Disapproving Attitude Research Articles

Community Attitudes Towards Violence Against Women, and Lived Experiences of Family Violence and Abuse During Childhood in Rural Eastern Nigeria: Implications for Policy and Programming.

BackgroundViolence against women (VAW) has remained an increasingly significant public health problem globally. This study explored childhood experiences of abuse and attitude towards violence against women among adults in a rural community in South-east Nigeria.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study conducted in a rural community in Ebonyi, Nigeria. Data were collected from 280 respondents using interviewer-administered questionnaires. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 25.ResultsThe mean age of the male participants was 46.5±16.8, while that for the female participants was 43.3±16.9. Most were females (203/280, 72.5%), out of which (83/203, 40.9%) had secondary school as the highest level of education attained. Most participants were females (203/280, 72.5%), married (225/280, 80.4%) with secondary school education (124/280, 44.3%). More than one-tenth (33/280, 11.8%) had ever witnessed parental violence, while 46.4% had been physically abused in childhood. Forced touching and penetrative sex was experienced sometimes by 11.4% (32/280) and 21.8% (61/289), respectively. Overall, the majority (258/280, 92.8%) had a disapproving attitude towards gender-based violence. Most participants disagreed that hitting or insulting woman was not wrong (246/280, 87.9%). The majority of the respondents agreed that women were inferior to men from a cultural perspective (175/280, 62.5%). Almost half strongly agreed (125/2280, 44.6%) and agreed (118/280, 42.1%) that a woman is a man’s possession. The predictors of attitude were secondary school education (AOR = 7.74, 95% CI = 1.69–35.54) and monogamous marital setting (AOR = 2.83, 95% CI = 1.08–7.42).ConclusionThis study showed that Nigerian adults had high levels of childhood exposures to family violence, physical and sexual abuse. Overall, the majority disapproved of VAW; however, there were gaps that endorsed patriarchal ideologies. Interventions to address VAW should include components targeted at children exposed to violence and de-bunking patriarchal ideologies that encourage VAW.

Positive attitudes towards feline obesity are strongly associated with ownership of obese cats.

Overweight and obesity (O&O) is a risk factor for several health conditions and can result in a shorter lifespan for cats. The objectives of this study were to investigate (a) cat owners' attitudes towards feline O&O and their associations with O&O in their cats; and (b) the risk factors for feline O&O and underweight, particularly those involving owner practice. An online survey comprising questions related to cat owners' attitudes towards feline O&O, owner-reported body weight and body condition of their cat, and potential risk factors for feline O&O was conducted. Primarily targeting the Australian population, the survey attracted 1,390 valid responses. In response to ten attitude-related questions, more participants (percentage range among the ten questions: 39.1-76.6%) held a disapproving attitude towards feline O&O than a neutral (17.1-31.9%) or approving attitude (3.9-27.7%). A greater proportion of participants had a more disapproving attitude towards obesity than towards overweight. Cats belonging to owners with an approving attitude towards O&O were more likely to be overweight or obese than cats belonging to owners with a disapproving attitude towards O&O. The cats had particularly high odds of overweight or obesity if their owner agreed that 'being chubby says that the cat has a quality life' (OR: 3.75, 95% CI: 2.41-5.82) and 'being fat says that the cat has a quality life' (OR: 4.98, 95%CI: 2.79-8.91). This study revealed, for the first time, that begging for food was a risk factor for O&O in cats. Other important feline risk factors for O&O identified included being middle-aged, being mixed-breed, dry food as the major diet, the amount of feed not being quantified, and frequently spending time indoors. Being over 11 years, receiving no dry food and receiving measured amounts of feed were associated with an increased odds of underweight in cats. As specific attitudes often lead to certain behaviours, reducing approving attitudes towards feline O&O may potentially reduce the frequency of O&O and the risks of O&O-related disorders in cats.

Einstellungen zur Organspende in Deutschland – Qualitative Analysen zur Ergänzung quantitativer Evidenz

BackgroundTo this day, the general population's attitude towards post-mortem organ donation has primarily been analyzed using quantitative representative surveys. These studies presuppose the willingness of the interviewees to participate. Since this agreement can be positively correlated with the willingness to donate organs, a systematic bias of the samples in favor of people willing to donate cannot be excluded. Using innovative qualitative databases and methods, rarely observed positions and arguments can be systematically identified. In this way, existing quantitative empirical studies can be beneficially supplemented. MethodsThis qualitative-empirical study analyzes online discussion threads applying the GABEK® method (Software WinRelan®). Differentiated according to positive and negative attitudes towards organ donation, determinants of attitudes are extracted and condensed using network graphs. A similar procedure is used to work out assessments of alternative solutions to the existing scarcity problem in the German organ allocation system. ResultsDiscussants with a favorable attitude are mainly motivated by altruism and reciprocity. A disapproving attitude is particularly due to problems with the concept of brain death and distrust concerning the health and organ donation system. It can be demonstrated that negative attitudes are more often than not based on missing information and misinformation. With regard to alternative system solutions, monetary compensations are regarded positively, whereas the opt-out solution (“Widerspruchslösung”) and concepts based on reciprocity are discussed controversially. ConclusionThere is still a great need for information and trust-generating work in the German organ donation and allocation system. Qualitative analyses in addition to quantitative evidence are necessary in order to localize these needs and concretize their content.

Prevalence of internet addiction and its risk and protective factors in a representative sample of senior high school students in Taiwan

The aim of this study investigated the prevalence of Internet addiction (IA) in a large representative sample of secondary school students and identified the risk and protective factors. Using a crosssectional design, 2170 participants were recruited from senior high schools throughout Taiwan using both stratified and cluster sampling. The prevalence of IA was 17.4% (95% confidence interval, 15.8%–19.0%). High impulsivity, low refusal self-efficacy of Internet use, high positive outcome expectancy of Internet use, high disapproving attitude of Internet use by others, depressive symptoms, low subjective well-being, high frequency of others' invitation to Internet use, and high virtual social support was all independently predictive in the logistic regression analysis. The prevalence of IA among secondary school students in Taiwan was high. Results from this study can be used to help educational agencies and mental health organizations create policies and design programs that will help in the prevention of IA in adolescents.

“Not to be taken seriously”: irony’s echo in the Thai translations of Anna and the King of Siam and The Romance of the Harem

“Readers should be reminded that this book was meant for pleasure reading, and not to be taken seriously,” announced Aw Sanidwong, the Thai translator of Anna and the King of Siam. The translator’s negative attitude toward the book by Anna Leonowens, Siam’s most “hated” woman, is hardly discreet. When translating the novels they disagree with, the translators’ fidelity to the source text, as well as the reliability of the translation, would naturally be questioned. To explain the disassociated voices of the translators, I use Theo Hermans’ concept of “irony’s echo” which treats this kind of translation as a form of irony. Translation that is done with a disapproving attitude problematizes the translator’s position, as well as the sociocultural discourses surrounding it. To illustrate, the Thai translations of Anna and the King of Siam, and The Romance of the Harem will be discussed. I argue that the Thai translations of the Anna Leonowens’ narratives can be seen as quotations, in which the quoter strategically avoids direct responsibility to the quoted texts, and such a position reveals “the transideological” function of irony which complexifies the relationship between the encroaching power of the West and resistance from the Thais as manifested in translation.

Authors’ Objectivity Is in Doubt

The guideline on uncomplicated urinary tract infections recommends fosfomycin as first-line treatment—an antibiotic that first entered the market in the 1980s as a back-up antibiotic for multiresistant Staphylococci, and which up to the present time can be used for just this purpose in MRSA patients. In E coli infections, it has resistance rates of below 10%—in other words, an important, still highly effective antibiotic. What will happen to this substance if it is now used in cases of uncomplicated cystitis—now, that a preparation for oral administration has been available for several years? Presumably, resistance patterns will take a similar course as they did for quinolones, which in the 1980s were the only oral antibiotic used in Pseudomonas infections; were used widely, especially for urology patients; and nowadays have a resistance rate of 25–30%. Is there a compelling reason to use fosfomycin widely in primary care this early on, opening the doors to the development of resistance? The physicians who are most often confronted with uncomplicated cystitis (general practitioners, pediatricians, gynecologists) have expressed a rather disapproving attitude via their specialist societies (see also FRAUENARZT 2/11). In spite of this the guideline has been compiled. Three of the authors reported having received funding from Pierre-Fabre, the manufacturers of Monuril® (fosfomycin trometamol). Professor Wagenlehner reported ties to 19 pharmaceutical manufacturers, including Pierre-Fabre. In a scenario of such close ties to the drug industry I ask myself whether the recommendations for the use of antibiotics were actually derived from objective and independent assessments, such as physicians and patients expect from a guideline.

Spanish Economists Facing Indicative Planning in the 1960s

- In this paper, the history of the adoption of the French indicative planning in Spain will be examined. Specific attention is given to the ideas of Higinio Paris at the end of the 1940s and to the ideas of Manuel de Torres in the 1950s, as well as to institutions like the Consejo de Economía Nacional or to the development of the first input-output tables and the first national accounts. Second, the support that the new instrument of economic policy in Spain had at the beginning of the 1960s will be analyzed, including the effective rhetoric that helped to implement it. Lastly, the guarded optimism with which Spanish economists from that time greeted the I Development Plan is shown, a plan which suffered for an increasingly disapproving attitude from the middle of the 1960s. Displaying a notable capacity of analysis, Spanish economists were able to anticipate a large part of the critical arguments that are today employed by economic historians in light of the development planning.JEL classification: B 20.Keywords: Economic planning; History of economic thought, Spain; Indicative planning.

Parenting Cognitions Associated with the Use of Psychological Control

Psychological control is a pattern of parenting that is intrusive and manipulative of children's thoughts, feelings, and attachment to parents. Although little is known about the determinants of psychological control, it has been linked to the psychological status of the parent. We hypothesized that several parenting cognitions reflecting personal concerns would be associated with the use of psychological control: low perceived control, sensitivity to hurt, and a disapproving attitude to negative emotion. We also examined moderating associations with child temperament and child gender. Participants were 198 mothers and fathers of 3- and 4-year-olds (106 boys, 92 girls; M age = 4.10 years, SD = 0.26). Parents completed self- and spouse-report measures of psychological control, rated their child's temperamental characteristics, and completed measures of parenting cognitions. Predictions were generally supported for two of the three cognitions. Sensitivity to hurt and disapproval of negative emotion were associated with more frequent reported use of psychological control. There were some moderating effects of child characteristics.

Postmodernist Diversions in African American Thought

This article critically examines the postmodern Blackness phenomenon that seeks primacy in African American thought. Using an Afrocentric analytical approach centered on the axis of culture and history of African Americans, I argue that the postmodern Blackness phenomenon is an unfortunate and precarious turn away from relevance. In its disapproving attitude and stance on cultural identity and consciousness, the quintessential issues in political belonging and politics, postmodern Blackness behaves as an impediment in the African American quest for freedom. Among the political hazards wrought by postmodern Blackness are (a) incessant disunity among African descended peoples and (b) dependency on political actors external to the African American community who are well organized and purposeful in pursuit of their own interests. This analysis also explains that at its core, postmodernism is yet another way of expressing the individualistic ethos of the European worldview.

The psychological aspects of aromatherapy

Summary For many years, aromatherapists have largely ignored psychological factors that may be involved in, and play a part in their discipline. One possible explanation for this is that they feared they would add fuel to the already critical and disapproving attitude of the general medical profession that aromatherapy is just a pleasant experience at best, or, at worst, a scam [Vickers A. Massage and aromatherapy: a guide for health professionals. London: Nelson Thornes; 1998] . However, for a long time, medical professions have been content to admit that psychological effects, or what is commonly termed ‘the placebo effect’, play a large part in the effectiveness of the administration of drugs and even surgery.

Monastic Reading and Learning in eighteenth-century Bilād al-Šām: Some Evidence from the Monastery of al-Šuwayr (Mount Lebanon)

AbstractA thematic analysis of the manuscripts which were read, copied and written by the monks, the paper raises the issue of education and knowledge amongst the members of the Greek Catholic congregation of the Basilians of al-Šuwayr (Mount Lebanon) during the 18th century, a time in which the order constituted an intellectual centre in Syria, although its influence remained mainly restricted to the own communiy. Despite all efforts the level of knowledge remained—compared with European standards—low. But the monks nevertheless developed a basic attitude, which was important for the introduction of modernity to the Arab world in the 19th century. They had broad interests beyond the narrow limits of their own religion and did not assume from the start a disapproving attitude towards the knowledge and inventions of the West. These were decisive preconditions for a process of learning that had become imperative if the Orient wanted to close the quickly widening scientific gap between East and West.

De invloed van levensbeschouwelijke en maatschappelijke betrokkenheid op een positieve beoordeling van het Vlaams Blok

The focus in this article lies on the influence of ideological and social involvement on a positive attitude towards extreme-right. Since ethnocentrism and individualism are linked to an appreciation of the “Vlaams Blok”, the Flemish extreme-right party, these attitudes are also included in our analysis, which is based on a modified Lisrel-model. Men who have a diploma of the last two years of secundary school and who have ethnocentric and individualistic attitudes have a sympathy for the “Vlaams Blok”. Ideological involvement proved to be more important than social involvement, For practising catholics, there is a positive correlation between ideology and ethnocentrism. The free-thinkers are the least ethnocentric, but they have a higher chance of being individualistic. The practising catholics take on this attitude the least. The influence of social involvement seems rather limited. Only intensive activity as a volunteer results in a less individualistic attitude and a disapproving attitude towards the “Vlaams Blok”.

Phobias and the Pressey X-O Test

Section I of the Pressey test measures sensitivity to unpleasant topics and objects. The purpose of the test is not explained to the subject but he is given freedom of oppor tunity to check words pertaining to sex, fear, disgust, and self-feeling. Section II of the test did not seem to have any direct relation ship to the subject of this paper, phobias, so the results on this section were ignored. In Section III the subject checks situations towards which he holds a disapproving atti tude. In Section IV he indicates topics about which he has worried, and suggestions con cerning which he has felt nervous.