Direct Implementation Research Articles

Switchable Power Generation in Triboelectric Nanogenerator Toward Chip-Less Wearable Power Module Applications.

A conceptual shift toward next-generation wearable electronics is driving research into self-powered electronics technologies that can be independently operated without plugging into the grid for external power feeding. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are emerging as a key component of self-powered electronics, but a power type mismatch between supply and demand limits their direct implementation into wearable self-powered electronics. Here, a TENG with switchable power mode capability is reported where the charge flow direction is modulated over the course of slow and random mechanical stimuli, with exceptional rectification capabilities as high as ≈133, stable outputs over the cycles, and design flexibility in different platforms. Importantly, the remarkable switchable power generation with fabric counter materials illuminates a new path for the smooth integration of flexible TENGs into wearable self-powered electronics.

Enhancing local governments' environmental attention through open government data: evidence from China.

Environmental conservation has ascended to a prominent position on the global agenda, and China, recognizing the urgent need for environmental protection, has implemented nationwide measures. However, varying levels of environmental attentiveness among local governments have resulted in uneven implementation of these national directives across regions. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate the factors that drive local governments' environmental attention. Our study explores the impact of open government data (OGD) on local governments' environmental attention. Utilizing city-level data from 2010 to 2020, we employ a staggered difference-in-differences (DID) model for empirical analysis. The results reveal that OGD significantly and positively influences local governments' environmental attention. This influence is partly attributed to OGD's role in promoting government digitization, mitigating fiscal pressures, and increasing energy demand. Further analysis, including heterogeneity assessments, demonstrates that OGD has a more pronounced positive effect on environmental attention in cities with higher online political participation activity and a larger internet user base. Such empirical insights underscore the imperative for an integrative policy framework that accentuates the refinement of OGD platform in tandem with strategic enhancements in political participatory mechanisms and digital infrastructure investments, thereby fostering robust local environmental stewardship paradigms.

An Indicator Framework for Evaluating Building Renovation Potential

Implementation of a new European Union directive on energy renovation in Denmark can be expected to have a strong impact on the country’s energy renovation requirements. Accordingly, an indicator framework has been developed with the aim of identifying and quantifying the energy renovation potential of a specific Danish municipality. We identified and selected four indicators—energy consumption, CO2 emissions, heating costs and current energy labels—specifically for detached dwellings. The physical renovation potential was then quantified based on the indicator results, and an average score for the four indicators was calculated for each of the 10,228 detached dwellings in the municipality. All four indicators were weighted equally in the calculations of the total renovation potential score. The methods used in this study can be applied more widely as they rank detached dwellings according to their renovation potential. However, we also found that more detailed data are necessary to determine the specific renovation potential of detached dwellings. A greater effort to collect more data on the part of the municipalities would improve the accuracy of analyses.

The Polish Model of a Limited Joint-Stock Partnership in Comparison with Other European Legal Systems

Abstract 866The Polish regulation concerning a limited joint-stock partnership has been in force since the date of entry into force of the Commercial Companies Code (CCC). The CCC divides commercial companies into “partnerships” and “capital companies”. Each of those two types of commercial companies is governed by separate rules. The completion of twenty years of Polish CCC in force prompts us to analyse the juridical model adopted by the legislature, according to which limited joint-stock partnership is classified as a partnership. During this period, there have been significant events making the verification of the validity of this model possible, including Poland’s accession to the European Union (EU), which has resulted in the need to adapt national regulations to EU law – both in the field of private law (including commercial law) and public law (including tax law). The need to amend the domestic law in connection with the implementation of Directive (EU) 2019/2121 of the European Parliament and of the Council of November 27, 2019 amending Directive (EU) 2017/1132 (as regards cross-border conversions, mergers, and divisions of companies) – is a direct motivation for undertaking research on a Polish limited joint-stock partnership.867

The influence of EU renewable energy directive policy to Indonesian palm oil exports to some EU countries

The objectives of this study are 1) to describe Indonesian palm oil export to some European Union (EU) countries and some export determinant variables, 2) to analyze the implementation of the EU renewable energy Directive (RED) as an instrument to guarantee that the traded products are environmentally friendly and sustainable, and 3) to analyze the effect of the RED on Indonesian palm oil exports. The effect of RED was estimated through the export function behavior of Indonesian palm oil to each selected EU country. The secondary data was used for period of 2000–2021. A simultaneous equation model using the 2SLS method was applied for the analysis. The research result implies that the 2003 Directive, and the rupiah real exchange rate have significant effect on Indonesian export to Spain, Italy and Germany. While the price of palm oil in the EU is significantly affected the Indonesian palm oil export to Italy and Germany, but not to Spain. The strengthening of the rupiah exchange rate caused a decrease in Indonesian palm oil exports to Spain but increased the exports of Indonesian palm oil to Italy and Germany, and also increased the palm oil prices in the EU market.

Article: The Implementation and Transposition of the European Directive 2019/1023 in the Italian Legislative Context

With this article, the Authors intend, preliminarily, to provide a brief temporal excursus in order to the complex path that involved, on the Italian scene, the Code of the Corporate Crisis and Insolvency, from promulgation upon actual entry into force after approximately three years. Secondly, the paper tries to provide an overall picture of the major regulatory implementations, describing, in brief, the general characteristics of the Guidelines given by the EU Directive 2019/1023 (so-called Insolvency). Furthermore, the Authors, turning their minds to the supranational legislation that has affected the matter of insolvency, try to verify the compliance of the national provisions with the provisions of the abovementioned Directive. In the conclusions, the paper attempts to provide some hints on the possible application of the rules, which have just entered into force, in the context of the Courts, with particular emphasis on the so-called “early warning tools”. Bankruptcy, EU Directive, Corporate Crisis, Insolvency Code, Early warning tools, Corporate governance, European law, Over-indebtedness, Crisis, Voluntary restructuring plans

Model-Matching Control for Low Switching Frequency Converters Unifying Different Performance Requirements

This paper presents an active damping control for LCL-filtered grid-connected converters to meet strict grid codes and power quality standards. The control strategy allows unifying into a single design procedure different requirements demanded by system operators. A model-matching approach is used to set the reference tracking and disturbance rejection transfer functions separately, which provides an additional degree of freedom to the converter control design. On the other hand, the measurement stage and digital implementation effects are considered in the control design to maximize the control bandwidth. The proposed control strategy uses a reduced number of sensors and is able to compensate unbalanced and distorted grid voltage conditions; it presents a systematic design and is formulated in the discrete-time domain, enabling a direct digital implementation. Performance assessment and comparison of different control strategies are performed using eigenvalue and transient response analyses. The effectiveness and advantages of the proposed strategy are validated through an experimental setup.

Право граждан на местное самоуправление: проблемы толкования и реализации на современном этапе исторического развития России

The article is devoted to the analysis of the constitutional right of citizens to local self-government in the Russian Federation. The authors analyze various approaches of the Russian legislator to the interpretation and content of the concept of local selfgovernment over the past 30 years of the historical development of the state. Special attention is paid in the article to the analysis of the positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation on certain issues of the realization of the right of citizens to local self-government. According to the results of the study, it is concluded that the constitutional right of citizens to local selfgovernment has changed significantly since its initial consolidation in the recent period of Russian history, effectively excluding the direct participation of citizens from the direct implementation of local self-government, which undoubtedly indicates a decrease in the level of direct democracy as the substantive basis of the constitutional guarantee of the right of citizens to local self-government in Russia.

МОЖЛИВОСТІ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ ЗАРУБІЖНОГО ДОСВІДУ У ПРОЦЕСІ УПРАВЛІННЯ ФІНАНСОВИМИ РЕСУРСАМИ ВІТЧИЗНЯНИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ

The article considers the need for the formation and use of financial resources for the need for effective functioning of modern enterprises. The need of domestic enterprises to improve the management of their financial resources is analyzed. It was determined that there are a number of ways of managing the financial resources of economic entities, which make it possible to increase the efficiency of the use of funds. The global practice of modern cash flow management, which is based on such theoretical models as V. Baumol's model, the Miller-Orr model, B. Stone's model, and the method of simulation modeling or statistical tests, is studied. It is noted that the successful implementation of cash flow optimization directions at the business level requires appropriate measures to be taken on a national scale as well. Measures are proposed that will contribute to the optimization of cash flows and the activation of entrepreneurship. Special attention is paid to such a way of managing financial resources as planning. It is noted that the world experience of developed countries proves that planning can be replaced by forecasting only in the conditions of a country in which the economy functions successfully and the general economic condition is stable. It is proven that the management of financial resources of French, German and English companies is carried out taking into account certain factors influencing the formation and management of the structure of financial resources of business entities. These factors include the level of financial risk, financial stability, tax burden, and financial management features. It is proven that the management of financial resources of French, German and English companies is carried out taking into account certain factors influencing the formation and management of the structure of financial resources of business entities. These factors include the level of financial risk, financial stability, tax burden, and financial management features.

An Efficient Algorithm for All-Pairs Bounded Edge Connectivity

Our work concerns algorithms for a variant of Maximum Flow in unweighted graphs. In the All-Pairs Connectivity (APC) problem, we are given a graph G on n vertices and m edges, and are tasked with computing the maximum number of edge-disjoint paths from s to t (equivalently, the size of a minimum (s, t)-cut) in G, for all pairs of vertices (s, t). Significant algorithmic breakthroughs have recently shown that over undirected graphs, APC can be solved in n2+o(1)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$n^{2+o(1)}$$\\end{document} time, which is essentially optimal. In contrast, the true time complexity of APC over directed graphs remains open: this problem can be solved in O~(mω)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\ ilde{O}}(m^\\omega )$$\\end{document} time, where ω∈[2,2.373)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\omega \\in [2, 2.373)$$\\end{document} is the exponent of matrix multiplication, but no matching conditional lower bound is known. Following [Abboud et al. In: 46th International colloquium on automata, languages, and programming, ICALP 2019, July 9-12, 2019, Patras, Greece, Schloss Dagstuhl-Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, 2019], we study a bounded version of APC\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${{\ extsf {APC}}}$$\\end{document} called the k-Bounded All Pairs Connectivity (k-APC) problem. In this variant of APC, we are given an integer k in addition to the graph G, and are now tasked with reporting the size of a minimum (s, t)-cut only for pairs (s, t) of vertices with min-cut value less than k (if the minimum (s, t)-cut has size at least k, we can just report it is “large” instead of computing the exact value). Our main result is an O~((kn)ω)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\ ilde{O}}((kn)^\\omega )$$\\end{document} time algorithm solving k-APC in directed graphs. This is the first algorithm which solves k-APC faster than simply solving the more general APC problem exactly, for all k≥3\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$k\\ge 3$$\\end{document}. This runtime is O~(nω)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${{\ ilde{O}}}(n^\\omega )$$\\end{document} for all k≤poly(logn)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$k\\le {{\\,\ extrm{poly}\\,}}(\\log n)$$\\end{document}, which essentially matches the optimal runtime for the k=1\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$k=1$$\\end{document} case of k-APC, under popular conjectures from fine-grained complexity. Previously, this runtime was only achieved for k≤2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$k\\le 2$$\\end{document} in general directed graphs [Georgiadis et al. In: 44th international colloquium on automata, languages, and programming (ICALP 2017), volume 80 of Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Schloss Dagstuhl-Leibniz-Zentrum fuer Informatik, 2017], and for k≤o(logn)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$k\\le o(\\sqrt{\\log n})$$\\end{document} in the special case of directed acyclic graphs [Abboud et al. In: 46th international colloquium on automata, languages, and programming, ICALP 2019, July 9–12, 2019, Patras, Greece, Schloss Dagstuhl-Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, 2019]. Our result employs the same algebraic framework used in previous work, introduced by [Cheung et al. In: FOCS, 2011]. A direct implementation of this framework involves inverting a large random matrix. Our new algorithm is based off the insight that for solving k-APC, it suffices to invert a low-rank random matrix instead of a generic random matrix. We also obtain a new algorithm for a variant of k-APC, the k-Bounded All-Pairs Vertex Connectivity (k-APVC) problem, where we are now tasked with reporting, for every pair of vertices (s, t), the maximum number of internally vertex-disjoint (rather than edge-disjoint) paths from s to t if this number is less than k, and otherwise reporting that there are at least k internally vertex-disjoint paths from s to t. Our second result is an O~(k2nω)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\ ilde{O}}(k^2n^\\omega )$$\\end{document} time algorithm solving k-APVC in directed graphs. Previous work showed how to solve an easier version of the k-APVC problem (where answers only need to be returned for pairs of vertices (s, t) which are not edges in the graph) in O~((kn)ω)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${{\ ilde{O}}}((kn)^\\omega )$$\\end{document} time [Abboud et al. In: 46th International colloquium on automata, languages, and programming, ICALP 2019, July 9–12, 2019, Patras, Greece, Schloss Dagstuhl-Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, 2019]. In comparison, our algorithm solves the full k-APVC problem, and is faster if ω>2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\omega > 2$$\\end{document}.

Infusion therapy in critical patients (state of problem). Part 2

With the development of clinical pathophysiology, the basic concepts of maintaining fluid homeostasis of the body in normal and critical conditions were revised, and the negative effects of infusion therapy at all stages of its use were studied. Therefore, in the intensive care of shock, the main clinical questions are: when to start fluid therapy, when to stop active fluid therapy, when to start fluid removal from the body, and when to stop fluid de-resuscitation. Thus, in order to implement the principle of personalized treatment, it is important to determine not only the ‘tolerance’ of infusion therapy, but also the ‘sensitivity’ to the infusion of a particular patient – the ability to maintain hemodynamics without the risk of fluid overload. Evaluation of routine clinical, instrumental and laboratory indicators of the state of macro- and microcirculation does not provide an opportunity to accurately answer these questions. Modern sonographic methods for monitoring central and peripheral cardiohemodynamics, ‘venous excess’ using Doppler and extended focus echocardiography allow us to assess the ‘tolerance of infusion therapy’. The implementation of this new direction will increase the efficiency and safety of infusion therapy and improve the outcomes of the critically ill patients’ treatment.

Locating cracks in smart TRC elements based on the TDR concept

The current study aims to handle the challenge of identifying the location of cracks in carbon-based textile reinforced concrete (TRC) elements by using their smart self-sensory capabilities. To answer this challenge, the study offers to adopt the concept of the Time Domain Reflectometer (TDR) analysis. Yet, direct implementation of the TDR analysis to smart sensory carbon yarns is not a straightforward act and requires facing some inherent challenges. Therefore, the study offers an advanced monitoring methodology that handles the various challenges. A special electrical setup is proposed that uses a pair of carbon yarns, in which one yarn is used as the electrical conductor that transmits the electrical current, and the other as insulation. Two calibration processes that consider the unique micro-structural mechanism and its correlation to the electrical characterization are developed. The efficiencies of the calibration processes are investigated by a designated identification technique. Results from this study demonstrate the potential and capabilities of the proposed smart self-sensory carbon-based TRC concept to monitor its health by detecting the cracks’ locations.

Practical Aspects of Physics-Informed Neural Networks Applied to Solve Frequency-Domain Acoustic Wave Forward Problem

Abstract Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) have been used by researchers to solve partial differential equation (PDE)-constrained problems. We evaluate PINNs to solve for frequency-domain acoustic wavefields. PINNs can solely use PDEs to define the loss function for optimization without the need for labels. Partial derivatives of PDEs are calculated by mesh-free automatic differentiations. Thus, PINNs are free of numerical dispersion artifacts. It has been applied to the scattered acoustic wave equation, which relied on boundary conditions (BCs) provided by the background analytical wavefield. For a more direct implementation, we solve the nonscattered acoustic wave equation, avoiding limitations related to relying on the background homogeneous medium for BCs. Experiments support our following insights. Although solving time-domain wave equations using PINNs does not require absorbing boundary conditions (ABCs), ABCs are required to ensure a unique solution for PINNs that solve frequency-domain wave equations, because the single-frequency wavefield is not localized and contains wavefield information over the full domain. However, it is not trivial to include the ABC in the PINN implementation, so we develop an adaptive amplitude-scaled and phase-shifted sine activation function, which performs better than the previous implementations. Because there are only two outputs for the fully connected neural network (FCNN), we validate a linearly shrinking FCNN that can achieve a comparable and even better accuracy with a cheaper computational cost. However, there is a spectral bias problem, that is, PINNs learn low-frequency wavefields far more easily than higher frequencies, and the accuracy of higher frequency wavefields is often poor. Because the shapes of multifrequency wavefields are similar, we initialize the FCNN for higher frequency wavefields by that of the lower frequencies, partly mitigating the spectral bias problem. We further incorporate multiscale positional encoding to alleviate the spectral bias problem. We share our codes, data, and results via a public repository.

Dynamics of tax revenues as an indicator of strengthening the fiscal function of taxes

The importance of the fiscal function of taxes is due to the fact that without the receipt of financial resources into the country’s budget, most of which are tax revenues, the effective and normal functioning of the state is impossible. The implementation of the fiscal function of taxes also predetermines the possibility of implementing in the future other functions inherent in taxes.The article examines the leading role of the fiscal function of taxes in conjunction with other functions. An analysis of the dynamics of tax revenues of the consolidated budget of the Russian Federation and the structure of tax revenues for 2019–2022 is provided. The authors note an increase in tax revenues to the state budget, which indicates an increase in the implementation of the fiscal function of taxes.However, the process of increasing tax revenues is also an indicator of an increase in the tax burden, which is confirmed by the data of the Federal Tax Service presented in the article. Increasing the tax burden can lead to negative consequences for both the economy of the state and the country as a whole. In conclusion, the conclusion is substantiated that the growth of tax revenues to the state budget should be ensured through the development and implementation of new directions for improving the Russian tax system without increasing the tax burden of taxpayers.

Upstream and downstream implementation arrangements in two‐level games. A focus on administrative simplification in the Italian National Recovery and Resilience Plan

AbstractThe onset of the European NGEU program represented for European member states a formidable opportunity for post‐pandemic recovery and yet a significant challenge at the same time: to receive and retain EU funds, each state had to promptly draw up a National Recovery and Resilience Plan—NRRP) and commit to a pressing timetable for its implementation. Regarding this challenge, the Italian government's response is a case in point: first, Italy is by far the largest beneficiary of NGEU funds; second, it has long had a reputation for being laggard in both the implementation of European directives and the spending of cohesion policy structural funds; and the formulation of the NRRP, the design of the governance in charge of its implementation, and implementation itself, occurred at a particular moment in the country's political life. Based on these premises, the article examines the upstream process by which the Italian government designed the implementation arrangements for the adoption of simplification policies under the NRRP and their downstream recalibration in the first two years, taking the implementation arrangements as the dependent variable. Analytically, the focus is on the interplay between the pressures of EU timetables and internal political dynamics, be they the legacy or strategic political considerations on the part of national policymakers, in determining the design and eventual re‐design of implementation arrangements as the plan unfolds.

Heart rate of fire: exploring direct implementation of physiological measurements in realistic shoot/don't-shoot simulations.

Shooting simulations provide an excellent opportunity to train use-of-force decisions in controlled environments. Recently, military and law enforcement organizations have expressed a growing desire to integrate physiological measurement into simulations for training and feedback purposes. Although participants can easily wear physiological monitors in these scenarios, direct implementation into training may not be simple. Theoretical problems exist in the ultra-short heart rate variability windows associated with use-of-force training, and practical problems emerge as existing scenario libraries at training organizations were not designed for physiological monitoring. The current study explored the challenges and possibilities associated with direct implementation of physiological monitoring into an existing library of firearms training scenarios. Participants completed scenarios in a shooting simulator using existing military training scenarios while wearing a device to monitor their heart rate. The results revealed lower heart rate variability (approximately 6%) occurred in scenarios where participants did not have to fire weapons, indicating that don't-shoot scenarios may actually impose more cognitive stress on shooters. Additional evidence further demonstrated how both behavioral and physiological factors could be used concomitantly to predict unintentionally firing on non-hostile actors. However, behavioral measures were more predictive (e.g., β = .221) than physiological measures (e.g., β = -.132) when the latter metrics were limited to specific scenarios. Qualitative results suggest that simply applying physiological monitoring to existing shooting simulations may not yield optimal results because it would be difficult to directly integrate physiological measurement in a meaningful way without re-designing some elements of the simulations, the training procedure, or both. Future use-of-force shooting simulations should consider designing novel scenarios around the physiological measurement rather than directly implementing physiological assessments into existing libraries of scenarios.

Input on the Consultation on the Proposed Changes to the Norwegian Copyright Act (Implementation of Directive (EU) 2019/790 and Directive 2019/789), Implementing the Text and Data Mining (TDM) Exceptions

Input on the Consultation on the Proposed Changes to the Norwegian Copyright Act (Implementation of Directive (EU) 2019/790 and Directive 2019/789), Implementing the Text and Data Mining (TDM) Exceptions

Direct implementation with evidence

We study full implementation with evidence in an environment with bounded utilities. We show that a social choice function is Nash implementable in a direct revelation mechanism if and only if it satisfies the measurability condition proposed by Ben‐Porath and Lipman (2012). Building on a novel classification of lies according to their refutability with evidence, the mechanism requires only two agents, accounts for mixed‐strategy equilibria, and accommodates evidentiary costs. While monetary transfers are used, they are off the equilibrium and can be balanced with three or more agents. In a richer model of evidence due to Kartik and Tercieux (2012a), we establish pure‐strategy implementation with two or more agents in a direct revelation mechanism. We also obtain a necessary and sufficient condition on the evidence structure for renegotiation‐proof bilateral contracts, based on the classification of lies.

"We forgot about the donkeys!" An institutional analysis of the shift in animal welfare from direct implementation towards advocacy-based programming.

Shifts from direct implementation to advocacy-based programming have been documented across many non-governmental organisation (NGO) sectors, including animal welfare. Semi-structured interviews with 32 staff from different positions within animal welfare NGOs explored recent programming changes. Maintaining a balance between direct implementation and advocacy-based activities emerged as a strong theme. The findings suggest that risks are associated with both the direct implementation status quo and transitioning to an advocacy-based focus. Risks of the former include treating symptoms rather than root causes of welfare problems. Organisational change can be disruptive and necessitates realignment of core competences, in turn influencing NGO mission. Identified risks of transition include loss of individuals whose values fail to align with new programming directions, increased upwards accountability requirements for accessing institutional donors and difficulties when phasing out direct implementation approaches. Whilst having to be dynamic, NGOs need to evaluate the risks associated with programming decisions, considering their vision, mission and staff identity in order to ensure that welfare programming is as effective as possible.

The impact of the new EPBD “Green Houses” in the Italian building context: Technical-economic analysis on improving the energy class of existing buildings

The new European directive “Green Houses” aims at the decarbonization of the existing building stock. In this work, three building types widespread in Italy are analysed, virtually positioned in Palermo, Naples, and Milan. Considering that almost 60% of Italian residential buildings fall within the G and F energy classes, three energy retrofit measures are proposed (thermal insulation of vertical walls and roofs; replacement of the methane gas boiler for building heating and domestic hot water with a high temperature air-to-water heat pump; installation of a photovoltaic system), in order to reach at least D energy class based on Italian energy performance certification. A simulation-based approach is used. A declining tendency is noted in the normalized prices of the interventions when moving from detached house to terraced house and from terraced house to apartment in a tower building. Shifting from an independent to a centralized air conditioning system results in the same savings. Considering equal building features, hotter and milder climate zones reach higher energy classes; this also results in more difficult energy efficiency improvement in colder climates. Potential inequalities result from the implementation of the new European directive. Economic incentives to support the energy efficiency transition should be tailored to more specific conditions.