Points Of Disagreement Research Articles

A Debate about the Genre and Authorship of an Eighteenth-Century Document

A Debate about the Genre and Authorship of an Eighteenth-Century Document Julie L. Holcomb (bio) The Quaker and Special Collections at Haverford College holds in its collections a 44-page document whose genre and authorship have been the subject of debate in the pages of Quaker History. The Haverford catalog record ascribes to the document the title "Abner Woolman's Journal" and lists Abner Woolman as the creator and John Woolman as contributor. The document is described as: "Manuscript bound together made up of two smaller manuscripts loosely sewn together. Much of the document is in John Woolman's hand, and some is in his brother Abner's. The document is Abner Woolman's diary which John Woolman finished after Abner's death. It also has information about Woolman submitting work to the Committee for approval before publication in August 1772."1 In 1968, Quaker historian Henry J. Cadbury, having found the Woolman manuscript "among the boxes of loose papers preserved by Philadelphia Yearly Meeting pertaining to its Meeting for Sufferings," wrote about the discovery in the "Notes & Documents" section of Quaker History.2 Woolman biographers Thomas P. Slaughter and Geoffrey Plank reference the document in their respective books: The Beautiful Soul of John Woolman, Apostle of Abolition and John Woolman's Path to the Peaceable Kingdom: A Quaker in the British Empire.3 In 2010, James Proud, a retired lawyer and clergyman, included a full transcription of the Woolman [End Page 25] Click for larger view View full resolution Page 1 of "Abner Woolman's Journal," courtesy of the Quaker and Special Collections, Haverford College, Haverford, PA. Here and throughout this series of articles, image captions will use the title given to the document by the Haverford archivist. [End Page 26] document in his book, John Woolman and the Affairs of Truth.4 In 2018, Quaker History published the article "Abner Woolman's Colonial World: Quaker Politics and Literature Before the American Revolution," written by Daniel Gorman, Jr., who was at the time a Ph.D. candidate in history at the University of Rochester. In his article, Gorman noted how little attention Abner Woolman had received from scholars despite his relationship with his well-known brother John. Engaging with the work of Cadbury, Proud, Slaughter, and Plank, Gorman argues, alongside Slaughter and Plank, that "Abner Woolman's Journal" was authored by Abner. As such, Gorman notes, the journal "should be studied on its own merits." The journal, according to Gorman, revealed how "an ordinary Quaker from New Jersey, applied his interpretation of the divine to daily colonial life."5 In 2019, Quaker History published "Abner Woolman's Written 'Legacy' to His Children: A Reply to Daniel Gorman Jr.'s 'Abner Woolman's Colonial World,'" written by James Proud in response to Gorman's article. Proud identified two key points of disagreement between the two scholars: the literary category or genre of the document and its authorship. In his article, Proud reiterated the argument he first made in John Woolman and the Affairs of Truth that the document was "a private communication at death to Abner's children which John, as he says in his letter to the Meeting for Sufferings, 'collected the substance of sundry short chapters, part from a stitched book [of Abner's], and part from loose papers I found in such book,' and then applied, to an unknown extent, his editorial hand to Abner's material, thus fulfilling Abner's expressed intention or desire for the creation of a memorial gift or 'legacy' to his children."6 What are we to make of this debate between Gorman and Proud? Historian Sarah Maza describes historical debate "as the motor that drives research and interpretation." As she explains, "the ambition of every scholar, undergraduate to emeritus, is to enter the conversation by saying something new. In most cases, the questions historians ask drive the search for sources (rather than the source creating the project)." In the case of the Woolman document, it is the source—its form and its authorship—that has created the project. "History toggles between description and explanation, the latter often shaped by debate," Maza writes. Historical writing, even popular historical writing, she continues...

Philosophical Perspectives and Practical Considerations for the Inclusion of Students with Developmental Disabilities

Federal law in the United States requires that students with disabilities receive their education alongside their peers without disabilities to the maximum extent appropriate given their individual circumstances. As a result, students with less support needs have enjoyed increasing amounts of time in the regular education classroom, while their peers with developmental disabilities are still largely served in separate educational settings. When these students are not included in the regular education classroom, they are not able to access the academic, social, and communication benefits of inclusion. The inclusion of students with developmental disabilities has long been a point of contention and disagreement among special education teachers, administrators, and scholars. It is the goal of this paper to carefully consider the perspectives and practical considerations that affect the placement of students with developmental disabilities and understand why these students spend less time in the regular education classroom than their peers with other disabilities. In addition, we weigh the relative advantages of inclusive and separate placements. After reviewing these issues, we believe that it is possible to simultaneously value a spectrum of placement options and advocate for increased inclusion in the regular education classroom. We discuss evidence-based practices to support inclusive placements and areas of future research to support inclusion of students with developmental disabilities in the regular education classroom.

Sidney Armor Reeve: Engineer, Inventor, Progressive, and Underappreciated Utopian

Sidney Armor Reeve, professional engineer and amateur historian, economist, and sociologist, writing during what has been described as the Progressive Era, at-tacked the very foundations of the existing economic and social orders. He explic-itly criticized the dominant commercialism of the capitalist society as being a can-cer, a major cause of inequality and unemployment, offering instead a program of reform that, while some reviewers characterized it as consistent with the program of the socialists, presented something of an alternative vision, one recognizing the primacy of the Ultimate Consumer. His remedy, favoring as it did the central con-trol of the economy, shared at least commonalities with the reforms advocated by the socialist writers of the period, even as he himself rejected the label, unequivo-cally stressing points of fundamental disagreement.

Proverbs: A Shorter Commentary by Bruce K. Waltke and Ivan D. V. De Silva

Reviewed by: Proverbs: A Shorter Commentary by Bruce K. Waltke and Ivan D. V. De Silva Kristin J. Wendland bruce k. waltke and ivan d. v. de silva, Proverbs: A Shorter Commentary (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2021). Pp. xxviii + 472. Paper $38. In Proverbs: A Shorter Commentary, Bruce K. Waltke and Ivan D. V. De Silva present a simplified and abridged version of W.'s two-volume commentary in the NICOT series (The Book of Proverbs: Chapters 1–15 and The Book of Proverbs: Chapters 16–31 [Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2004]). W. and D.S. suggest that one think of the longer, more technical work as a "massive footnote" to this abridged version (p. xv). Because of the intentional connection between the two works, I will make comparisons between them at several points throughout this review. The authors succeed well in their intention to produce a more accessible commentary for a more general audience, including students and pastors (p. xiii). For example, while the authors presume that a reader will have knowledge of terms such as LXX, Masoretic Text, and Latin Vulgate, they have, understandably, omitted much of the section on texts and versions. Some knowledge of biblical studies will assist a reader of this commentary, but the authors write in a way that will rarely overwhelm a nontechnical reader. In the introduction, the authors strike the balance particularly well between accessibility and technical detail in the sections having to do with vocabulary. The Hebrew-rich sections covering the vocabulary for wise and righteous and for wicked and fools engage the scholarly field and exemplify the careful scholarship of the authors, yet communicate in a way that a careful reader with knowledge of an English Bible will readily understand. Likewise, the authors helpfully engage, at least in broad contours, scholarship surrounding a number of central points of disagreement within the field, including interpretive possibilities [End Page 492] concerning the "Strange Woman" (ʾiššâ zārâ, pp. 55–57) and the various possible translations for ʾāmôn in Prov 8:30 (p. 163). Transliteration assists in accessibility, and the authors do an excellent job of leading a non-Hebrew reader to an understanding of how knowledge of the Hebrew aids in interpretation. Simplification and accessibility are defining characteristics of the commentary, but the authors also set out to produce an explicitly Christian work. W. and D. suggest that the clearest example of this is in the comparisons they draw between "the proverbs of Solomon and the sayings of the wise with the person and teaching of the Lord Jesus Christ" (p. xiv). This section, actually entitled "The Superiority of Jesus Christ to Solomon's Wisdom," is, indeed, explicitly Christian but is also rather superfluous for understanding the Book of Proverbs, unless the title is meant to be an analogy to the subsequent argument about Woman Wisdom as a "Type of Jesus Christ" as opposed to identifying her with Christ in the way of Justin Martyr (pp. 58–61). The intended audience and the religious commitments of the authors are evident in other ways as well. For instance, they attribute the final form of the Book of Proverbs to an "inspired editor" who mediated the proverbs from their original addressees to a more universal audience (p. 9). Following this, W. and D. immediately conclude their discussion on canonization with the statement that "the Holy Spirit, through the church, then sanctioned the work as canonical" (p. 9). Whether these statements about inspiration and the Holy Spirit help or hinder the book are up to each reader, but they will certainly be more welcome in some contexts than others. More curious is that W. and D. skip over quite a bit in the discussion of canonization, including the inclusion of the Book of Proverbs in the Tanak and its continued use in Judaism. Inspired though the editor may have been, the editor was not Christian and did not hand over a book to be canonized by "the church" (p. 9). Much of the commentary section proper follows the 2004 publication in abbreviated version, with fewer notes on text-critical issues. W. and D. cite scholarship throughout this section—understandably with less detail and frequency than in...

Goizuetako azentueraren garapena kokatzen Euskara Batu Zaharraren prosodia zehazteko: proposamenen ebaluazioa

The development of the prosodic system of Goizueta is the main point of disagreement the two last hypotheses –Hualde’s and Egurtzegi & Elordieta’s– will be compared, highlighting their main strengths and shortcomings in order to evaluate each proposal’s plausibility. After the comparison, Egurtzegi and Elordieta’s hypothesis is favored, be-cause its main shortcoming (that is, the need of proposing analogical processes between of this proposal are absent in the former.

Environmental Malthusianism and demography.

As anthropogenic climate change threatens human existence on Earth, historians have begun to explore the scientific antecedents of environmental Malthusianism, the idea that human population growth is a major driver of ecosystem degradation and that environmental protection requires a reduction in human numbers. These accounts, however, neglect the antagonistic relationship between environmental Malthusianism and demography, thereby creating an illusion of scientific consensus. This article details the entwined histories of environmental Malthusianism and demography, revealing points of disagreement – initially over methods of analyzing and predicting population growth and later over the role of population growth in ecosystem degradation – and moments of strategic collaboration that benefited both groups of scientists. It contends that the image of scientific consensus in existing histories has lent support to ongoing calls for population control, detracting attention from more proximate causes of environmental devastation, such as polluting modes of production, extractive business practices and government subsidies for fossil fuel development.

ŞÂFİÎ MEZHEBİNDE “TARÎK” KAVRAMININ KULLANIMI VE İŞLEVİ

One of the important stages of the development of Shāfi’ī madhhab is the schooling of Irāq and Khorasān, which emerged as of the hijri fourth century and is called "tareeq". For a better understanding of Shafi'i fiqh, research for what exactly Shāfi’ī faqeehs mean by these terms, when and how the schooling started, what its different aspects are, what kind of results it has, how the efforts to combine them in a single line developed and who contributed to it will be examined is of great importance. For this reason, the concept of "tareeq", the emergence of tareeq and the faqeehs who belong to them, the nature of the conflict between tareeqs, the expressions used in choosing and choosing one or the other were examined.
 Tareeq and its derivatives, understood from what Nawawī said, is a conceptualization that emerged as a result of the conflict that occurred about the narration and transmission of different qawil, wajih, tekhreec and preferences in the madhhab. That is, if one of the Shāfi’ī faqeehs says "there are two qawils or two wajihs" on a subject, and the other says "there are only one qawil" or "only one wajih", or if one says "there is absolute disagreement" on a subject and the other says "the subject requires explanation" it means that there has been a conflict in the meaning of tareeq in the transmission of madhhab. Although it is understood from the statements of Shāfi’ī faqeehs that there are many tareeqs, there are two known tareeqs, which are called with a certain name and these are Irāqī and Khorasān tareeqs. According to Nawawi, faqeehs belonging to the Irāqī tareeq are more robust and successful than the faqeehs of the Khorasān tareeq in conveying the clear expressions of Shāfi’ī, the principles of madhhab and the views of the early Shāfi’ī faqeehs. Khorasānians, on the other hand, were more successful than Irāqis in terms of disposition, research, interpretation and arrangement on these texts, and they processed them better.
 The knowledge of fiqh left by Shāfi’ī was continued by his students and later followers, and the madhhab continued to develop in a single line until Abu Ishaq al- Marwazī, and the separation in the form of tareeq began with his students. Among these, the emergence of tareeqs can be attributed to Ebu al-Qāsim ad-Dārekī, who replaced his teacher to continue his teaching activities in Baghdad, and Abu Zeyd al-Marwazī, who established a teaching circle in Marw. Because, after these two faqeehs, two tareeqs became evident both in Baghdad and Khorasān, and personalities described as the imams of the tareeqs emerged. Abū Hāmid sl-Isferāyini’s accepted as the imam of the Irāqī tareeq, and Abū Bakr al-Qaffāl al-Sageer is accepted as the imam of the Khorasān tareeq. After these, most of the faqeehs who grew up for about three hundred years and the works they produced were related to one of these two tareeqs. As a result, many points of disagreement arose between the two tareeqs, disturbing the later aqeehs. These conflicts were at various levels, and although not always in complete opposition, they sometimes expressed the opposite of what one said to the other.
 This situation caused some Shāfi’ī faqeehs to reduce the differences between wajihs and tareeqs in their many works, and to engage in reconciliation activities. The first attempt on this subject started with Abū Alī al-Sincī and continued with Juwaynī, Rūyani, Ghazzālī, Imrānī, Muāfi and Ibn al-Salāh. One of the faqeehs who tried to reconcile the tareeqs and brought it to a higher level was Rāfi’ī, and his activities formed the basis of Nawawi's studies on this subject. Benefiting from these reconciliation efforts before him, Nawawī, unlike Rāfi’ī, approached both of them from an impartial point of view from outside of both schools. In his works, he clearly expresses the distinction between Irāq and Khorasān by using the expressions Irāqiyūn and Khorasāniyyūn, and he prefers them.
 Rāfi’ī and Nawawī, who tried to reconcile and express the opposition between the tareeqs expressing the conflict in the transmission of Madhhab, generally used the term al- madhhab to express the preferred view that is the fiduciary in the madhhab.

Analysis of the Characteristics of CH4 Emissions in China’s Coal Mining Industry and Research on Emission Reduction Measures

CH4 is the second-largest greenhouse gas and has a significant impact on global warming. China has the largest amount of anthropogenic coal mine methane (CMM) emissions in the world, with coal mining emissions (or gas emissions) accounting for 90% of total energy industry emissions. The results of CH4 emission inventories from previous studies vary widely, with differences in the spatial and temporal dimensions of gas emission factors of belowground mining being the main points of disagreement. Affected by the policies of “eliminating backward production capacity” and “transferring energy base to the northwest”, China’s coal production layout has changed greatly in the past ten years, but the closely related CH4 emission factors have not been dynamically adjusted. This paper investigated 23 major coal producing provinces in China, obtained CH4 emission data from coal mining, calculated CH4 emission factors in line with current production conditions, and studied the reduction measures of coal mine gas emission. According to the CH4 emission data of China’s coal mines in 2018, 15.8 Tg of methane is released per year in the coal mining industry in China, and 11.8 Tg after deducting recycling. Shanxi Province’s CH4 emissions are much higher than those of other provinces, accounting for 35.5% of the country’s total emissions. The weighted CH4 emission factor of coal mining in China is 6.77 m3/t, of which Chongqing is the highest at approximately 60.9 m3/t. Compared with the predicted value of the IPCC, the growth trend of CCM has slowed significantly, and the CH4 utilization rate has gradually increased. This change may be aided by China’s coal industry’s policy to resolve excess capacity by closing many high-gas and gas outburst coal mines. In addition, the improvement of coal mine gas extraction and utilization technology has also produced a relatively significant effect. This paper determines the distribution of methane emissions and emission sources in China’s coal mining industry, which is useful in formulating CCM emission reduction targets and adopting more efficient measures.

Social inheritance and the social mind: Introduction to the Synthese topical collection The Cultural Evolution of Human Social Cognition

In this introduction to the Synthese SI: The Cultural Evolution of Human Social Cognition, we introduce some basic theoretical terms that will help readers to navigate the volume. Subsequently we describe the papers that make up the volume and draw attention to points of agreement and disagreement between the authors. We also identify a number of outstanding issues for the field of cultural evolution research. The papers in the volume can be divided into three sections: (1) The Cultural Evolution of Mindreading, (2) The Cultural Evolution of Ethics and Aesthetics, and (3) Methodological Challenges.

Attitudes, Barriers, Motivations to Sun Protection in Reunion Island's Schools: Qualitative Study.

The incidence of melanoma in Reunion Island is on the rise and is now one of the highest worldwide. Although the main risk factor of melanoma is sun exposure during childhood, sun protection measures remain insufficient in Reunionese schools. From November 2019 to November 2020, we conducted a qualitative study to explore the attitudes, barriers, and motivations to sun protection among the main actors of children’s protection in Reunion Island. Individual semi-directive interviews were performed with 14 children aged 6 to 10 years, 13 parents, and 13 teachers. The interviews were recorded and transcribed. Relevant data were coded, triangulated, analyzed, and then modeled following the methodology of grounded theory. Sufficiency of the data was sought. All 40 participants described their sun protection habits. Protection was lower during school activities than during leisure activities. Parents identified several practical and financial barriers to sun protection. Teachers pointed out the lack of adequate infrastructure and sun protection training. Responsibility for children’s protection was a point of disagreement between parents and teachers. Children limited their use of protection, mainly for reasons of comfort. Children’s sun protection in schools is the responsibility of educational staff, parents, and society at large. Improving communication between these various actors is necessary. Sun safety campaigns and reorganization of the school environment would allow for better protection of the child population.

A theological and ethical analysis of the response of the Eastern Orthodox to the COVID-19 pandemic

The response of the Eastern Orthodox Church to the COVID-19 pandemic reflects its distinctive theological and liturgical traditions as well as its decentralized system of governance. Foundational beliefs and practices inform Orthodoxy’s understanding of the imperative to care for the physical well-being of the sick. Points of disagreement arose in Orthodox communities concerning public health restrictions on attendance at the Divine Liturgy, the use of a common communion spoon, whether diseases may be transmitted through the Eucharist, and the appropriateness of receiving vaccinations tested or produced with cell lines derived from the tissue of aborted fetuses. Such contested matters reflect points of tension between characteristic beliefs and practices of Orthodoxy and its commitment to care for the health of neighbors during a global pandemic.

Outcry over The Second Sex

Abstract This article explores the critical reception of The Second Sex in France in 1949. Situating debates about the book in the context of the Cold War and the intellectual hegemony of existentialism, the author analyzes the main points of disagreement among different political factions—traditional Catholics, communists, members of the noncommunist left, and progressive Christians. She argues that the sexual questions Simone de Beauvoir raised in the public sphere fueled the primary points of contention.

Criminal Aspects of Medical Errors

In this paper, we focus on the importance and role of criminal law in sanctioning medical errors. Bearing in mind that criminal acts are the result of irresponsible, inappropriate or insufficiently careful behaviour of medical staff during the treatment, there are difficulties in proving them in criminal proceedings. Due to the complex causality and sensitiveness of this problem, there is a need for a detailed analysis of the relevant provisions of the Serbian Criminal Code. In this regard, our goal is a comprehensive review and assessment of the quality and efficiency of current legislative solutions. The court practice in the matter was also the subject of the analyses, so we tried to identify points of disagreement in the court’s interpretation of legal provisions. Subjective elements of the legal definition of the basic form of the offence are particularly examined. We concluded the paper with recommendations for the improvement of legal solutions de lege ferenda.

Characterizing Competing Viewpoints in Stormwater Governance: An Urban Honolulu Case Study

Stormwater management is a fundamental public service in urban areas that has wide-ranging implications on water supply, public safety, and ecosystem health. This paper examines stormwater management priorities expressed by community leaders and residents, educators, industry professionals, and water managers. It uses Q-methodology, a mixed-method approach, to understand prevalent narratives around stormwater management that comprise the public discourse. The purpose of this research is to elucidate points of agreement and disagreement in the context of a contentious flood risk management project. In total, 18 participants ranked an identical set of 25 idea statements relative to one another. Through principal component analysis, I identify four distinct narratives that prioritize different aspects of stormwater management objectives. The narrative analysis shows broad agreement that decentralized, soft infrastructure (e.g., green infrastructure) should be part of stormwater management solutions. However, there is widespread disagreement over funding mechanisms, the community's responsibilities, and the underlying planning approach to stormwater management. There was no discernable pattern in sector affiliation with any of the narratives. I summarize the dimensionality of stormwater governance and the potential spectrum of ideas about infrastructure, responsibilities, and planning approaches in a framework that characterizes competing viewpoints. The results of this study are useful in understanding underlying sources of conflict regarding stormwater management that may not be readily apparent in public discourse.

The CODA Model: A Review and Skeptical Extension of the Constructionist Model of Emotional Episodes Induced by Music.

This paper discusses contemporary advancements in the affective sciences (described together as skeptical theories) that can inform the music-emotion literature. Key concepts in these theories are outlined, highlighting their points of agreement and disagreement. This summary shows the importance of appraisal within the emotion process, provides a greater emphasis upon goal-directed accounts of (emotion) behavior, and a need to move away from discrete emotion “folk” concepts and toward the study of an emotional episode and its components. Consequently, three contemporary music emotion theories (BRECVEMA, Multifactorial Process Approach, and a Constructionist Account) are examined through a skeptical lens. This critique highlights the over-reliance upon categorization and a lack of acknowledgment of appraisal processes, specifically goal-directed appraisal, in examining how individual experiences of music emerge in different contexts. Based on this critique of current music-emotion models, we present our skeptically informed CODA model - Constructivistly-Organised Dimensional-Appraisal model. This model addresses skeptical limitations of existing theories, reinstates the role of goal-directed appraisal as central to what makes music relevant and meaningful to an individual in different contexts and brings together different theoretical frameworks into a single model. From the development of the CODA model, several hypotheses are proposed and applied to musical contexts. These hypotheses address theoretical issues such as acknowledging individual and contextual differences in emotional intensity and valence, as well as differentiating between induced and perceived emotions, and utilitarian and aesthetic emotions. We conclude with a sections of recommendations for future research. Altogether, this theoretical critique and proposed model points toward a positive future direction for music-emotion science. One where researchers can take forward testable predictions about what makes music relevant and meaningful to an individual.

A Rejoinder to Yong Huang

A Rejoinder to Yong Huang Jianping Hu (bio) Let me begin by expressing my sincere gratitude to Professor Huang for his great work on the theory of patient moral relativism and to the editors of [End Page 482] Philosophy East and West for giving me this opportunity not only to discuss my thoughts with Professor Huang but also to clarify and further develop my critique. In this reply, I shall focus on two things: first, I will briefly summarize and explain my ideas in my previous comment; second, I will tackle Huang’s response in detail and discuss some points of disagreement. In “Is Zhuangzi a Patient Relativist?” I argue not only that the theory of patient relativism itself is problematic but also that it is inaccurate to interpret the Zhuangzi as espousing patient moral relativism. One of the major problems of patient relativism is that it fails to provide guidance to the agent on what is right to do when there are two (or more) patients holding conflicting desires, demands, and interests. I call this the “two-patient challenge.” It has two fundamental elements: (1) an agent whose action X will simultaneously influence two patients, and (2) patients A and B, who have conflicting interests, demands, or standards on action X. Primitive as it may seem, I believe that this definition of the “two-patient challenge” covers a large number of cases across various situations. Furthermore, I find it implausible that the ethics in the Zhuangzi is a form of patient moral relativism. Some stories—for example, of the seabird and Bo Le—may indeed embody the idea of patient relativism to some degree, but it is not sufficient to claim that the ethics of the Zhuangzi is patient relativism. Huang’s response to my “two-patient challenge” argues that my “letter-opening” example (the mother who does not know if she should open the letters between her daughter Mei, who wants the mother to open the letters, and her nephew Tom, who is against this) is not a real threat to patient relativism because it is just “a case that involves a third party.” In Huang’s view, this case is like a moderate version of the example where A wants me to kill B,1 and this issue can easily be solved by figuring out the real patient of the agent’s action and respecting his or her standards. If my understanding of Huang’s argument is correct, what he means is this: A wants me to kill B (Mei wants the mother to open the letters between Tom and Mei), and I am the patient of A’s demand of killing B (the mother is the patient of Mei’s demand of opening letters from Tom), so B (Tom) is the real patient of my killing (mother’s mail opening). As long as B does not want to be killed (Tom does not want his letters to be opened), I should not kill B (the mother should not open the letters between Mei and Tom). However, I am afraid that he overlooks the fact that in the mail-opening example, as I said in my original comment, the privacy of the mail between Mei and Tom belongs to both of them while B’s life only belongs to him or herself. By letting her mother open and read her letters from Tom, Mei, as the co-owner of the privacy, is asking her mother to do something not just to Tom, but rather to herself (Mei) and Tom. (It will be a different story if what Mei wants her mother to read is Tom’s diary.2) In other words, Mei and Tom are both the real patients of the mother’s letter-opening action. There are no essential differences between my [End Page 483] mail-opening example and what Huang thinks is a proper example of a two-patient situation where a mother does not know if she should open a letter addressed to both her daughters (one daughter wants it to be opened by the mother but the other does not). After all, the nature of the role played by the two mothers is...

Critical Ressourcement and Evaluative Correction in Trinitarian Theology: A Case Study on Richard of St Victor’s De Trinitate

AbstractI begin this article by suggesting that the current phase of trinitarian theology is characterized by an impetus to evaluate and correct work done in earlier phases. One evaluative‐corrective voice is that of Stephen Holmes, who critiques recent trinitarian ressourcement and advocates a return to more traditional conceptions. I suggest that Richard of St Victor can serve as an excellent model of traditional trinitarian theologizing. To do so, however, some recent mischaracterizations of Richard must first be corrected. Toward this end, I identify several points of disagreement with Holmes’ reading of Richard. I explicate those points of disagreement and argue for what I take to be the correct understanding. I conclude by briefly reflecting on how Richard’s project can serve the current phase of trinitarian theology.

Is this the humanism we have been looking for?

Büscher offers a useful review of the convergence between strands of post-Marxian and more-than-human praxis alongside an assertion of the points of distinction between these approaches. This response agrees that environmental geography needs to define the human but outlines three points of disagreement, relating to: Büscher’s elevation of self-consciousness as the defining human property; his desire to maintain the Nature-Society divide; and his treatment of basic alienation. It argues for a more capacious understanding of the human that is defined neither in opposition to Nature, nor taken as universally ‘fallen’ from a past moment of unalienated existence.

Attention control and process overlap theory: Searching for cognitive processes underpinning the positive manifold

Process overlap theory provides a contemporary explanation for the positive correlations observed among cognitive ability measures, a phenomenon which intelligence researchers refer to as the positive manifold. According to process overlap theory, cognitive tasks tap domain-general executive processes as well as domain-specific processes, and correlations between measures reflect the degree of overlap in the cognitive processes that are engaged when performing the tasks. In this article, we discuss points of agreement and disagreement between the executive attention framework and process overlap theory, with a focus on attention control: the domain-general ability to maintain focus on task-relevant information and disengage from irrelevant and no-longer relevant information. After describing the steps our lab has taken to improve the measurement of attention control, we review evidence suggesting that attention control can explain many of the positive correlations between broad cognitive abilities, such as fluid intelligence, working memory capacity, and sensory discrimination ability. Furthermore, when these latent variables are modeled under a higher-order g factor, attention control has the highest loading on g, indicating a strong relationship between attention control and domain-general cognitive ability. In closing, we reflect on the challenge of directly measuring cognitive processes and provide suggestions for future research.

The Mozambican Modern Ghost Story (1866–2006): The Genealogy of a Genre by Peter J. Maurits

Reviewed by: The Mozambican Modern Ghost Story (1866–2006): The Genealogy of a Genre by Peter J. Maurits Thomas Waller Peter J. Maurits, The Mozambican Modern Ghost Story (1866–2006): The Genealogy of a Genre (Oxford: Peter Lang, 2022). 214 pages. Print and ebook. xiv + 214 pages. There is a long and high-quality tradition of English-language scholarship on Mozambican literature. The landmark publications of Hilary Owen's Mother Africa, Father Marx and Phillip Rothwell's A Postmodern Nationalist in the early 2000s set the benchmark for subsequent work in the field by analysing the subversion and redefinition of narratives of Mozambican nationhood, and the deconstruction of discourses of gender and sexuality, in the work of authors such as Noémia de Sousa, Lília Momplé, Paulina Chiziane, and Mia Couto. More recently, monographs by Eleanor Jones, Ana Margarida Martins, and Maria Tavares have carried forward this line of research with new work engaging the theory of biopolitics, the publishing dynamics of the global literary marketplace, and the legacy of the anti-colonial nationalist movement in Mozambique. While there are points of divergence and disagreement within this scholarship, two of its characteristic features are a preoccupation with the category of national identity and a theoretical affinity with postcolonial studies, a field in which the experiences of Portuguese-speaking African societies have historically been either under-represented or ignored. Each in their own [End Page 96] way, these scholars read Mozambican literature through the framework of the postcolonial nation-state, which the texts are then seen alternately to challenge, re-examine, contest, or deconstruct. Peter J. Maurits's new book The Mozambican Modern Ghost Story approaches Mozambican literature from a different perspective. Published in Peter Lang's book series 'Reconfiguring Identities in the Portuguese-speaking World', its orientation does not come from postcolonial theory, nor is it principally concerned with the themes of gender and sexuality, and while it has much to say about the trajectory of Mozambican nationhood, its scope transcends the bounding limits of the national framework to encompass a global horizon of political economy. The structure of the book is organized in five chapters of more or less equal length. The first chapter introduces key concepts and summarizes the monograph's thesis, that there exists a 'Mozambican modern ghost story'. The second chapter then presents the category of the modern ghost story through an analysis of the work of Walter Scott, with a particular focus on his 1827 short story 'The Highland Widow'. The third chapter identifies prototypes of the Mozambican modern ghost story in the work of the nineteenth-century poet Campos de Oliveira and in Orlando Mendes's important 1966 episodic novel Portagem. The fourth chapter theorizes the consolidation of the Mozambican modern ghost story proper in the period of the late 1980s, when Mozambique was transitioning from Marxism-Leninism to free-market capitalism. Finally, the fifth chapter argues, through a close reading of Mia Couto's novel O outro pé da sereia, that the Mozambican modern ghost story re-emerged in the first decade of the twenty-first century to respond to the economic effects of neoliberal globalization. One of the virtues of Maurits's book is that it engages with two traditions that have received relatively short shrift in English-language work on Mozambican literature: Marxist social theory and world-literary studies. The first two sentences of The Mozambican Modern Ghost Story establish its argument at the outset at the intersection of these two fields: 'This book will argue that a Mozambican modern ghost story exists and that it registers primitive accumulation. It shows how literary form—a genre—can alter when it moves, temporally and spatially, through the world-literary system, and reacts with different forms and raw materials' (p. ix). A materialist commitment to the theory and critique of global capitalism is thereby paired with a sensitivity to the unevenness of the production and circulation of world-literary texts in a system stratified by power and inequality. Whereas the former preoccupation leads Maurits to theories of the aesthetic mediation of capitalist social form, and to the likes of Fredric Jameson and Pierre Macherey, the latter leads him to world...