Direct View Research Articles

Diagnosis of rare signet-ring cell carcinoma of bile duct by endoscopic ultrasonography combined with a peroral direct cholangioscopy biopsy.

Biliary signet-ring cell carcinoma is a rare malignant tumor of the biliary tract. signet-ring cell carcinoma often occurs in the gastrointestinal tract. In this case, we can intuitively see the location, shape and scope of the tumor through endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) combined with a peroral direct choledochoscope. Through the direct view biopsy technology, the tumor tissue in the biliary tract can be accurately sampled, providing a precise plan for the follow-up treatment of patients.

Infrared signature of aero-engine exhaust plume’s potential core and aircraft surface from direct bottom view

Abstract Low-flying aircraft are susceptible to attacks by ground-launched infrared (IR)-guided man portable air defence system (MANPADS) and surface-to-air missiles (SAM). When seen from direct below, a dual band sensor can lock on to either exhaust plume or aircraft surfaces. Based on the magnitude of the IR signature, the missile can use any one source for the terminal guidance. In this study, the IR signature of the aircraft surface and potential plume core is analysed and compared from direct bottom view in different IR bands. In the Long Wave Infrared (LWIR) band, the surface emission is higher and in the Medium Wave Infrared (MWIR) band the plume emission is higher. The plume (MWIR) emission is higher than the surface (LWIR) emission for low Mach numbers, but as the Mach number increases the plume (MWIR) to surface (LWIR) emission ratio decreases, and at supersonic Mach numbers the surface LWIR signature is higher than the plume MWIR signature. The plume MWIR to surface LWIR ratio further depends on the engine power, altitude of operation and the emissivity of the aircraft surface. In the reheat mode, plume MWIR emission is always higher than the surface LWIR emission. The dual band IR detector can be a combination of short wave infrared (SWIR)-MWIR, SWIR-LWIR, and the MWIR-LWIR band. The MWIR-LWIR dual band combination is the best suited combination of IR windows for a dual band IR sensor/detector for aircraft application.

I Zw 1 and H0557-385: The dusty tori of two high Eddington AGNs observed in the MATISSE LM-Bands

Abstract The torus in Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) is a complex dynamical structure of gas and dust. It is thought to be composed of an equatorial dusty disk and a polar dusty wind launched by radiation pressure. However, this picture is based on studies of moderately accreting AGN. Models suggest that the disk/wind structure will change with specific accretion rate. Here we examine the wind launching region in two high accretion rate objects, I Zw 1 (super-Eddington) and H0557-385 (high-Eddington), using high spatial resolution interferometric observations in the K-band from VLTI/GRAVITY and LM-bands VLTI/MATISSE. We recover wavelength-dependent sizes of the dust emission using a Gaussian and power law fit to the visibilities. Both objects are partially resolved and have radial sizes in the KLM-bands between 0.3 – 1.5 mas, with no signs of elongation. Combining our measurements with VLTI/MIDI N-band data gives a full multi-wavelength picture of the dust structure. We find that in H0557-385, the dust sizes between 3.5 − 8 μm are independent of the wavelength, roughly constant at 3 − 10 sublimation radii. We argue that this indicates a direct view of the wind launching region and, together with an absence of polar elongation, this implies that any wind would be launched in a preferentially equatorial direction or blown out by strong radiation pressure. The size-wavelength relation for both objects shows a preferentially disky equatorial dust distribution. We conclude that there is strong evidence that the Eddington ratio shapes the inner dust structure, most notably the wind-launching region and wind direction.

HEVERL – Viewport Estimation Using Reinforcement Learning for 360-degree Video Streaming

360-degree video content has become a pivotal component in virtual reality environments, offering viewers an immersive and engaging experience. However, streaming such comprehensive video content presents significant challenges due to the substantial file sizes and varying network conditions. To address these challenges, view adaptive streaming has emerged as a promising solution, aimed at reducing the burden on network capacity. This technique involves streaming lower-quality video for peripheral views while delivering high-quality content for the specific viewport that the user is actively watching. Essentially, it necessitates accurately predicting the user’s viewing direction and enhancing the quality of that particular segment, underscoring the significance of Viewport Adaptive Streaming (VAS). Our research delves into the application of incremental learning techniques to predict the scores required by the VAS system. By doing so, we aim to optimize the streaming process by ensuring that the most relevant portions of the video are rendered in high quality. Furthermore, our approach is augmented by a thorough analysis of human head and facial movement behaviors. By leveraging these insights, we have developed a reinforcement learning model specifically designed to anticipate user view directions and improve the experience quality in targeted regions. The effectiveness of our proposed method is evidenced by our experimental results, which show significant improvements over existing reference methods. Specifically, our approach enhances the Precision metric by values ranging from 0.011 to 0.022. Additionally, it reduces the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) by 0.008 to 0.013, the Mean Absolute Error (MAE) by 0.012 to 0.018 and the F1-score by 0.017 to 0.028. Furthermore, we observe an increase in overall accuracy of 2.79 to 16.98. These improvements highlight the potential of our model to significantly enhance the viewing experience in virtual reality environments, making 360-degree video streaming more efficient and user-friendly.

Transaction costs of the scientific journal editorial: management possibilities and limitations

Purpose: is to identify the features of transaction cost management in the activities of the Russian scientific journal editorials.Methods: the study is based on the use of universal general scientific research methods, elements of strategic, economic, organizational, management analysis and a systemic approach to the organization of management processes. Transaction costs are estimated based on the ordinal approach, and the most common classification of them is used for the analysis.Results: the article considers and characterizes the categories of transaction costs that affect the functioning of the editorial. For each the editorial, the quality, factors of occurrence and structure of these costs will be individual, which depends on the target settings for the development of the scientific journal. From the point of view of management, the external and internal directions of interactions are analyzed. It is emphasized that the purpose of management is precisely to optimization the costs for the implementation of transactions. In this sense, the existing possibilities are shown and the main limitations of management are determined. The practical operation of transaction cost management mechanisms is illustrated by the example of the editorial office of the scientific journal "MIR (Modernization. Innovation. Research)".Conclusions and Relevance: the scientific journal editorial is an infrastructural unit of the scientific field. In its activities, it carries out a large volume of interactions of various directions, therefore, it is under the pressure of transaction costs, which can be mitigated by means of management influence. Management capabilities are largely determined by the internal potential of the editorial office (knowledge, management, innovation, finance), as well as support from industry market organizations. The main limitations are the property of "infinite interchangeability" of transaction costs (when the elimination of some inevitably generates others) and the complexity of their identification and assessment with a lack of a methodological base and practical tools. The measures applied in practice are often situational in nature, which can reduce their effectiveness. Therefore, the systematic approach to optimizing transaction costs within the overall management of the organization is recommended for the editorial.

Direct View of Gate-Tunable Miniband Dispersion in Graphene Superlattices Near the Magic Twist Angle.

Superlattices from twisted graphene mono- and bilayer systems give rise to on-demand many-body states such as Mott insulators and unconventional superconductors. These phenomena are ascribed to a combination of flat bands and strong Coulomb interactions. However, a comprehensive understanding is lacking because the low-energy band structure strongly changes when an electric field is applied to vary the electron filling. Here, we gain direct access to the filling-dependent low-energy bands of twisted bilayer graphene (TBG) and twisted double bilayer graphene (TDBG) by applying microfocused angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy to in situ gated devices. Our findings for the two systems are in stark contrast: the doping-dependent dispersion for TBG can be described in a simple model, combining a filling-dependent rigid band shift with a many-body-related bandwidth change. In TDBG, on the other hand, we find a complex behavior of the low-energy bands, combining nonmonotonous bandwidth changes and tunable gap openings, which depend on the gate-induced displacement field. Our work establishes the extent of electric field tunability of the low-energy electronic states in twisted graphene superlattices and can serve to underpin the theoretical understanding of the resulting phenomena.

Cadaveric Study Evaluating the Potential for Hindfoot Endoscopy and Flexor Hallucis Longus Tendoscopy Using a 1.9-mm Diameter Needle Arthroscope.

Hindfoot endoscopy is an effective treatment for posterior ankle impingement syndrome (PAIS) and flexor hallucis longus (FHL) tendon disorders. However, FHL tendoscopy, especially from the posteromedial portal, carries a risk of tibial nerve damage. A needle-arthroscopic system with a 1.9-mm-diameter arthroscope, a semirigid frame, and a 0-degree direction of view has been introduced. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of this system in visualizing and reaching significant structures in hindfoot endoscopy and FHL tendoscopy through the posteromedial and posterolateral portals using a cadaveric model. The 1.9-mm-diameter arthroscopic system (NanoScope, Arthrex) was used to perform hindfoot endoscopy in 6 human donor ankles (3 pairs). The arthroscope tube is 9.5 cm long, semirigid, and has an outer diameter of 1.9 mm, a 0-degree direction of view, and a 120-degree field of view. Posteromedial and posterolateral portals were established. Visualization and operative reach were recorded, including the posterolateral talar process, posterior talofibular ligament, intermalleolar ligament, subtalar joint, and FHL tendon. The neurovascular bundle and FHL tendon were examined for kinks or damage. All significant structures were successfully visualized in all specimens. The wide 120-degree field of view facilitated adequate visualization of all structures. In all specimens, the FHL tendon was visualized from the ankle joint to the knot of Henry (zones 1 and 2), and the flexor digitorum longus tendon was observed via both portals. There were no signs of neurovascular damage from either the posterolateral or posteromedial portals. In this cadaver experiment without known pathology, use of a 1.9-mm-diameter needle-arthroscopy with a 0-degree direction of view provided effective visualization of all significant structures in treating PAIS and FHL tendon disorders. It appears that FHL tendoscopy can be performed from the level of the ankle joint to the knot of Henry via both the posterolateral and posteromedial portals.

Is Overlain Display a Right Choice for AR Navigation? A Qualitative Study of Head-Mounted Augmented Reality Surgical Navigation on Accuracy for Large-Scale Clinical Deployment.

During the course of the past two decades, head-mounted augmented reality surgical navigation (HMARSN) systems have been increasingly employed in a variety of surgical specialties as a result of both advancements in augmented reality-related technologies and surgeons' desires to overcome some drawbacks inherent to conventional surgical navigation systems. In the present time, most experimental HMARSN systems adopt overlain display (OD) that overlay virtual models and planned routes of surgical tools on corresponding physical tissues, organs, lesions, and so forth, in a surgical field so as to provide surgeons with an intuitive and direct view to gain better hand-eye coordination as well as avoid attention shift and loss of sight (LOS), among other benefits during procedures. Yet, its system accuracy, which is the most crucial performance indicator of any surgical navigation system, is difficult to ascertain because it is highly subjective and user-dependent. Therefore, the aim of this study was to review presently available experimental OD HMARSN systems qualitatively, explore how their system accuracy is affected by overlain display, and find out if such systems are suited to large-scale clinical deployment. We searched PubMed and ScienceDirect with the following terms: head mounted augmented reality surgical navigation, and 445 records were returned in total. After screening and eligibility assessment, 60 papers were finally analyzed. Specifically, we focused on how their accuracies were defined and measured, as well as whether such accuracies are stable in clinical practice and competitive with corresponding commercially available systems. The primary findings are that the system accuracy of OD HMARSN systems is seriously affected by a transformation between the spaces of the user's eyes and the surgical field, because measurement of the transformation is heavily individualized and user-dependent. Additionally, the transformation itself is potentially subject to changes during surgical procedures, and hence unstable. Therefore, OD HMARSN systems are not suitable for large-scale clinical deployment.

面向农业巡检场景的多无人机任务分配与路径规划方法

A multi-unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) task allocation and path planning model with the maximum endurance constraint was constructed specific to the agricultura l patrol scene. Moreover, an optimized ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm applicable to grid map environment was proposed given such problems of the traditional ACO algorithm as limited path search direction and field of view, failure to find the shortest path and proneness to deadlock. This method preprocessed the grid map environment, extracted the feature points of obstacles, and selected such feature points as the way-finding access nodes; then, the construction efficiency of the solution was enhanced via the nonuniform pheromone distribution based on ACO algorithm, the guiding function of path search was strengthened using Tent chaotic mapping, and the pheromone evaporation coefficient was dynamically adjusted to prevent the algorithm from too early convergence. The experimental results show that the proposed method more conforms to the operational requirements of rotary-wing UAVs with limited cruising ability in comparison with the existing methods. Besides, the convergence efficiency of the improved ACO algorithm embedded with the niche genetic algorithm is 30.55% higher than that of the traditional ACO algorithm. The experimental results verify the practicability and effectiveness of the proposed method.

Comparison of ease of endotracheal intubation with fixed height pillow versus pillow height attained by alignment of external auditory meatus to sternal notch

Background: Endotracheal intubation is considered to be the “Gold Standard” for airway management during the administration of general anesthesia and in critical care setting because of its advantages, which allows delivery of anesthetic gases and oxygen through positive pressure ventilation without inflation of stomach, permits access to tracheobronchial tree for pulmonary hence minimizing the risk of gastric content aspiration, and improves surgical access to head and neck. The major determinants of easy tracheal intubation are optimal laryngoscopy and a good visualization of the glottis. Aims and Objectives: The aims and objectives of the study are to seek the optimal pillow height that gives the best direct laryngoscopic view and can be recommended as the starting head position before direct laryngoscopy in adults. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted in a prospective randomized comparative manner in the Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Pt. B.D. Sharma University of Health Sciences, Rohtak after obtaining approval from the institutional ethical committee (approval number: No. BREC/Th/20/Anaesth.../034). Patients included were scheduled for elective surgery under general anesthesia requiring endotracheal intubation. The inclusion criteria were patients aged 18–50 years of either sex of ASA I and II. Results: A total of 50 subjects, 25 in each group, were included in the final analysis. Following observations and results were drawn from the present prospective and randomized study using appropriate statistical tests. The various observations were out of 50 patients in the study population, and the mean age in years of patients in Group 1 was 38.48±11.77 years and 39.36±11.64 years in Group 2. Conclusion: To conclude, alignment of external auditory meatus to sternal notch offers better conditions for endotracheal intubation than conventionally used sniffing position when assessed in terms of Cormack–Lehane grading and time taken for laryngoscopy and intubation.

DebSDF: Delving Into the Details and Bias of Neural Indoor Scene Reconstruction.

In recent years, the neural implicit surface has emerged as a powerful representation for multi-view surface reconstruction due to its simplicity and State-of-the-Art performance. However, reconstructing smooth and detailed surfaces in indoor scenes from multi-view images presents unique challenges. Indoor scenes typically contain large texture-less regions, making the photometric loss unreliable for optimizing the implicit surface. Previous work utilizes monocular geometry priors to improve the reconstruction in indoor scenes. However, monocular priors often contain substantial errors in thin structure regions due to domain gaps and the inherent inconsistencies when derived independently from different views. This paper presents DebSDF to address these challenges, focusing on the utilization of uncertainty in monocular priors and the bias in SDF-based volume rendering. We propose an uncertainty modeling technique that associates larger uncertainties with larger errors in the monocular priors. High-uncertainty priors are then excluded from optimization to prevent bias. This uncertainty measure also informs an importance-guided ray sampling and adaptive smoothness regularization, enhancing the learning of fine structures. We further introduce a bias-aware signed distance function to density transformation that takes into account the curvature and the angle between the view direction and the SDF normals to reconstruct fine details better. Our approach has been validated through extensive experiments on several challenging datasets, demonstrating improved qualitative and quantitative results in reconstructing thin structures in indoor scenes, thereby outperforming previous work.

NU-NeRF: Neural Reconstruction of Nested Transparent Objects with Uncontrolled Capture Environment

The geometry reconstruction of transparent objects is a challenging problem due to the highly noncontinuous and rapidly changing surface color caused by refraction. Existing methods rely on special capture devices, dedicated backgrounds, or ground-truth object masks to provide more priors and reduce the ambiguity of the problem. However, it is hard to apply methods with these special requirements to real-life reconstruction tasks, like scenes captured in the wild using mobile devices. Moreover, these methods can only cope with solid and homogeneous materials, greatly limiting the scope of the application. To solve the problems above, we propose NU-NeRF to reconstruct nested transparent objects without requiring a dedicated capture environment or additional input. NU-NeRF is built upon a neural signed distance field formulation and leverages neural rendering techniques. It consists of two main stages. In Stage I, the surface color is separated into reflection and refraction. The reflection is decomposed using physically based material and rendering. The refraction is modeled using a single MLP given the refraction and view directions, which is a simple yet effective solution of refraction modeling. This step produces high-fidelity geometry of the outer surface. In stage II, we use explicit ray tracing on the reconstructed outer surface for accurate light transport simulation. The surface reconstruction is executed again inside the outer geometry to obtain any inner surface geometry. In this process, a novel transparent interface formulation is used to cope with different types of transparent surfaces. Experiments conducted on synthetic scenes and real captured scenes show that NU-NeRF is capable of producing better reconstruction results than previous methods and achieves accurate nested surface reconstruction under an uncontrolled capture environment.

An observational study of diagnostic hysterolaparoscopy for evaluation of infertility at a tertiary care hospital

Infertility is an illness recognised by the World Health Organisation (WHO) that refers to the inability to achieve a clinical pregnancy after engaging in regular, unprotected sexual intercourse for a period of 12 months or more. The incidence of primary infertility in India ranges from 3.9% to 16.8%. Hysteroscopy has emerged as a crucial technique for diagnosing infertility, providing a direct view of the uterine chamber to detect any possible abnormalities. The objective of this research is to analyse the use of diagnostic hysterolaparoscopy (DHL) in the evaluation of infertility. This research was a retrospective observational study that included 150 female patients who had a previous history of infertility. The study was done from May 2022 to September 2023. Information on the social and demographic characteristics of individuals and their medical history pertaining to infertility were collected by conducting interviews using a pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire. Every participant took Dual-Hemisphere Language testing, and the gathered data were organised in Microsoft Excel. The significance threshold was established at 5% with a significance level of α = 0.05.: Out of the 150 patients that received DHL, 89 (59.33%) had primary infertility, whereas 61 (40.67%) had secondary infertility. Laparoscopy detected abnormalities in 35 (39.3%) of the individuals with primary infertility and 26 (42.6%) of the cases with secondary infertility. Abnormalities identified during hysteroscopy were 12 (13.4%) of the individuals with primary infertility and in 6 (9.83%) of the cases with secondary infertility. The prevalent abnormalities detected during hysteroscopy were uterine synechiae, fibroids, and uterine septa. The incidence of tubal obstructions was higher in the primary infertility group compared to the secondary infertility group.Diagnostic hysterolaparoscopy (DHL) is a very useful method for assessing infertility, namely in identifying adnexal adhesions, endometriosis, and uterine septa. In addition, DHL has the ability to detect several structural abnormalities in the uterus, fallopian tubes, and pelvis, which may assist in formulating suitable treatment strategies. So, both diagnostic and therapeutic intervention can be done at same sitting.

Discovering current trends and forecasting future research directions in FinTech by way of co-word-burst analyses

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to identify the existing research themes and future directions of the FinTech field by analyzing the dynamics of co-word burst.Design/methodology/approachA dataset of 1792 SCI or SSCI articles retrieved from the Web of Science database. First, the paper conducted a scientific production analysis. Then, using bibliometric analysis, the paper conducts co-word-burst analyses for keywords, title, abstract and Keywords Plus to detect the emerging trends. Based on these trends, future research directions were forecasted.FindingsThe study detected six research themes: the knowledge of FinTech, FinTech applications, FinTech technologies, COVID-19, FinTech ecosystem and FinTech implications for research. These six FinTech research themes were further conceptualized as a six-dimensional analytical framework for FinTech investigations. Then, the study forecasts that these six themes and related conversations will be an ongoing focus of Fintech research, particularly COVID-19 effects on FinTech.Originality/valueThis study is the first attempt to review FinTech literature based on quantitative and qualitative analyses of co-word burst. It overcomes the limitation of individual/group determinant(s) studies and presents a holistic view of current research themes and future research directions in FinTech field.

The Problem of Differential Importability and Scientific Modeling

The practice of science appears to involve “model-talk”. Scientists, one thinks, are in the business of giving accounts of reality. Scientists, in the process of furnishing such accounts, talk about what they call “models”. Philosophers of science have inspected what this talk of models suggests about how scientific theories manage to represent reality. There are, it seems, at least three distinct philosophical views on the role of scientific models in science’s portrayal of reality: the abstractionist view, the indirect fictionalist view, and the direct fictionalist view. In this essay, I try to articulate a question about what makes a scientific model more or less appropriate for a specific domain of reality. More precisely, I ask, “What accounts for the fact that given a determinate target domain, some scientific models, but not others, are thought to be “appropriate” for that domain?” I then consider whether and the degree to which each of the mentioned views on scientific models institutes a satisfactory response to this question. I conclude that, amongst those views, the direct fictionalist view seems to have the most promising response. I then utilize this argument to develop a more precise account of the problem of differential importability, and ultimately offer a more general and less presumptive argument that the problem seems to be optimally solved by justifying comparative evaluation of model-importabilities solely in terms of comparative evaluations of what I characterize as models’ “holistic” predictive success.

Dexterous Manipulation Based on Object Recognition and Accurate Pose Estimation Using RGB-D Data.

This study presents an integrated system for object recognition, six-degrees-of-freedom pose estimation, and dexterous manipulation using a JACO robotic arm with an Intel RealSense D435 camera. This system is designed to automate the manipulation of industrial valves by capturing point clouds (PCs) from multiple perspectives to improve the accuracy of pose estimation. The object recognition module includes scene segmentation, geometric primitives recognition, model recognition, and a color-based clustering and integration approach enhanced by a dynamic cluster merging algorithm. Pose estimation is achieved using the random sample consensus algorithm, which predicts position and orientation. The system was tested within a 60° field of view, which extended in all directions in front of the object. The experimental results show that the system performs reliably within acceptable error thresholds for both position and orientation when the objects are within a ±15° range of the camera's direct view. However, errors increased with more extreme object orientations and distances, particularly when estimating the orientation of ball valves. A zone-based dexterous manipulation strategy was developed to overcome these challenges, where the system adjusts the camera position for optimal conditions. This approach mitigates larger errors in difficult scenarios, enhancing overall system reliability. The key contributions of this research include a novel method for improving object recognition and pose estimation, a technique for increasing the accuracy of pose estimation, and the development of a robot motion model for dexterous manipulation in industrial settings.

Intra-operative imaging solutions for surgeons

Intra-operative imaging solutions for surgeons Birgitta Dresp from the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) discusses the challenges associated with intra-operative imaging technology and the quest for gold standards of surgical skill. In minimally invasive interventional procedures such as laparoscopic surgery, surgeons do not have a direct view of the organ or tissue they are interacting with but are constrained to navigate the surgical instruments on the basis of image views provided by dedicated camera systems. Image-guided interventions have been on the rise in recent years as they are less invasive than traditional methods and are believed to enable more accurate surgical gestures. Yet, the surgeon’s brain needs to re-interpret the visual information available in the image given. This has to be achieved swiftly and reliably for controlling the instruments with the greatest ease and accuracy, yielding the most precise surgical gestures in the shortest time possible. How can we assess critical parameters of surgical skill and its evolution with time and training under different conditions imposed by different technological solutions?

IXPE View of BH XRBs during the First 2.5 Years of the Mission

Accreting stellar-mass black holes represent unique laboratories for studying matter and radiation under the influence of extreme gravity. They are highly variable sources going through different accretion states, showing various components in their X-ray spectra from the thermal emission of the accretion disc dominating in the soft state to the up-scattered Comptonisation component from an X-ray corona in the hard state. X-ray polarisation measurements are particularly sensitive to the geometry of the X-ray scatterings and can thus constrain the orientation and relative positions of the innermost components of these systems. The IXPE mission has observed about a dozen stellar-mass black holes with masses up to 20 solar masses in X-ray binaries with different orientations and in various accretion states. The low-inclination sources in soft states have shown a low fraction of polarisation. On the other hand, several sources in soft and hard states have revealed X-ray polarisation higher than expected, which poses significant challenges for theoretical interpretation, with 4U 1630–47 being one of the most puzzling sources. IXPE has measured the spin of three black holes via the measurement of their polarisation properties in the soft emission state. In each of the three cases, the new results agree with the constraints from the spectral observations. The polarisation observations of the black hole X-ray transient Swift J1727.8–1613 across its entire outburst has revealed that the soft-state polarisation is much weaker than the hard-state polarisation. Remarkably, the observations furthermore show that the polarisation of the bright hard state and that of the 100 times less luminous dim hard state are identical within the accuracy of the measurement. For sources with a radio jet, the electric field polarisation tends to align with the radio jet, indicating the equatorial geometry of the X-ray corona, e.g., in the case of Cyg X–1. In the unique case of Cyg X–3, where the polarisation is perpendicular to the radio jet, the IXPE observations reveal the presence and geometry of obscuring material hiding this object from our direct view. The polarisation measurements acquired by the IXPE mission during its first 2.5 years have provided unprecedented insights into the geometry and physical processes of accreting stellar-mass black holes, challenging existing theoretical models and offering new avenues for understanding these extreme systems.

Sustainable Seafood Processing: Reducing Waste and Environmental Impact in Aquatic Ecosystems

The global seafood industry is crucial in food production, providing essential nutrition and contributing to food security. Beyond its traditional role, the industry holds significant potential for generating high-value products by utilizing seafood resources. This comprehensive review explores the diverse applications of seafood resources, focusing on fish, shellfish, and seaweeds, in producing high-value products. The review examines various technological processes in extracting and purifying bioactive compounds from seafood, highlighting the advancements in seafood processing areas such as nanoencapsulation, fermentation, and enzymatic hydrolysis. Furthermore, it also discusses these innovations' economic and environmental impacts, emphasizing the importance of sustainability and efficiency in utilizing seafood by-products and waste. The seafood industry can minimize environmental pollution and promote circular economy principles by repurposing these materials. The review provides a holistic view of the future directions in this field, advocating for continued research and development efforts to enhance the value and sustainability of seafood resources. Overall, this review underscores the significance of seafood-derived high-value products in addressing global challenges while fostering economic growth and environmental stewardship.

Reader-Created Content: the ‘Reader and Reporter’ (Dokja wa gija) Features in the Donga ilbo, January–November 1925

Abstract This article examines the ‘Reader and Reporter’ (Dokja wa gija) section of the newspaper Donga ilbo, which first appeared on 1 January 1925. Readers could both submit articles on topics selected by reporters and suggest topics for reporters to write about. Over the course of its run, a total of thirty-one features were published, only five of which were written by readers. The ‘Reader and Reporter’ section provides a direct view of the interactions between reporters and readers that shaped the format and content of the newspaper. After an overview of the society desk and the society page of the newspaper, this article focuses on the most common type of feature requested by readers: personal profiles of well-known figures. They can be seen as efforts to counter two trends of the time: the forgetting of the 1919 March First Movement and the depoliticization of women.