Disadvantageous Situation Research Articles

Participación de la familia en los centros educativos para mejorar la inclusión y la justicia social.

Objetivo. Realizar un ensayo teórico sobre la situación actual de la educación inclusiva y la participación de la familia en los centros educativos como garantía de derechos y justicia social. Metodología. La búsqueda bibliográfica se realizó en la base de datos Web of Science. Resultados y conclusión. La justicia social pone de manifiesto la importancia de los elementos clave en los acuerdos de cooperación entre familias y profesionales, siendo estos: competencia profesional, comunicación, respeto, compromiso, equidad y confianza unidos a un gran sentimiento de solidaridad. Se trata de un imperativo ético, político y jurídico que se concreta prioritariamente en el terreno de las políticas sociales y educativas. Hablar de inclusión es hablar de justicia y parece lógico que para construir una sociedad distributiva y honesta es necesario desarrollar modelos educativos de participación familiar que ayuden a erradicar situaciones de desventaja social.

Prevalence of maternal antenatal anxiety and its association with demographic and socioeconomic factors: A multicentre study in Italy.

Maternal antenatal anxiety is very common, and despite its short- and long-term effects on both mothers and fetus outcomes, it has received less attention than it deserves in scientific research and clinical practice. Therefore, we aimed to estimate the prevalence of state anxiety in the antenatal period, and to analyze its association with demographic and socioeconomic factors. A total of 1142 pregnant women from nine Italian healthcare centers were assessed through the state scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and a clinical interview. Demographic and socioeconomic factors were also measured. The prevalence of anxiety was 24.3% among pregnant women. There was a significantly higher risk of anxiety in pregnant women with low level of education (p<0.01), who are jobless (p<0.01), and who have economic problems (p<0.01). Furthermore, pregnant women experience higher level of anxiety when they have not planned the pregnancy (p<0.01), have a history of abortion (p<0.05), and have children living at the time of the current pregnancy (p<0.05). There exists a significant association between maternal antenatal anxiety and economic conditions. Early evaluation of socioeconomic status of pregnant women and their families in order to identify disadvantaged situations might reduce the prevalence of antenatal anxiety and its direct and indirect costs.

Decision trees in environmental justice research — a case study on the floods of 2001 and 2010 in Hungary

Abstract Environmental justice is a normative framework for the analysis of environmental impacts on the wellbeing of individuals and social groups. According to the framework, the deprived social groups and ethnic minorities are often more exposed to environmental risks and hazards due to their disadvantaged situation, and due to the lack of representation and political power. To manage the impacts of injustices and to include the citizen in the decision-making processes, proper information is needed on local attitudes and decision-making processes. Therefore, this study sought to (i) identify the main factors shaping the attitudes towards environmental injustices and (ii) to analyse the attitudes and perception of the various social groups and (iii) to identify the main factors which are shaping the attitudes and actions of those who were affected by the floods of 2001 and 2010 through the use of decision tree method. The data for the predictive model was acquired from a questionnaire survey conducted in two disadvantaged and flood-hit Hungarian regions. Based on the survey data, a principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted, which resulted in three principal components; fear, social change, and change in the built environment. The study focused only on the elements of the “fear principal component”, due to the decision tree tool homogenous groups identified in relation to this component. Our analysis showed that ethnicity has a determinative role in the emergence and the level of fear from floods; the Roma respondents expressed a significantly higher level of fear than others.

The contribution of emissions from industrial zones of Izhevsk to the formation of the medical and ecological situation

The article presents abrief description of the main industrial zones of Izhevsk as sources of air pollution. The potential aerotechnogenic hazard of industrial sites, their contribution to the formation and spatial differentiation of the complex atmospheric air pollution index, based on the volume and structure of pollutant emissions, are estimated. Air sampling at flare observation posts allowedto conclude that the maximum concentrations of pollutants are observed at adistance of 23km from the borders of industrial zones in the direction of the prevailing south and south-west winds. Aterritorial analysis of the general incidence rate of the child population in the service territories of 12childrenʼs city clinics and 170pediatric sites confirms these findings. The most disadvantaged situation is typical for microdistricts located in the north and northeast relative to the Central industrial zone. Despite asignificant reduction in emissions by enterprises of this industrial site, it should be noted its significant contribution to the formation of atense medical and environmental situation in most residential areas of the city. The increase of emissions in recent years, the largest northeastern industrial zone in Izhevsk, even taking into account its most favorable ecological and geographical position, has led to asignificant increase in the general incidence and prevalence of respiratory diseases of the children in the adjacent territory. In the formation of inhaled non-carcinogenic risk to public health, the contribution of formaldehyde is more than 90%.

Rediscovering empowerment with breastfeeding in an urban First Nation\u2019s population

BackgroundAn inner-city neighbourhood of Regina, Saskatchewan continues to have recurring issues of drug and alcohol use affecting parents’ caregiving opportunity. In relation to this, many children, mostly of First Nations descent, are raised in out-of-home care away from their families. With the promotion of breastfeeding, in a neighbourhood prenatal/postnatal support program, breastfeeding rates have doubled and mothers’ participation in their children’s care has increased. Recognition and promotion of cultural beliefs about breastfeeding is integral to raise community awareness of the practice. To bring additional support for breastfeeding, the empowerment effects observed were measured.MethodsUsing a longitudinal study design, indicators of empowerment were assessed prenatally and again at two months postpartum. Indicators included self-esteem, caregiving activities, and drug and alcohol use. Outcomes of assessments were correlated to infant feeding practices and findings compared.ResultsFindings supported a statistically significant improvement for empowerment scores when mothers breastfed. Mean scores for self-esteem increased from 2.87 to 3.57 (r = .90, p = <.001); for caregiving, scores increased from 2.60 to 3.16 (r = .91, p = <.001); and for drug and alcohol use, scores decreased from 59 to 9% (p = <.001).ConclusionsThe study brings attention to the value of breastfeeding for caregiving in situations of addiction and limited resources. Practitioner reflexivity in regards to their support for breastfeeding is critical and includes openness to alternate breastfeeding situations and beliefs. The study found that a positive outlook on breastfeeding is the first step for a practitioner-client relationship that fosters confidence for marginalized populations.Significance statementAccording to research, less breastfeeding occurs when mothers are marginalized. In turn, as marginalization increases, a mother’s self-esteem regarding her ability to adequately care for her child decreases. Healthcare professionals tend to be less likely to support a decision to breastfeed if there is concern about the mother’s resources and lifestyles. This research brings new attention to the importance of breastfeeding in disadvantaged situations related to an empowerment effect of breastfeeding for caregiving which includes cessation of drug and alcohol use. This effect has not previously been measured.

“You either stop reacting or you don’t survive. There’s no other way”: the work experiences of Polish women sports journalists

ABSTRACT In recent decades, considerable analysis has been devoted to the experiences of professional women journalists. Though the percentage of women in the media industry is increasing, women sports journalists appear to face an especially complex and difficult situation. This study aimed to explore the professional experiences of Polish women sports journalists. Eighteen semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted; the results revealed that sports journalists face gender prejudice and must adapt to an androcentric culture in sports newsrooms. However, the greatest obstacle they face is combining professional practice with maternal plans. The minority position of female sports journalists in the profession may be responsible for the respondents’ reluctance to admit that their disadvantageous job situation is the result of gender norms in sports and the media.

Integrating priorities of disadvantaged parents and professionals for community family health

Abstract Background Health inequalities persist, and policymakers, researchers and practitioners seek for effective ways to positively impact the health of disadvantaged people. Researchers point to a multi-component program with an integral design including various perspectives and involving different stakeholders. Few studies address the perspectives on health of disadvantaged people themselves. This study describes what parents in a socially disadvantaged situation and professionals working in that community perceived as 1) priority aspects to improve family health 2) barriers and facilitators for health behaviour changes 3) important health program activities. Methods Design: Community-based participatory action research. 10 parents participated in 6 panel meetings. 46 professionals received 4 panel meetings summaries. 18 parents and 25 professionals responded to questions in (panel) meetings and consultation by phone and e-mail. Results (preliminary) 1) Parents’ top priorities for improving health were: less stress related to finances and communication with related organizations, followed by a safe place for kids to meet. Of the program financers’ aims (reducing tobacco, alcohol use and overweight) reducing overweight got relatively most support of parents. 2) Parents perceived their family financial situation as barrier to behaviours reducing stress and overweight. 3) Program activities related to reducing stress got more support from parents and professionals than activities related to reducing overweight. Conclusions Insight in the perspectives of disadvantaged parents and professionals resulted in a program plan supported by them, aiming to reduce stress and overweight. Most participating parents and professionals committed themselves to invest time in program activities execution. Key messages Disadvantaged parents perceived reducing stress related to finances as top priority to improve family health. They perceived family finances as barrier to behaviours reducing stress and overweight. Community-based participatory action research with disadvantaged parents and professionals can result in an integrated family health program plan with stakeholder support.

Sentencias Arbitrarias: la falta de objetividad frente a la defensa de derechos fundamentales / Arbitrary Sentences: the lack of objectivity against the defense of fundamental rights

El presente artículo analizará el fallo dictado por la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación, a través del cual, hacen lugar al recurso extraordinario y deja sin efecto la sentencia impugnada por la demandada en la causa “C.T., N c/OSDE s/amparo de Salud”. El órgano supremo de Justicia de la Nación consideró que la alzada carecía de fundamentos que dieran sustento a su decisión; así como también existía una clara omisión en la valoración de las pruebas aportadas por la parte demandada, lo que la colocaba en una situación desventajosa. Entiende la Corte que se está frente a otra de las tantas sentencias arbitrarias. ¿Incide entonces que se trate de derechos fundamentales, como es el derecho a la salud? ¿Pierden objetividad los magistrados cuando se encuentran involucrados esta clase de derechos? Se intentará dilucidar a continuación.&#x0D; &#x0D; This article will analyze the sentence handed down by the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation, through which, it leaves the sentence contested by the defendant in the case “CT, N c / OSDE s / amparo de Salud” without effect. The Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation considered that the elevation lacked grounds to support its decision; as well as there was a clear omission in the assessment of the evidence provided by the defendant, which placed it in a disadvantageous situation. The Court understands that it is facing another of the many arbitrary sentences. Does it imply that these are fundamental rights, such as the right to health? ¿Do magistrates lose objectivity when this kind of rights is involved? Attempts will be made to clarify below.

Economic Status, Family Dependence, and Health Outcomes of Older People in Western Rural China

ABSTRACTThere is a deficiency in empirical knowledge on the physical and mental health of lower-income older people with weak family support in western rural China. To address this research gap, this article uses the data from the 2014 China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey to analyze the disadvantaged situation of older people in western rural China through a regional comparative analysis. Our sample consisted of 7,138 older adults aged 60 or older in eastern and western, rural and urban China. We find that lower personal income is significantly associated with poor physical and mental health. Economic support from families means more for older people when they have a disability related to activities of daily living in western rural China. Fostering stronger family support networks might improve the mental health status of older people in western rural China. Our study suggests a broader scope for the state to play a greater role in economic empowerment and in the development of policies to effectively meet the present and future needs of older people in western rural China or other countries with an imbalance in the distribution of the aging population and welfare resources.

Buzdolabı Gövde İç Plastiklerinin Üretim Prosesinde Model Değişimini Kolaylaştıran Döner Mekanizma Geliştirilmesi

Bu çalışmada; trim yapılacak farklı gövdelerin modellerine göre operatör müdahalesi olmadan tam otomatik şekilde değişmesine imkân sağlayan mekanizmanın modellenmesi ve üretimi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmanın tamamlanmasıyla zaman kaybı yaşanmadan ve operatör müdahalesi olmadan değişime imkân sağlanmıştır. Hata ve zaman kaybı ortadan kaldırılmıştır. Otomasyonlu sistemle programlanan modele uygun dişi plaka ve erkek zımbaların operatör müdahalesi olmaksızın değişmesi, yanlış model dişi erkek eşleşmelerini ortadan kaldırmaktadır. Birim sürede işlenen gövde iç plastiği adedinin sayısı ve kalitesi arttırılmıştır. Proses sırasında kalıp değişimi işlemi için gerekli olan personelin iş sağlığı ve güvenliğini tehdit edecek dezavantajlı durumu en düşük seviyeye indirilmiştir.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE AEROSPACE INDUSTRY OF UKRAINE

Goal: identify the preconditions and prospects of development of the aerospace industry of Ukraine. Research methods: the general scientific and special methods were used in the work. Results: development of the aerospace industry was investigated and analyzed. Assessing the level of funding and identifying possible ways to improve approaches to ensuring the efficient financing of enterprises in the aerospace industry in Ukraine. The increase in demand for civilian aircraft, which corresponds to some brands of Ukrainian airplanes, and the reduction of the fleet of «An» aircraft in connection with the decommissioning of predominantly outdated aircraft, is accompanied by a reduction in domestic airplanes production starting in 2007. However, for the change of such a disadvantageous situation for Ukraine, we have a research-and-production potential, the implementation of which is paid attention by the state, as well as foreign partners. The state of the space industry is in the best position, but the results of the industry should be more appropriate for the needs of the domestic market. In general, one of the effective ways of overcoming the economic crisis in Ukraine is the restructuring of industry on the basis of intensive development of production of high-tech products, the list of which includes products of aircraft building and space industries. Under market conditions, it creates objective prerequisites for increasing the efficiency of social production on the basis of resource conservation and environmental friendliness. The increase in the own production of high-tech products today depends on a large extent on the wider use of state-of-the-art technology, modern forms of production management organization, and the introduction of an effective market management mechanism. Discussion: prospects of development of the aviation and space industry, improving of financing of the industry.

Protecting the Children’s Right to Nationality in Malaysia: An Appraisal

Article 7 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989 (CRC) obliges states to realize every child‘s right to acquire a nationality. Even though most human rights should be enjoyed by all persons, regardless of whether they have a nationality or not, in our modern world, nationality often operates as a legal or practical gateway to the enjoyment of other rights. Where a child lacks a nationality, this creates a situation of severe disadvantage and vulnerability. Statelessness undermines the enjoyment of childhood and the child‘s opportunity to develop to his or her full potential. Many stateless children are excluded from the benefits of education and are denied equal access to other rights. Such situation is definitely in contravention with the basic principle of best interest of the child as promulgated in Article 3 of the CRC. This paper addresses the extent of the rights of children in Malaysia to acquire nationality particularly in cases involving unregistered birth, illegitimate, foundling or abandoned child and where the immigration status of the parents is uncertain. This paper uses a qualitative data collection method where in-depth document analysis is carried out. Primary sources such as the Acts, Regulations, court orders and decision are scrutinized. On the other hand, secondary sources that are studied include international document reports from relevant websites, law reports, law reviews, legal periodical articles and newspaper reports. The paper is significant as it addresses crucial concerns raised in reference to the current laws relating to the protection of these children in Malaysia. The paper ends with some possible recommendations that may spur improvement to the present legislations towards achieving a sustainable future for the best interest of these children.

Nutrition, nutritional status and cancer of disabled people from Varna

The leading strategies in the field of food policy, proposed at international conferences on nutrition are: improving the nutrition of vulnerable population groups in socially disadvantaged situations, promoting healthy eating. A direct anonymous poll examined the nutritional habits of 100 disabled people, members of the Society of Disabled People in Varna. The study shows unhealthy nutrition of the disabled, resulting in insufficient variety of consumed food, as well as inadequate consumption of fish, fresh fruit and vegetables. Due to good information and lots of leisure time, 69% of the respondents have a proper diet. The reason for nutrition, according to the subjective estimate of 3/4 of the respondents, is insufficient financial means. Only 1/5 of the study participants have normal weight. A total of 30% are overweight and 51% have obesity to varying degrees. The poor nutrition and reduced motor activity as a consequence of the disability result in overweight and obesity, which lead to worsening and deteriorating of the health condition. Nutrition has a significant role in the tumor formation, especially tumors of the mammary gland, gastrointestinal tract, liver, skin, endocrine organs (thyroid gland, pancreas), lung, uterus, etc. Among the factors that increase the carcinogenic risk for the study group are general over-eating, excessive intake of fats and carbohydrates, chemical and radioactive substances and stress - especially with regard to emergency situations (traffic accidents, flood, fire, etc.).

Socially Vulnerable Students’ Language Needs in Italian SL A Survey on Second Language Courses Provided by Reception Centers in Piedmont

This paper presents the results of a research on language educational practices related to the teaching of Italian as a second language (ISL), aimed at learners in the situation of vulnerability and disadvantage. In many contexts of welcoming, the need to reconcile the first reception practices relating to housing, sustenance and health, with the dimension of language teaching, is evident. The ISL teachers who work within emergency frameworks often experience a feeling of discomfort connected to the motivational dynamics: if the students receive the necessities of the essentials from those who deal with the reception and expect to stay in Italy for a short period of time, it is possible that there will not be intrinsic motivation for studying and exercising the language. The survey, divided into several operational phases, is based on a questionnaire submitted to the teaching staff that deals with the ISL education within the contexts of reception. The most significant aspect of the data analysis is the absence of communicative needs compared to the daily life of the students.

I bisogni linguistici nei corsi di italiano L2 rivolti ad utenti vulnerabili

This paper presents the results of a research on language educational practices related to the teaching of Italian as a second language (ISL), aimed at learners in the situation of vulnerability and disadvantage. In many contexts of welcoming, the need to reconcile the first reception practices relating to housing, sustenance and health, with the dimension of language teaching, is evident. The ISL teachers who work within emergency frameworks often experience a feeling of discomfort connected to the motivational dynamics: if the students receive the necessities of the essentials from those who deal with the reception and expect to stay in Italy for a short period of time, it is possible that there will not be intrinsic motivation for studying and exercising the language. The survey, divided into several operational phases, is based on a questionnaire submitted to the teaching staff that deals with the ISL education within the contexts of reception. The most significant aspect of the data analysis is the absence of communicative needs compared to the daily life of the students.

Repercusiones Emocionales de la Violencia Escolar: Influencia en la Inteligencia Emocional

ResumenEntender la violencia escolar o bullying como un hecho que no es fijo y estable, sino como un proceso mediante el cual una persona se ve agredida física o psicológicamente por otra más fuerte, dando lugar a un situación de desventaja y dañina, es la conceptualización que mayor aceptación posee en la actualidad. Junto con ella, se distinguen tres grandes protagonistas, como son el agresor, la víctima y observador. El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar la influencia que ha tenido el estar implicado en la dinámica del bullying en los niveles de Inteligencia Emocional de cada uno de los tres roles existentes. El método empleado se corresponde con un diseño ex post facto, de carácter retrospectivo y comparativo. Y la muestra está compuesta por estudiantes de tercer y cuarto curso de sus estudios de Grado, de la Universidad de Almería (España). Los resultados aportados por este trabajo ponen de manifiesto que tanto las no víctimas como los no agresores poseen niveles más altos en cada una de las dimensiones que componen la Inteligencia Emocional. Concluyendo en que, por tanto, el verse implicado en algún episodio relacionado con la violencia escolar, ya sea como víctima o como agresor influye de manera negativa en los niveles de Inteligencia Emocional, ya que disminuye los mismos. En el caso de los observadores, dependiendo del posicionamiento que adopten ante estos hechos poseen unos niveles más altos o más bajos de Inteligencia Emocional.AbstractUnderstanding school violence or bullying as a fact that is not fixed and stable, but as a process by which a person is physically or psychologically attacked by a stronger one, leading to a disadvantageous and harmful situation, is the conceptualization that greater acceptance has nowadays. Along with it, there are three main protagonists, such as the aggressor, the victim and the observer. The objective of this work is to identify the influence that has been involved in the dynamics of bullying in the levels of Emotional Intelligence of each of the three existing roles. The method used corresponds to an ex post facto design, of a retrospective and comparative nature. And the sample is composed of third and fourth year students of their degree studies, from the University of Almeria (Spain). The results provided by this work show that both non-victims and non-aggressors have higher levels in each of the dimensions that make up the Emotional Intelligence. Concluding that, therefore, being involved in an episode related to school violence, either as a victim or as an aggressor, negatively influences Emotional Intelligence levels, since it decreases them. In the case of observers, depending on the positioning they adopt in the face of these events, they have higher or lower levels of Emotional Intelligence.

Sexual Satisfaction and Mental Health in Prison Inmates

The main goal of this study was to investigate the association between sexual satisfaction and mental health, and the combined effect of two previously found, statistically significant moderators: partner status and sexual abstinence. In-person interviews were conducted with 223 participants (49.327% males and 50.673% females). The effect of sexual satisfaction on mental health and the interactions of sexual satisfaction × partner status, sexual satisfaction × sexual abstinence, and sexual satisfaction × partner status × sexual abstinence were examined using simple moderation and moderated moderation tests after controlling for a set of sociodemographic, penitentiary, and interpersonal variables. Results revealed a direct relationship between sexual satisfaction and mental health only for the sexually abstinent group. Partner status was not significant as a moderator. It seems that the lack of sexual relationships is more powerful as a moderator than the lack of a romantic relationship. Additionally, the sexually abstinent group showed lower levels of sexual satisfaction in those with a partner outside or inside prison, and lower mental health independently of the current romantic status, than sexually active inmates. These findings point to the importance of sexual satisfaction to mental health in sexual situations of extreme disadvantage.

ABSTINENSI DAN PENDIDIKAN SEKS REMAJA SURVEI CEPAT DI JAKARTA DAN SEKITARNYA

Indonesian teenagers are getting smarter and having higher achievements, yet experiencing disadvantage situation. Surveys revealed that their health knowledge/literacy and behavior are not getting better even though information access raising. Education (intra and extra curricula) is one of strongest strategy to intervene the fundamental problems. A rapid survey was conducted to assess abstinence and the need of sex education for adolescents in Jakarta and surrounding areas. Data were collected from 163 respondents interviewed at their schools or community. As much as 65% said they never had any kind of sexual activity (primary abstainers) and 81.6% said they need sex education with an offline (face to face) methode 47.8%. Adolescent’s sexual education in Indonesia is indeed an urgent need. An integrative and comprehensive sex education along with adolescent (and pre-adolescent) developmental stages, cultural, and religious values regarding the affect on future health should be undertake.

Aproximación al fracaso escolar de alumnado en desventaja desde el análisis crítico del discurso

Este artículo nace de una investigación biográfica con alumnos en situación de desventaja sociocultural que sufren fracaso escolar. Su objetivo es explorar el lenguaje que utilizan estos chicos desde la perspectiva del análisis crítico del discurso, así como analizar las estrategias lingüísticas empleadas en la representación de los actores sociales y sus acciones, y los exponentes lingüístico-discursivos. Los protagonistas construyen un relato de su endogrupo desde el punto de vista semiótico, en contraste con la despersonalización y jerarquía con que se narran los hechos que tienen que ver con sus relaciones con la institución escolar. La distancia entre el lenguaje de las demandas académicas y el que utilizan con sus grupos primarios favorece el fracaso y la incomunicación.

Weathering the rural reality: delivery of the Nurse-Family Partnership home visitation program in rural British Columbia, Canada

BackgroundPregnant girls/young women and new mothers living in situations of social and economic disadvantage are at increased risk for poor health. Rural living may compound marginalization and create additional challenges for young mothers. Public health nurses (PHNs) delivering the Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP) to mothers living in rural communities may help to improve maternal and child health outcomes. The purpose of this analysis, grounded in data collected as part of a broader process evaluation, was to explore and understand the influence of rural geography on the delivery of NFP in British Columbia, Canada.MethodsFor the analysis of this qualitative data, principles of inductive reasoning based on the methodology of interpretive description were applied. A total of 10 PHNs and 11 supervisors providing the NFP program in rural communities were interviewed.ResultsThe results of this analysis reflect the factors and challenges of providing the NFP program in rural communities. PHNs noted the importance of NFP in the lives of their rural clients, especially in the face of extreme financial and social disparity. Remaining flexible in their approach to rural nursing and protecting time to complete NFP work supported nurses practicing in rural environments. Rural PHNs were often the sole NFP nurse in their office and struggled to remain connected to their supervisors and other NFP colleagues. Challenges were compounded by the realities of rural geography, such as poor weather, reduced accessibility, and long travel distances; however, these were considered normal occurrences of rural practice by nurses.ConclusionsPHNs and NFP supervisors are well-positioned to identify the modifications that are required to support the delivery of NFP in rural geography. NFP nurses need to articulate what classifies as rural in order to effectively determine how to best provide services to these populations. Environmental conditions must be considered when offering NFP in rural communities, particularly if they impact the time required to deliver the program and additional services offered to young mothers. Regular NFP meetings and education opportunities address common problems associated with rural nursing but could be enhanced by better use of technology.