified according to the needs of the target area. Collaborative community-based activities conducted together with municipalities and NPOs will have to be empowered to continue disaster prevention and mitigation activities in the area.

Identification of storm surge vulnerable areas in the Philippines through the simulation of Typhoon Haiyan-induced storm surge levels over historical storm tracks

Abstract. Super Typhoon Haiyan entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) on 7 November 2013, causing tremendous damage to infrastructure and loss of lives mainly due to the storm surge and strong winds. Storm surges up to a height of 7 m were reported in the hardest hit areas. The threat imposed by this kind of natural calamity compelled researchers of the Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards (Project NOAH) which is the flagship disaster mitigation program of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) of the Philippine government to undertake a study to determine the vulnerability of all Philippine coastal communities to storm surges of the same magnitude as those generated by Haiyan. This study calculates the maximum probable storm surge height for every coastal locality by running simulations of Haiyan-type conditions but with tracks of tropical cyclones that entered PAR from 1948–2013. One product of this study is a list of the 30 most vulnerable coastal areas that can be used as a basis for choosing priority sites for further studies to implement appropriate site-specific solutions for flood risk management. Another product is the storm tide inundation maps that the local government units can use to develop a risk-sensitive land use plan for identifying appropriate areas to build residential buildings, evacuation sites, and other critical facilities and lifelines. The maps can also be used to develop a disaster response plan and evacuation scheme.

‘Here, I'm not at ease’: anthropological perspectives on community resilience

A number of recent studies on disaster reconstruction have focused on the concept of community resilience and its importance in the recovery of communities from collective trauma. This article reviews the contributions the anthropological literature and the ethnographic case studies of two post-Hurricane Mitch housing reconstruction sites make to the theorising of community and resilience in post-disaster reconstruction. Specifically, the article demonstrates that communities are not static or neatly bounded entities that remain constant before, during and after a disaster; rather, communities take on shape and qualities depending on the relationships in which they engage with government agencies and aid organisations before and after disasters. Consequently, the article argues that definitions of community resilience and disaster mitigation programmes must take the emergent and relational nature of communities into account in order to address the long-term causes and impacts of disasters.

Addressing the Needs of Disaster Survivors: Does Their Voice Matter?

The last eight years have witnessed the development of a range of disaster management programs both short and long term directed at addressing the needs of the tsunami survivors in the various states of India including Kerala, Tamilnadu, Pondicherry, Andhra Pradesh, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Even though professionals are in accord that these programs were relatively successful in addressing the vital needs of survivors such as food, shelter, health, and mental health; they are equivocal in their opinion regarding the effectiveness of these programs in empowering the affected community. The purpose of the present paper is twofold. First, we discuss the results of a qualitative research aimed at understanding the perceptions of nine tsunami survivors from Alappad, Kerala on their needs and effectiveness of disaster services following the tsunami of 2004. As well as revealing where some of the early disaster interventions went wrong, the findings also show some pressing needs of the survivors which still remain unattended. Second, drew from our experience in working with tsunami survivors in Alappad and from a comprehensive review of studies conducted among tsunami survivors in India, we argue for more robust disaster preparedness and mitigation programs targeting vulnerable groups such as children, women, and elderly.

The Role of NGII in Disaster Management and Mitigation Program

Disaster is a sudden, accidental event that causes many deaths and injuries. Spatial data and related technologies such as Geographical Information System (GIS), Global Positioning System (GPS), remote sensing, have proven to be crucial for disaster management in such a way that without spatial data, one can not expect effective and ef! cient disaster management Although spatial data can facilitate disaster management, there are substantial problems with collection, access, dissemination and usage of required spatial data for disaster management. If each of the involved organizations in disaster management community collects some part of required spatial data for disaster response during their everyday business and emergency situation, required spatial data will be available to all participants. Sharing information between involved parties in order to facilitate coordinated disaster response operations is another challenge in disaster management. This includes the development of a prototype web-based system which can facilitate sharing, access and use of data in disaster management and especially disaster response. Geospatial data are the initial input for GIS and Emergency Response Modeling and Simulation Systems. In an emergency situation, different organizations become involved in disaster response. Survey Department, along with several other departments of Government of Nepal, jointly conducted several studies related to different types of disasters and their impacts. Survey Department has taken a lead in the creation of a National Geographic Information Infrastructure (NGII) in Nepal to share Geographic information. The mission of the programme is to strengthen planning and resources management through the development of geographic information infrastructure for the access of Geographic and attribute data for planning and decision making. Access to metadata information for all available geographic and related data could only assist in such initiatives.

Towards resilient communities in developing countries through education of children for disaster preparedness

In developing countries, educating all levels of the society for disaster threats is not always possible due to lack of expertise and educational materials. Consequently, one of the best ways of publicising awareness programmes can be the integration of these initiatives into children's activities. Since over half of the population in many developing countries is under 18 years of age, it is possible to convey vital information to most of the population via the knowledge, skills and enthusiastic motivation of children. They are able to disseminate messages throughout their societies, starting with their parents. Fortunately, the level of acceptance in parents from their children is generally high in these countries. The first objective of this paper is to look at awareness-raising as a core to all disaster mitigation programmes. The paper then focuses on earthquake education through children. The study will also illustrate this process through a selection of examples of educational campaigns in different developing countries resulting in successful public awareness-raising for children. These programmes strengthen resilience among communities by enabling them to withstand shocks, cope with emergencies when they occur and bounce back from disaster impact.

An artificial neural network approach for landslide hazard zonation in the Bhagirathi (Ganga) Valley, Himalayas

Landslides are natural hazards that cause havoc to both property and life every year, especially in the Himalayas. Landslide hazard zonation (LHZ) of areas affected by landslides therefore is essential for future developmental planning and organization of various disaster mitigation programmes. The conventional Geographical Information System (GIS)-based approaches for LHZ suffer from the subjective weight rating system where weights are assigned to different causative factors responsible for triggering a landslide. Alternatively, artificial neural networks (ANNs) may be applied. These are considered to be independent of any strict assumptions or bias, and they determine the weights objectively in an iterative fashion. In this study, an ANN has been applied to generate an LHZ map of an area in the Bhagirathi Valley, Himalayas, using spatial data prepared from IRS-1B satellite sensor data and maps from other sources. The accuracy of the LHZ map produced by the ANN is around 80% with a very small training dataset. The distribution of landslide hazard zones derived from ANN shows similar trends as that observed with the existing landslides locations in the field. A comparison of the results with an earlier produced GIS-based LHZ map of the same area by the authors (using the ordinal weight rating method) indicates that ANN results are better than the earlier method.

Disaster Management Plan for the State of Maharashtra, India: Evolutionary Process

The involvement of bilateral and multilateral agencies in the recovery and reconstruction program following major natural disasters has helped developing countries undertake long-term disaster mitigation and preparedness. However, capability-building in disaster management requires strategic planning, political support, and a significant infusion of technology. After the Latur earthquake in 1993, the state of Maharashtra, India undertook an important initiative for the preparation and implementation of a disaster management plan for the state and all the districts, with the support of the World Bank, Department for International Development, United Kingdom, and the United Nations Development Program. A number of activities, which included state and district disaster management plans, a communications network, control rooms, and development of a geographic information system, contributed to the evolution of an ambitious program over a period of three years, from 1996 to 1999. These initiatives hold important lessons for disaster risk reduction in developing countries. While international agencies can assist developing countries in building disaster preparedness and mitigation programs, continuous institutional and financial support and human resource development within these countries are critical for effective disaster risk reduction.

Risk management in Nepal: organisations and programmes

Nepal is one of the most natural disaster prone countries in the world. Variable climatic conditions and active tectonic processes have made her vulnerable to various types of natural disasters. In addition, other man‐made factors such as unplanned settlement, lack of public awareness, increasing population, weak economic condition and low literacy rate have also made her vulnerable to various types of natural disasters. With these factors in view, advanced technology and sufficient resources are really needed to mitigate natural disasters in Nepal. Moreover, various types of training and other educational programmes are highly needed to raise disaster awareness among the vulnerable population. Hazard mapping, vulnerability assessment and risk analysis are to be developed. Being a developing and agriculture based country insurance has not yet been widely developed in Nepal except in some big establishments and households. Therefore, the role of insurance has to be recognised in the risk management in Nepal. The Department of Disaster Management in the Ministry of Home Affairs is the focal agency for disaster management in Nepal, which formulates national disaster management policies and implements them. The preparedness and mitigation, immediate rescue and relief work, data collection and dissemination, and the mobilisation of funds and resources are the main responsibilities of the Department. Despite various problems, the Department is gradually moving forward to improve the disaster management situation in Nepal. Being a developing country Nepal needs support from international communities and friendly nations to strengthen her capabilities for disaster mitigation programs.