Direction Of Economic Activity Research Articles

Role of Cooperation in the Providing of Rural Population Employment: International Experience

The transformation of the operating conditions of rural cooperatives, which has significantly changed the models and other aspects of their activities, affects not only their own results (directions of economic activity, revenue, income, geography of distribution of products and services), but also the livelihoods of the rural communities related to them (employment, supply of goods and services, meeting infrastructure and ecosystem needs). Serious environmental fl uctuations observed in rural areas recently are due, firstly, to the negative consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, secondly, to natural anomalies caused by unfavorable climate change, and thirdly, to the negative eff ects of the aggravated geopolitical situation. In such a situation, in order to ensure territorial security, overcome threats of an economic, social, environmental nature, it is relevant to specify such forms of economic activity organizing that have the resources and potential not only to maintain the viability of the organization itself, but also to actively participate in solving difficulties and problems arising in the countryside. International practice in the development of cooperation during the coronavirus crisis and currently demonstrates that it may be rural cooperatives, adopting various organizational models (from the simplest to modern) and introducing all kinds of innovations, that are capable of becoming key "players" in rural areas, complementing or even replacing structures that have left for objective reasons their territories (commercial organizations, government agencies). In this article, in this regard, some research results are presented regarding the possibilities of rural (including agricultural) cooperatives to expand the range of their multifunctional activities, to attract representatives of various agricultural and non-agricultural professions to their members and employees, thereby ensuring decent employment and income for the villagers. The theoretical basis of the undertaken research was made up of modern scientific publications, which were the result of increased interest among scientists in new cooperative practices and the adaptability of existing cooperatives to emerging risks and threats. In turn, the empirical basis was provided by numerous examples of rural cooperatives functioning in some countries of the world, in which, despite differences in the environment, the conditions for the rural cooperation development have changed significantly.

Genesis of the Concept «Logistic Activity of the Enterprise»

Current changes in the economic and social environment of enterprises, characterized by high pace and unpredictability, raise the issue of improving the efficiency of the organization of economic activity of the enterprise, in particular logistics. The versatility of the concept and the relationship of individual components necessitate consideration of the genesis of the term “logistics activities” as the evolutionary development and formation of the category and its key aspects; the relationship between the definitions of “logistics” and “logistics activities” in the context of the activity at the enterprise level. The existing theoretical approaches to the definition of the concept of “logistics activity” are analyzed and generalized, which are conditionally systematized into the following groups: direction of economic activity; a set of systematic practical actions; a set of functional, managerial, supporting processes and operations; unified technological process, movement of values; the only integrated function of goal realization. On this basis, the essence and content of the category “logistics activities of the enterprise”, which means the totality of all processes (namely the processes of ensuring continuous, timely, optimal and cost-effective movement of logistics flows at all stages of the production process according to forecasts and strategic plans) in a single complex, which must meet the principles of integration, innovation, adaptability to changing conditions of modern institutional and market environment.

THE FUNCTIONS OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURES IN PUBLIC MANAGEMENT, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL SYSTEMS OF A COUNTRY

Introduction. The functions of public expenditures reveal their intended purpose in the regulation of various processes and explain their role in the attainment of specific goals. Scientific literature provides extensive insights into definitions of budget functions in market democracies, but the functional purpose of public expenditures is covered only fragmentarily. The purpose of the article is to present a scientific substantiation for the system of public expenditure functions in the market democracies. Results. Based on the analysis of public expenditure functions, we believe that it would be feasible to substantiate the functions separately for each of the two main spheres directly affected by public expenditures, namely public management and the economic and social system of the country. In the public management sphere, public expenditures perform the functions of control and planning (programming). The essence of the planning function consists in using public expenditures to create conditions and provide necessary incentives for rational performance-based planning of the activities carried out by public authorities, as well as for attainment of target performance indicators by applying the results-oriented budgeting method. The function of control is preconditioned by the specifics of public management system functioning in a democratic society, which consists in assuring that the society has control over activities of public authorities. The influence of public expenditures on the national economy and its social system occurs through functions of allocation, redistribution and stimulation. The function of allocation consists in providing the population with goods and services that cannot be supplied by the market economy in sufficient volumes. The essence of the redistribution function consists in using public expenditures with the aim of decreasing income inequality among members of the society, regional development of territories or solving other tasks. The public expenditure function of stimulation aims to stimulate certain directions of economic activity by means of changing the volumes, components or structure of public expenditures through different mechanisms of their realization. Conclusions. In result of performing a theoretical study of the functional purpose of the budget in a market economy and a critical analysis of scientific postulates allow us to substantiate the feasibility of identifying the following functions of public expenditures: planning (programming), control, allocation, redistribution, and stimula tion.

HR-МЕНЕДЖМЕНТ В УМОВАХ ПАНДЕМІЇ COVID-2019: НОВІ ВИКЛИКИ ТА МОЖЛИВОСТІ

The article describes the current trends that will be characteristic of changes in HR in the near future. Features of management 3.0 as a complex adaptive system, which does not have a single and clear structure, are identified. Research and surveys show that the main obstacles to the adoption of flexible methods of software development (SOFTWARE) are traditional methods of change management, organizational culture, insufficient support from management, low level of staff training, and external pressure. Agile methodologies in personnel management are considered and it is found that the work of HR is not only to implement standards and monitor their implementation, but rather to make it easier for employees to solve problems and increase organizational flexibility. The great need now is the psychological support of employees. This is obvious, because even if we consciously understand what is happening in the world and in the market, our brain and body are stressed by the fact that the air constantly sounds information about threats (the spread of COVID-19, job losses associated with a pandemic, etc.), our routine has changed radically, work-life-balance has turned into work-life integration and we do not know how long it will last and what our style of work and life will look like in the future. Corporate psychologist, mindfulness coach, mental health consultant and other Groley specialists, who in crisis situations should play a key role in HRM in organizations that care about their employees and look long-term at business efficiency. Practice shows that for any enterprise, regardless of the form of management, size, direction of economic activity, personnel management is extremely important. No company will achieve the set goals without proper selection, placement of professionally trained human resources. This is a defining fact in the personnel management system. The study concludes that the HR function under the influence of digital and information technologies is evolving and becoming more intuitive, influencing the development of new roles, and to create a company that can be effective in the digital flow of change, you need to implement a human-centered approach to personnel management.

The Economy of the Arctic in the Modern Coordinate System

The article deals with modern features of the Arctic economy. It is shown that in those spheres and directions of economic activity, which are associated with the development of natural resources (primarily mineral resources) and focused on obtaining returns on investment, there is a strengthening of the role not only of new knowledge and new technologies, but also significantly increase the role and importance of forms of cooperation of the parties involved in the implementation of projects. This approach allows, on the one hand, to solve the problem of attracting investment in high-risk and, at the same time, high-yield projects, but it also will not allow to fully realize the opportunities associated with the development and use of domestic research and production potential in the implementation of projects in the framework of such “hybrid forms”. One of the direct and immediate consequences of this approach in the practice of field development in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (AZRF) is a significant increase in the knowledge-intensive service sector, which meets the needs for equipment and labor by borrowing foreign advanced technologies and the widespread use of interregional watch. These processes lead, in particular, to the fragmentation of the economic space of the country (reducing the degree of connectivity of the economies of different regions), as well as to the stagnation and extinction of urbanized settlements in the Russian Federation.

Arctic projects

The article briefly examines a number of Russian Arctic projects, each of which lays down some industry trends, and in General gives an idea of the current and promising directions of economic activity in the region in the form that the initiators see it. Certain generalizations on the nature and direction of projects are made, a number of conclusions are formulated and individual recommendations are given.

УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ КОМУНІКАЦІЙНОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ ФОП КУЛЬЧИЦЬКИЙ К.В. (КАВ’ЯРНЯ No1)

Further development of the market processes in Ukraine, creating prerequisites for its successful integration into the global economic community requires significant changes in determining the priority forms, methods and directions of economic activity. The beginning of the XXI century is characterized by fundamental changes in the economy of Ukraine, which significantly affect the principles of its functioning. Today our country is moving towards an informational, post-industrial stage of the society development, where information is becoming one of the priority types of the resources. According to the domestic and foreign experts, industrialized countries lose up to 10% of their national product annually due to a lack of necessary information. As a result, today the availability of information is put forward among the critical factors for the commercial success of business activities and creates prerequisites for winning the competition. In this situation, the entrepreneurs and scientists are of considerable interest to the modern marketing concept of the management and advanced methods and forms of marketing influence on the formation of the market demand and competitive position of the enterprise. In the context of the growing role of non-price forms of the competition, the rapid development of the information technologies, an effective system of marketing communications is becoming a key factor in ensuring the competitiveness of many enterprises both in the domestic and international markets. It is a complex and dynamic process characterized by an increase in the use of various communication tools, the emergence of new tools for the information impact. The key to the success of a high-tech enterprise in the market is its competence to optimally organize the interaction of many elements of this system, determine the most forceful and effective types of marketing communications and the ability to effectively manage them.

Estimating Quarterly Indicators of Economic Activity for the States of the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union

Indicators of economic activity provide key inputs into policymakers’, business persons’, investors’ and consumers’ decision making processes. However, the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank (ECCB) currently only publishes annual gross domestic product (GDP) series for each of the eight member states on which it reports, with quarterly reports providing qualitative guidance as to the general direction of economic activity. This study applies the technique of Chow and Lin (1971) to related, high-frequency macroeconomic variables in an attempt to produce quarterly estimates of economic activity for each member of the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union (ECCU) over the period 1993 to 2014. The results indicated that changes in our quarterly GDP estimates generally track the ECCB’s approximations regarding the direction of economic activity for most economies and at least match estimates from a univariate model for seven of the eight countries.

STREAMING METHODOLOGY OF SOIL SURFACE - AN INNOVATIVE WAY OF HUMAN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY

The stream method for mapping of soil surface in agro-ecosystems is the effective tool allowing to unify its structure and to provide new opportunities for development of many directions of economic activity. The streaming methodology based on theory of physical similarity on similar objects allows significantly expand opportunities at planning both of agricultural systems and complex strategy for rural territories and agro-industrial clusters of the advancing development.

Territory development as economic and geographical activity (theory, methodology, practice)

Accents in a description of theory and methodology of territory development are displaced from distribution of the national benefits on formation of territorial natural and economic systems and organization of economical and geographical activity. The author reveals the concept of «territory development» and reviews its place in the theory and methodology of human geography and regional economy. In the article the individual directions of economic activity are considered. The author has made an attempt to define the subject matter of five levels of «ideal» territorial and economic systems as a part of objects of the nature, societies, population settlement, production, infrastructure and management. The author’s position of interpretation of sequences of mechanisms of territory development working according to a Nested Doll principle (mechanism of economy, economic management mechanism, controlling mechanism of economy) is presented. The author shows the indicators, which authentically define territory development.

Ghana: Fiscal Policy Responsiveness, Persistence and Discretion

Fiscal policy involves the use of government spending and taxation to influence the level and direction of economic activity in an economy. Fiscal policy affects aggregate demand, the distribution of wealth, and the economy’s capacity to produce goods and services. The objective of the paper is to assess how fiscal policy is influenced by output conditions, past fiscal policy measures and the discretion of fiscal authorities. We therefore employ Two Stage Least Squares (2SLS) to decompose fiscal policy in the context of both revenue and spending into its principal components – responsiveness, persistence and discretion. The results show that while government revenue is more responsive to output conditions than government spending, government expenditure is more persistent than government revenue. We also found that fiscal authorities in Ghana have generally low discretion. We think that while an upward adjustment in rates, fees and user charges that raises nontax revenue above 20 percent of domestic revenue would help reduce the responsiveness of government revenue to output conditions, a downward revision of some statutory payments especially the District Assemblies Common Fund (DACF) and a thorough review of others such as GETFund and NHIL could help in introducing some dynamism in fiscal policy setting with the possibility of reducing the existence of fiscal deterioration in the long term

The essence of global political economy

Evaluates the interplay between market forces and political realities as the economies of Europe become part of a new global order. Capital is becoming more mobile and business increasingly international and borderless. Modern management seek opportunities to reduce costs of production. The transnational firm (TNC), a globally integrated organizational network, has emerged in this global search for low‐cost production bases. Consequently the realm of European economic policy analysis is now very much couched within a political economy dimension which is determining the direction of economic activity at the global level with ramifications for the European economy and its nation‐states. The hallmarks of that political dimension include the interrelationships between sovereign governments and the transnational corporations and the creation of geo‐political entities like the European Union. Impelled by global competition and the power of business, the drive towards European integration has furnished much‐needed debate on the effectiveness of indigenous government policies on their respective economies and on the relatively greater impact of modern corporations on the economy.

A quantitative look at the system of economic indicators

The Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) regularly publishes data on the current state and anticipated future of the domestic economy. This information is frequently used, mainly in a qualitative sense, by policymakers and other economic agents to assess the direction of economic activity. This paper examines the quantitative time interrelationships between the composite economic indicators. Specifically, crosscorrelations were computed from the white noise innovations from univariate ARIMA models and used to isolate, the delay behavior and directional relation between the series pairs. The correlations were also used to specify a multivariate time series model connecting the coincident and leading indexes of economic activity.

Class Conflict, Keynesian Policies, and the Business Cycle

With the economy on the brink of crisis and the administration's policies adrift, radicals justifiably feel vindicated in their long-run or secular analysis of the contradictions in modern American capitalism. But there is some confusion about the state and direction of economic activity and the government's probable policy response. We have explanations of the secular functions of Keynesianism and some understanding of its contradictions," but, with the principal exception of the brilliant 30-year-old essay by Kalecki on "The Political Aspects of Full Employment," radical theorists have done little to explain and interpret the political-economic function of short-run macro-policy, i.e., monetary and fiscal policy, and its class implications.This article can also be found at the Monthly Review website, where most recent articles are published in full.Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.