Disaster Mitigation Efforts Research Articles

Public Health and Health System's Responsiveness During the 2022 Floods in Pakistan: What Needs to Be Done?

In 2022, Pakistan witnessed unprecedented flooding, submerging one-third of the country under-water, ruining millions of houses, taking lives, afflicted injuries, and displacing scores of people. Our study documents not only the public health problems that have arisen due to this natural calamity but also the state of health systems' response. We conducted a qualitative study asking key questions around prevalent health problems, health-care seeking, government's response, resource mobilization, and roadmap for the future. We purposively selected 16 key frontline health workers for in-depth interviews. Waterborne and infectious diseases were rampant posing huge public health challenges. Disaster mitigation efforts and relief operations were delayed and not at scale to cover the entire affected population. Moreover, a weak economy, poverty, and insufficient livelihoods compounded the tribulations of floods. Issues of leadership and governance at state level resulted in disorganized efforts and response. Pakistan is famous for its philanthropy; however, lack of transparency and accountability, the actual benefits seldom reach the beneficiaries. Such climatic disasters necessitate a more holistic approach and a greater responsiveness of the health system. In addition to health services, the state must respond to financial, social, and infrastructural needs of the people suffering from the calamity.

Analysis of Physical Properties and Soil Uplift by Searching for Swelling Values in Barbate Quarry Soil for Earthquake Disaster Mitigation Efforts

Aceh Besar District is part of the Province which is located on the tip of the island of Sumatra and this area is on the Sumatra Fault fault as well as the local fault. Areas that are on active faults can result in the possibility of an earthquake being quite high, this is because the area is quite close to the epicenter. The purpose of this study was to determine the value of the physical properties and uplift of the quarry soil in the Barbate area of Kurma-Paya Kameng Gardens so that if the PI value of the soil is >17%, the soil needs to be stabilized with coffee husk ash as a mixed ingredient. The research research method was testing soil samples at the Soil Mechanics Laboratory at Syiah Kuala University. The results of the study show that this soil is of the clay type and has a PI value of 38.42% so stabilization is carried out, the soil uplift value also shows that the value is increasing and the highest point of the calculation results is at a 25% mixture of 22.37 kg.

Analysis of the Value of Maximum Ground Acceleration in Earthquake Disaster Mitigation Efforts on the Lan

The Aceh region itself has a location that is within the scope of the Sumatran fault, areas on active faults can experience a high possibility of earthquakes. Earthquake epicenters on the mainland can occur due to shifts in the Sumatran fault which is indicated by the number of earthquakes along the fault and generally has shallow depths. The research was conducted to determine the value of the earthquake acceleration on the ground around the East Aceh Alue Genteng bridge. The results of this study found that the magnitude of the earthquake can affect the level of acceleration of the earthquake that occurs, the acceleration of the earthquake increases with the magnitude of the earthquake. Based on the results of calculating the acceleration of the earthquake using magnitude 7, 5 SR-9.3 SR, the earthquake acceleration occurred significantly and continues to increase. Earthquake acceleration data is one of the important data that can be used in earthquake mitigation such as in planning strong building structures that are able to withstand loads caused by earthquakes.

Information network on Twitter regarding early warning of mount Semeru eruption

Background: Indonesia is a country that is highly susceptible to volcanic disasters. One potential measure the community can take is to utilize social media platforms to participate in disaster mitigation efforts. The hashtag #Semeru exemplifies the utilization of social media in disseminating information regarding volcanic disasters. It became a trending topic on Twitter regarding the information on the eruption of Mount Semeru at the end of 2021. Purpose: The primary objective of this research is to examine the operational mechanisms of the Mount Semeru eruption early warning system on Twitter. Furthermore, the objective is to determine the key actors responsible for disseminating early warning information on Twitter. Methods: This study employed the Social Network Analysis (SNA) method. Results: The findings show that the network distribution pattern of the Semeru eruption early warning system has a radial communication network pattern with indicators of low network density levels. The actors @fiersabesari, @bnonews, @asumsico, @disclose.tv, @jawafess, and @insiderpaper have a proximity centrality value of 0 due to their lack of acquaintance. On the other hand, two actors possess a closeness centrality value: @melodiysore with a value of 0.8 and @daryonoBMKG with a value of 0.2. This study highlighted that the actors involved in disaster management and mitigation had a level of popularity that ranked outside the top 10. Conclusions: The information network system for the early warning of the Mount Semeru eruption on Twitter forms a network distribution with a radial communication pattern that is concentrated at one point and acts as a key actor. Eight key actors play a role in disseminating early warning messages, specifically @fiersabesari, @daryonoBMKG, @bnonews, @asumsico, @disclose.tv, @theinsiderpaper, @melodiysore, and @jawafess (community). Implications: This study demonstrates the benefits of using Twitter as a timely indicator for disasters, notably the eruption of Mount Semeru. It can effectively engage the community and government in disseminating early-warning information about volcanic eruptions.

Edukasi mitigasi bencana gunung meletus di wilayah BPBD Klaten

Background:Indonesia is a country crossed by the equator which has various kinds of potential natural beauty such as beaches, lakes, caves, waterfalls, mountains and others. On the island of Java there are 35 volcanoes,Mount Merapi is one of the most active volcanoes in Indonesia and even in the world. Efforts to reduce disaster risk are carried out before a disaster occurs,which is called risk management, while after a disaster occurs,it is called impact management. The results of disaster mitigation efforts are used for the disaster preparedness process.Objective:Education is carried out to increase knowledge of the community, especially in communities that are in areas prone to the Mount Merapi disaster.Method:Community service is carried out using educational video media which is given to communities that are vulnerable to being affected by Mount Merapi.Result:The results of the student pretest showed that 70% of the participants did not understand about volcanic eruption mitigation and 30% of the students already understood. The posttest was carried out with the same questions as the pretest and the results showed that 93% students already understood the issue. explanation of mitigation for the volcanic eruption disaster.Conclusion:There is an increase in knowledge after disaster mitigation education is carried out.

Integrasi Mitigasi Bencana Global Warming pada Materi Pembakaran Hidrokarbon melalui Pendekatan RBL-STEAM

AbstractThe primary objective of this paper is to address the mitigation of disasters resulting from climate change and global warming. Such disasters are the result of increased greenhouse gas emissions, primarily caused by human activities like deforestation and the use of fossil fuels. To analyze the concept of hydrocarbon combustion from basic competencies (KD) 3.3 and 4.3 of chemistry class XI, we employed a qualitative descriptive method supported by a literature review. The paper investigates the relationship between climate change, the greenhouse effect, the carbon cycle, and their effects on the environment and health. Furthermore, it proposes a learning design that combines the Research-Based Learning (RBL) model with the STEAM approach to enhance students' comprehension of climate change, the consequences of hydrocarbon combustion, and emergency response measures. One of the highlighted learning strategies is the creation of an interactive and engaging mini park mockup to facilitate student understanding. The use of technology, specifically machine learning, is recommended for decision making in global warming disaster mitigation. This paper stresses the significance of integrating chemistry learning for knowledge and skills development in KD 3.3 and 4.3, and for understanding global warming and disaster mitigation efforts. The goal is to provide students with science literacy skills as well as the ability to identify concrete actions in reducing the negative impacts of climate change.

Upaya Bersama Rehabilitasi melalui Penanaman Mangrove dalam Mitigasi Bencana di Wilayah Pesisir Kota Sorong

The coastal areas of Sorong City face many risks, including tidal flooding and erosion. The solution to the problem of facing this challenge is to restore and protect the mangrove ecosystem. The aim of this service is to increase public understanding of the importance of planting mangroves as part of disaster mitigation efforts in the coastal areas of Sorong City. Involvement in this activity includes community participation, traditional leaders, local government, students, and academics. The method used is descriptive-qualitative. The result of this service is that the efforts carried out include providing information to the residents of Klawalu Village about the importance of mangroves in marine ecosystems, steps to prevent abrasion, and supporting the planting of mangroves along the coastline. Positive responses were obtained from residents who enthusiastically planted mangroves and hoped that through this activity, the risk of abrasion could be minimized and degradation in coastal areas, where the community lived, could be reduced.

Influence of Aerosols on Lightning Activities in Java Island, Indonesia

Lightning is one of the natural disasters that cause significant financial losses and even fatalities. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the characteristics of lightning and related factors take appropriate preventive and mitigation measures. This work investigated the influence of aerosols and atmospheric thermodynamic factors on lightning in Java Island using 16 years of data (1998 - 2013) from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite. Aerosol data were obtained from the Modern Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications version 2 (MERRA-2). Furthermore, convective available potential energy (CAPE) and potential temperature data were taken from the fifth-generation ECMWF atmospheric reanalysis (ERA-5) data. The intensity of lightning strikes in the western part of Java, such as Jakarta and Banten, is higher than in the eastern part, corresponding to the distribution pattern of aerosols, especially sulfate aerosols, sea salt aerosols, and black carbon aerosols. Sea salt aerosols have an inverse relationship with lightning, as these coarse-sized aerosols tend to inhibit convection. An increase in CAPE and potential temperature generally leads to higher lightning intensity. However, in cases where CAPE values are extremely high, such as in Jakarta, the intensity of lightning decreases. A similar pattern can be observed with potential temperature. An inverse relationship between lightning and potential temperature is observed in regions at higher elevations. The peak time for CAPE and potential temperature coincide with the peak intensity of lightning, which typically occurs during the rainy season, while the peak of AOD occurs earlier, during the pre-monsoon (September-October-November). The highest values of sea salt AOD are observed during the dry season (June-July-August) when lightning is minimal. These variations in peak times are particularly evident in the western regions of Java, where AOD values are high. The findings of this study can aid in lightning disaster mitigation efforts on Java Island. HIGHLIGHTS The intensity of lightning strikes in the western part of Java is higher than in the eastern part Sea salt aerosols have an inverse relationship with lightning, as these coarse-sized aerosols tend to inhibit convection An increase in CAPE and potential temperature generally leads to higher lightning intensity The peak time for CAPE and potential temperature coincide with the peak intensity of lightning The highest values of sea salt AOD are observed during the dry season when lightning is minimal GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Sosialisasi Mitigasi Bencana Gempa Bumi di Lingkungan Sekolah

Indonesia that geologically situated at the convergence of three major tectonic plates, renders it susceptible to earthquakes. This research aims to provide earthquake disaster mitigation education to elementary school students through socialization activities. Despite the absence of accurate earthquake predictions, knowledge and preparedness can be conveyed early and consistently. Involving 40 students from fourth and fifth grades at SD Negeri Tanara, a combined method of lectures and game demonstrations was utilized. The research method, incorporating socialization in elementary schools with a combination of lectures and demonstrations, is considered effective in enhancing students' understanding of earthquake mitigation. Concrete steps can be taken by schools, and the practical knowledge imparted to students is crucial for their preparedness. The research results show that students responded enthusiastically to the material; most could articulate earthquake mitigation measures effectively. However, the evaluation also indicated that some students still encountered difficulties in communicating the material. These findings serve as valuable information for schools to develop students' understanding and skills in earthquake disaster mitigation efforts.

Risk Assessment and Analysis of Its Influencing Factors of Debris Flows in Typical Arid Mountain Environment: A Case Study of Central Tien Shan Mountains, China

The Tien Shan Mountain range connects Central Asia with northwestern China and is a crucial transport junction between East and West Asia. It is a common location for regional debris flows, which pose a significant risk to ecological security and the safety of people and property. Nevertheless, limited knowledge exists about the distribution of disaster risks and the impacted populations. This study uses advanced machine learning techniques to identify the key natural and social factors influencing these hazards and incorporates the Social Vulnerability Index (SoVI) to assess societal vulnerability. The outcomes demonstrate that (1) the debris flow hazard in the Tien Shan Mountain area is primarily governed by the geological structure, which dictates the material source and, in turn, dictates the onset of debris flows. (2) The vulnerability demonstrates a high spatial tendency in the north and a low one in the south, with evident spatial clustering characteristics. (3) A total of 19.13% of the study area is classified as high-hazard, with specific distribution zones including the northern foothills of the Tien Shan Mountains, the low-mountain zones of the southern foothills of the Tien Shan Mountains, and the Yili Valley zone. This holistic approach offers valuable insights into the spatial distribution of risks, aiding in prioritizing disaster preparedness and mitigation efforts. Also, our findings and conclusions are beneficial for local decision makers to allocate resources effectively and promote sustainable development practices in the region.

Disaster Health Literacy, Risk Perception, and Preparedness towards Resilience in a Volcano-Prone Community: A Cross-sectional Study in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Communities residing in proximity to volcanoes face inherent risks from lahars. The eruption of Indonesia's Merapi volcano in 2010 had far-reaching consequences, impacting multiple districts and leading to 386 fatalities, as well as substantial financial losses amounting to approximately US$403 million. In order to bolster disaster response and mitigation efforts, resilience plays a crucial role by considering hazards, risks, vulnerability, and capacity. This research aimed to examine the relationship between disaster health literacy, risk perception, and preparedness, with the ultimate goal of enhancing resilience within a community susceptible to volcanic activities. The study utilized a cross-sectional design, involving 258 participants residing in hazard zone III areas near Yogyakarta's Merapi mountain, selected through proportional clustered sampling. Between January and February 2023, the researchers employed several assessment tools, including the Indonesian versions of the communities advancing resilience toolkit (CART-AS), disaster health literacy mitigation and preparedness questionnaire (DHLQ), disaster risk perception questionnaire (DRPQ), and disaster preparedness questionnaire (DPQ). The collected data underwent analysis utilizing descriptive statistics and the Pearson correlation test. The results unveiled disaster health literacy (β=0.22, p<0.001), risk perception (β=0.26, p<0.001), and preparedness (β=0.38, p<0.001) were all significant predictors of disaster resilience in a volcano-prone community. In conclusion, this study underscores the significant interplay between disaster health literacy, risk perception, and preparedness in relation to disaster resilience. It emphasizes the significance of fortifying disaster health literacy, fostering accurate risk perception, and promoting preparedness measures to enhance overall resilience in the face of disasters. These findings highlight the necessity for targeted interventions and educational programs aimed at augmenting disaster health literacy, improving risk perception, and enhancing preparedness levels within communities, thereby bolstering their resilience and response capabilities effectively.

Konstruksi Sosial Masyarakat Dusun Pancer Terhadap Kawasan Konservasi Pantai Cemara Sebagai Bentuk Mitigasi Bencana

The tsunami disaster that hit Pancer hamlet in 1994 created dark memories for the community. The people of Pancer hamlet seem to have forgotten about the historical traces of this devastating natural disaster. Awareness of disaster mitigation in society is increasingly fading. This made various parties concerned about the possibility of future disasters so that a conservation area was created as a preventive measure. This research is an ethnographic research with a qualitative research approach. Informants were determined by purposive sampling or directly selected by the researcher. Furthermore, in data collection techniques, researchers used three data collection techniques including observation, interviews, and documentation. The researcher uses Peter L. Berger's theory of social construction as an analytical tool. The results of the study explained that there were concrete actions by conserving pine trees on the shoreline which were carried out by KUB Sekar Arum in disaster mitigation efforts. The institution always tries to make the surrounding community aware, provide examples, and socialize related to disaster mitigation efforts through pine tree conservation. The occurrence of externalization, objectivation, and internalization actions shows the formation of social construction in the community related to disaster mitigation efforts through conservation areas which are embodied in the KUB Sekar Arum.

Ground motion prediction model for shallow crustal earthquakes in Japan based on XGBoost with Bayesian optimization

Ground motion prediction is an important and complex research subject in earthquake engineering and traditional approaches based on statistical regression have much room for improvement in prediction accuracy. Utilizing the 67,164 ground motion records from KiK-net and K-Net for 777 shallow crustal earthquakes between 1997 and 2019 in Japan, this paper proposes a ground motion prediction model XGBoost-SC based on the machine learning algorithm of eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) for Japan. Magnitude, focal depth, hypo-central distance, Vs30, site altitude, and focal mechanism were used as the feature parameters, and XGBoost, Random Forest, and Deep Neural Networks (DNN) algorithms were selected for model training while Bayesian optimization was used to search for optimized hyperparameters to improve the prediction accuracy. XGBoost algorithm was selected for further study based on the comparison of results from the three algorithms. Residual change with magnitude and hypo-central distance, the probability distribution of residuals, residual standard deviation (σ), residual mean squared error (MSE), and Pearson correlation coefficient (R) were used as the evaluation parameters, and a comparison study was performed against the ground motion prediction equation based on traditional approaches. Actual earthquake events were selected to compare the prediction results against the observation records. To further validate and explain the proposed model, SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis was performed to explain the impact of selected feature parameters on the proposed model. The results demonstrate that the proposed XGBoost-SC model has good prediction stability for all periods, and its residual errors are smaller than those of other models. Therefore, the proposed model can better reflect the ground motion attenuation for shallow crustal earthquakes in Japan and can serve as a better model for ground motion prediction in future aseismic design and earthquake disaster mitigation efforts.

Spatial Modeling of Flood Prone Areas in Huamual Sub-district Seram Bagian Barat Regency Indonesia

Modeling of flood-prone areas is needed to provide information as an initial step in future flood disaster mitigation efforts. This research aims to spatially analyze the level of flood vulnerability and affected settlements in the Hunimual Sub-district. The method used is Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) by weighting the value of each variable. The variables that influence flooding in this study consist of land elevation, slope, land cover, distance from the river, geology, and rainfall. The determination of weights and scores in this study is an expert judgment. The weighting results are then overlaid to obtain a flood vulnerability map. The results show that the level of flood vulnerability is dominated by the very low vulnerability level of 69.09%, low vulnerability of 22.50%, and high vulnerability of 8.41% of the total area of the research location. The area of settlements affected by flooding is 556.47 ha. The results of this study are expected to be used as a basis for future flood disaster mitigation efforts to minimize losses, both casualties and physical damage in Hunimual District

Disability and Disaster: A challenge to excel

The current paper is a review-based analysis focusing on the disastrous crisis experienced by people with disabilities. Research has emphatically revealed that disasters and poorly planned disaster recovery and mitigation efforts can exacerbate these disparities, making it even more difficult for people with disabilities to cope both during and after an emergency. In camps and cities, displaced people with disabilities suffer substantial protection risks such as exploitation, physical and sexual abuse, discrimination, mockery, inequality, and neglect. Disaster risk mitigation relies heavily on emergency and preparedness planning, which now needs to involve and acknowledge people with disabilities. Leaders and decision-makers in government, industry, and civil society who are responsible for services that impact individuals with disabilities should recognize that they may be more vulnerable than the general population to dangers, disaster repercussions, and unjust treatment during or after the event. Providing proper care for persons with disabilities is a matter of equality, fairness, and justice, as well as a crucial reinforcement of civilized ideals.

KESIAPSIAGAAN SEKOLAH SD NEGERI 2 SANDEN KABUPATEN BANTUL DALAM MENGHADAPI BENCANA ALAM GEMPABUMI

Disaster education is very important, especially for schools in disaster-prone areas. Schools should teach disaster education, especially about attitudes and actions that must be taken when a disaster occurs. SD Negeri 2 Sanden is one of the elementary schools that is vulnerable to earthquake disasters. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method with a case study approach. The results of the research show that (1) All respondents understand the potential threat of priority disasters at SD Negeri 2 Sanden, namely earthquakes (2) SD Negeri 2 Sanden does not yet have a written policy regarding preparedness for facing disasters. School policies only exist in disaster mitigation efforts such as integrating disaster material into the curriculum (3) Emergency response plans have been carried out by the school, including saving data on Google Drive and carrying out disaster simulations. (4) The school opens access to communication and disaster warning information from relevant stakeholders and agrees together on the tools used to convey danger signs. (5) The school has not yet formed a School Disaster Preparedness Team that can mobilize resources when an earthquake occurs at SD Negeri 2 Sanden.

The Role of the Regional Disaster Management Agency in Flood Disaster Mitigation Efforts in Banyulegi Village, Dawarblandong District, Mojokerto Regency

The Role of the Regional Disaster Management Agency in Flood Disaster Mitigation Efforts in Banyulegi Village, Dawarblandong District, Mojokerto Regency

Analysis of Vertical Deformation and Potential Formation of New Faults Cause by Earthquake Using the DInSAR Method (Case Study: 2022 Cianjur Earthquake)

In this study, we focus on the repetitive nature of earthquakes along known fault lines and their potential to create new fault segments. Our primary aim is to enhance our understanding of fault patterns and distribution, facilitating more efficient and accurate earthquake disaster mitigation efforts. Our research specifically targets the vertical deformation resulting from the 2022 Cianjur Earthquake. To achieve this, we employed a sophisticated technique involving data processing from the Sentinel 1A satellites using the Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR) method. This method allowed us to derive earthquake-induced displacement values in meters with an impressive level of accuracy, down to the centimeter scale. Our analysis revealed a conspicuous fringe pattern in the interferogram phase data, which did not align with the nearby Cimandiri Fault. This discrepancy led us to suspect the emergence of a new fault or fault segment. By comparing Sentinel 1A satellite images before and after the earthquake, we observed phase differences ranging from -3.112 to 3.117 phases. These recurring phase differences clustered at coordinates 6?48'48" South Latitude and 107?06'05" East Longitude, pinpointing the epicenter of the Cianjur earthquake on November 21, 2022. Furthermore, we calculated line-of-sight (LoS) displacement values ranging from 0 to minus 102 millimeters, indicating vertical subsidence in the vicinity of the 2022 Cianjur earthquake. In conclusion, our research underscores the utility of the DInSAR method for assessing Earth's surface deformation patterns, making it a valuable tool for various earthquake-related analyses.

Tsunami Evacuation Accessibiliyu Simulation Using Network Analysis Tools In Tsunami Prone Areas Of Tanggamus District

Geological activity in the Sunda Strait received attention through the tsunami that occurred at the end of 2018 and the tectonic earthquake in the Sunda Strait subduction zone with Magnitude 6.9 on August 2, 2019. These conditions raise concerns about the threat of earthquake and tsunami disasters in the surrounding area. Tanggamus Regency, which is located within a fairly close radius to the Sunda Strait, has a very wide tsunami-prone lowland, especially in the area around the tip of Teluk Semangka. Based on these conditions, this research generally aims to map evacuation service areas, map evacuation times, and analyze effective evacuation models. To answer these challenges, this research was conducted following several methodological stages. It started with defining the study area using spatial analysis, digitizing the road network and interlinking it with the Network Analysys tool on the ArcGIS platform. Based on the observation, it was found that the most at-risk areas are those that have the farthest distance from the Temporary Evacuation Site (TES) location when traveled without a vehicle. Each region has a TES location that can be reached using the available roadways. There are 3 sub-districts that have a travel time of more than 30 minutes to reach the TES, namely, Semaka sub-district, Wonosobo sub-district and Kota Agung Barat sub-district. It is expected that the results of this study can be one of the considerations in tsunami disaster mitigation efforts in Tanggamus Regency.

Social capital of the local community in forest conservation for disaster mitigation

Social capital plays a significant role in forest conservation and community-based disaster mitigation efforts. The government has attempted to strengthen the social capital of the local community in forest conservation and disaster mitigation, but only a few have succeeded. This study examines the social capital of the local communities involved in forest conservation for disaster mitigation. This research applied a descriptive approach to the Salua Village, Kulawi District, Sigi Regency community. This study revealed that the structural social capital of the Salua village community was moderate to high in terms of forest conservation but had cognitive-social capital in the moderate to low category. The high structural social capital could not create collective action in forest conservation for disaster mitigation because the dominant actors in local institutions have low power in creating common knowledge about forest conservation and disaster mitigation. Important studies should be conducted to strengthen social capital in climate change mitigation actions to establish a common understanding of the importance of forest conservation in communities surrounding forest areas.