Direct Object Research Articles

Referential Dependencies in Turkish: Some Novel Arguments on the Binding of Kendisi, O and Pro

The Turkish reflexive kendisi (self-3SG.POSS) deviates from Principle A of the Binding Theory and from the Minimalist movement approaches to referential dependencies. This paper concurs with Kornfilt (2001) and provides further support that kendi-si is preceded by a null possessor (pro) which influences its binding but argues that kendisi is not a reflexive. Kendisi’s distribution changes when its possessor is a null pronominal (pro) or an overt pronominal (o, ‘she/he/it’). It is claimed that pro and o are not the null and overt counterparts of the same pronominal. Pro and o show the same distribution only in (in)direct object positions. In possessive phrases and subject positions, their distributions differ. Following Cardinaletti and Starke (1999) and Safir (2004), it is argued that pro is a weak pronoun which only refers to an antecedent mentioned in the context. But o is a strong pronoun and can make independent reference and function as a topic shifter.

A Machine Proof System of Point Geometry Based on Coq

An important development in geometric algebra in recent years is the new system known as point geometry, which treats points as direct objects of operations and considerably simplifies the process of geometric reasoning. In this paper, we provide a complete formal description of the point geometry theory architecture and give a rigorous and reliable formal verification of the point geometry theory based on the theorem prover Coq. Simultaneously, a series of tactics are also designed to assist in the proof of geometric propositions. Based on the theoretical architecture and proof tactics, a universal and scalable interactive point geometry machine proof system, PointGeo, is built. In this system, any arbitrary point-geometry-solvable geometric statement may be proven, along with readable information about the solution’s procedure. Additionally, users may augment the rule base by adding trustworthy rules as needed for certain issues. The implementation of the system expands the library of Coq resources on geometric algebra, which will become a significant research foundation for the fields of geometric algebra, computer science, mathematics education, and other related fields.

Brazilian Venetan is going leísta

This paper discusses language variation in heritage languages, focussing on a peculiar use of the dative clitic ghe in Brazilian Venetan, a heritage northern Italo-Romance variety. Corpus data and grammaticality judgments by native speakers showed that, unlike homeland varieties of Venetan, the clitic is used in doubling constructions with both indirect and direct objects. Conversely, accusative clitics do not appear in doubling constructions in Brazilian Venetan, but are limited to cases of resumption of dislocated constituents. This phenomenon is compared to a parallel use of dative clitics with direct objects in some previously described leísta varieties of Spanish. I will show that the type of variation attested in Brazilian Venetan accusative and dative clitics depends on different conditions on cliticisation of the two elements. Specifically, while accusative clitics are pronouns that undergo a morphological process of incorporation, dative clitics are merged as agreement markers on the finite verb. The analysis also captures a diachronic change in the distribution of dative clitics in the diachrony of Venetan.

Criminal liability for exceeding authority or official authority by a military official

Since the introduction of martial law and general mobilization, the number of criminal offenses committed by military personnel has increased dramatically. According to the Office of the Prosecutor General, the number of criminal offenses under Art. 426-1 “Abuse of power or authority by a military official” increased 4 times in 2022 and amounted to 426. The practice of qualifying military criminal offenses shows significant problems of law enforcement and uneven criminal law and procedural decisions. These problems are primarily due to the lack of resolutions of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of Ukraine on the practice of applying the rules governing liability for military criminal offenses, as well as due to the blanket nature of their dispositions. In this regard, there is an urgent need for a theoretical study of criminal liability issues, in particular, Article 426-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine “Excess of power or official authority by a military officer”. to determine the objective and subjective features of the analyzed criminal offense. The author analyzes the main theoretical and applied issues of criminal liability for abuse of power or authority by a military official under the Criminal Code of Ukraine. The author considers the problematic issues of defining the elements of this criminal offense and its individual features. It is established that the mandatory presence of an additional optional direct object is of great importance for the criminal offense under consideration. The author emphasizes the problems which arise when determining the content of abuse of power, abuse of office, and the content of the concept of “substantial damage”. The objective side of the abuse of power or authority by a military official is also considered in detail. It is established that abuse of power or authority by a military official belongs to the material elements of crimes.

Oblique DOM in enriched case hierarchies

This paper addresses syncretism patterns differential object marking (DOM) constructed with oblique morphology (dative, locative, genitive) induces cross-linguistically. It is shown that enriched case hierarchies (Starke 2017, Caha 2019, a.o.), which are also extended to ergative-absolutive systems, derive all these syncretisms. Enriched case hierarchies also capture crucial properties of the oblique DOM types discussed here: i) such categories have the syntax of direct objects, as types of structural accusatives, and not obliques, making their oblique appearance rather a matter of PF syncretism; ii) at the same time, oblique DOM can show syntactic differences from unmarked accusatives, motivating the need for more than one instance of the accusative in the hierarchy.

Resumption optionality in direct object relative clauses in modern standard Arabic

The resumption phenomenon has attracted the attention of linguists within different frameworks and in various languages. However, this phenomenon has received limited attention in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), especially in relation to Direct Object Relative Clauses (DORCs). There have been a few discussions of DORCs and this disregard can be attributed to a fundamental reason which is resumption optionality in this construction in particular. By and large, the interpretation of resumptive pronouns is usually determined by competition with gaps. However, based on the structural facts in MSA (i.e. resumptive pronouns behavior in island constraints) and discussion about optional and obligatory resumptive pronouns, we argue that the resumption strategy is the only method used to generate Direct Object Relative Clauses. Therefore, resumptive pronouns are integral part of the syntactic derivation and could be either phonologically realized or null. A resumptive pronoun, we assume, is a spell-out trace of the moved element. Moreover, a clear description and analysis of DORCs, both definite and indefinite structures (i.e. head DPs with and without the definite article ʔal), will be presented by utilizing the Minimalist Program and the Head Raising Analysis . The mutual influence of the presence and absence of the resumptive pronouns on other elements in the structure (i.e. Head DP and relative marker “ʔallaði”) will be explored as well.

A Bionics-Based Recovery Strategy for Micro Air Vehicles

Micro air vehicles' movements can be significantly affected by physical contact with unknown moving objects from a random direction. To address this problem, low-latency sensors (cameras or radars) and high-speed processors are installed in six directions of aerial vehicles. However, this method is limited by hardware costs, load and energy. In this paper, a fast recovery strategy for micro air vehicles is proposed, which is inspired by the recovery manoeuvre of mosquitoes hit by raindrops. When hit by falling raindrops, mosquitoes will descend along the falling direction of raindrops to gradually counteract the kinetic energy of the impact induced by the raindrops. During the descent, mosquitoes will gradually tilt to one side but move in the opposite direction, and finally deviate from the falling route of raindrops. To simulate the recovery strategy, a micro aerial robot called RobMos is designed. The RobMos is an over-actuated system that can decouple the position control from the attitude control. Using the recovery strategy, the robot can quickly recover to a stable attitude after being impacted by unknown moving objects. An onboard inertial measurement unit (IMU) is used to estimate the impact location. Finally, the prototype can bear the impact of objects that are two times its own weight. Moreover, the generalizability of this strategy is also discussed, and it is proved that the RobMos can even recover attitude after being hit by the unknown moving object in a lateral direction.

EXPLORATION OF MATHEMATICAL OBJECTS IN THE BALALE TRADITION AS AN EFFORT FOR MODULING IN THE DAYAK SALAKO CULTURE AT NYARUMKOP

This study aims to explore mathematical objects in the Balale’ tradition of the Dayak Salako tribe in Nyarumkop Village and then integrate them into the Creation of Culture-Based Modules. The research method used is the ethnographic method, and the type of research used is qualitative. The Balale’ tradition is one of the habits of the Nyarumkop farmers when working the rice fields collectively and in rotation. The Balale’ tradition aims to strengthen relations between communities, because the community works together in the fields to complete tasks such as clearing land, planting rice, clearing grass, and harvesting rice. The results of the study show that the Balale’ tradition has a direct mathematical object in the form of facts that lie in the people who join the lale’an members, the concept lies in the process of working the rice fields which are carried out in turns, the principle lies in the mindset of the community in carrying it out and the skills lies in the work technique of each member of Lale’an . This research also contains indirect mathematical objects in the form of discipline shown by Lale’an members in carrying out this tradition. Then it is mathematically integrated into the creation of a culture-based SPLDV Module using mathematical concepts.

Social role effects on English particle verb variation fail to replicate

AbstractThe English particle verb alternation has been argued to be sensitive to the social role occupied by speakers on radio broadcasts; Kroch and Small (1978) argue that radio show hosts and in-studio guests’ greater sensitivity to prescriptive norms makes them more likely to use the joined variant of the alternation than listeners calling in to the show. This study analyzes 10,521 tokens of variable particle verbs from the RadioTalk Corpus (Beeferman et al. 2019) to try to replicate the effect of speaker role. Our analysis confirms that direct object length, register, a measure of frequency, semantic compositionality of the particle verb, and the particle's prosody all condition the alternation. However, the effect of social role does not replicate.

Assessing spoken lexical and lexicogrammatical proficiency using features of word, bigram, and dependency bigram use

AbstractThe measurement of second language (L2) productive lexical proficiency has driven a great deal of research over the past two decades. Research has indicated that more proficient speakers and writers tend to use a wider range of words and that more proficient writers tend to use words that are more sophisticated (less frequent in reference corpora). Research over the past 15 years has also demonstrated that the way words are used in context (i.e., collocation use) is also an important indicator of both written and spoken proficiency. In this study, we extend recent research that has modeled writing proficiency using collocation indices based on grammatical dependencies (e.g., verb–direct object) to spoken contexts. In particular, we model speaking proficiency scores from a large corpus of oral proficiency interview responses using a range of well‐known indices of productive proficiency and newly developed grammatical dependency indices. The results indicated that all index types demonstrated small to moderate correlations with speaking proficiency individually but explained a large proportion of the variance when used in a multivariate model that included dependency collocation indices.

Syntactic alignment and identification of theta-role subgroups in Mehináku stative verbs

In this work, I present a first analysis of the syntactic alignment in the Mehináku (Arawak) language to show how this language behaves in terms of its different verbal predicates and the arguments that these predicates take. I argue that this language tends to manifest an active-stative alignment (or split ergativity, as proposed by Aikhenvald (1999, 2001, 2002, 2018, 2019) for other Arawak languages), since it is the semantic type of the verb that determines which type of argument functioning as subject will be taken and, moreover, in what syntactic position this argument will appear. I show that transitive verbs, agentive intransitives, non-agentive intransitives, and most stative intransitive verbs (type 1) align in the same way, taking as subject one of the pronominal proclitics of the language positioned before the verb, while a small portion of the stative intransitive verbs (type 2) align with the direct object of the transitive verb since it takes as its subject the full pronouns of the language positioned after the verb. Furthermore, I show that the subject of the transitive verb (A) and the subjects of the agentive, non-agentive, and type 1 intransitive verbs are marked with the thematic role of agent or experiencer, while, in turn, the object of the transitive verb and the subject of the intransitive verb of type 2 (So) are marked with the thematic role of theme or patient.

Applicative Constructions in Abzakh - a West Circassian Dialect [Batı Çerkesçesinin Abzah Lehçesinde Aplikatif Yapılar

This paper analyses the applicative constructions in Abzakh dialect spoken in the Yeleme village in Antalya, Turkey. Abzakh is a dialect of West Circassian which belongs to the Northwest Caucasian language family (NWC). The present paper focuses on the morphosyntactic properties of the applicative constructions in Abzakh, which are also attested in the standardized West Circassian spoken in the Caucasus. The analysis shows that Abzakh has seventeen applicative markers, thirteen of which are locative applicatives. The applicative constructions in Abzakh are non-direct applicative constructions in that they do not promote an adjunct argument to a direct object position but to an indirect object position. Abzakh makes a wide use of applicative markers, i.e. in reciprocal & reflexive constructions, in relativisation and in factive complementation. Thus, compared to the applicative constructions in standard West Circassian, Abzakh spoken in the Yeleme village stays conservative in terms of morphosyntactic and semantic properties.

Competing factors in SLA: how the CASP model of SLA explains the acquisition of English restrictive relative clauses by native speakers of Arabic and Korean

Abstract The Complex Adaptive Systems Principles (CASP) model of SLA claims that L1 transfer results when language processing effort is minimized. This claim was investigated by a self-paced on-line sentence judgment task in which L1 Arabic and Korean speakers and a control group of L1 English speakers read and judged English subject, direct object, and oblique relative clauses (RCs) in gapped and resumptive pronoun (RP) conditions. It was hypothesized that L1 influence would cause the Arabic speakers to accept English RCs with RPs more frequently than Korean speakers because RPs are acceptable in Arabic direct object and oblique RCs, whereas Korean bans RPs in these RC types. It was also hypothesized that the L2 English speakers would accept RPs more often than the L1 English speakers because RPs would ease L2 sentence processing. As predicted, L1 Arabic speakers accepted RPs more frequently than L1 Korean speakers, a transfer effect, and both L2 English groups accepted RPs more frequently than L1 English speakers, a processing effect. The results thus support the CASP model’s claim that L1 transfer is conditioned by language processing and other complex SLA processes that interact with one another.

Legal regulation of the Iraqi National Intelligence Service (A comparative analytical study)

This research attempts to study some of the laws of the intelligence agencies in certain countries in terms of organizing and supervising these agencies, as these agencies play an important and fundamental role in protecting national security and supporting the rule of law. Its direct objective is to collect, analyze and disseminate information that helps policy makers take the necessary measures to protect national security, which includes the protection of individuals and their private rights.
 This research deals with the problem of weak legislative drafting of the Iraqi Intelligence Law of 2013 in many aspects, the most important of which is its extreme brevity and linking it to other laws of a civil nature.
 The research adopted a comparative analytical methodology that examined the constitutions of the Federal Republic of Germany, the Arab Republic of Egypt and the Republic of Iraq, with an analysis and comparison of intelligence laws in those countries.
 The research is divided into two main chapters in addition to the introduction and conclusion. The first chapter is titled The Concept of Intelligence, while the second one is titled Legal Provisions for the Intelligence Service.

Classical Greek object cases

Abstract We examine here the distribution of morphological case (e.g., accusative, genitive, and dative) among object complements of monotransitive verbs in Classical Greek (CG). Accusative-marked objects are generally deemed to be direct objects (DO), while dative- and genitive-marked complements are typically treated as syntactically or semantically separate, sometimes being treated as objects bearing exceptional/semantic/quirky case and sometimes being analyzed simply as indirect objects (IO). Restricting our focus to verbs which have a single complement, we can observe that the distribution of accusative (ACC), genitive (GEN), and dative (DAT) marking on these in CG is atypical. CG productively places DAT and GEN NP s alongside ACC NP s as a singular complement to monotransitive verbs, allowing them to occupy what would normally be thought of as the direct-object position, but for their GEN and DAT case-marking. We offer an analysis of these verbs and their semanto-syntactic collocations, seeking to understand what is communicated through the marking of either ACC, GEN, or DAT on complement NP s. We find first that ACC and GEN-marking verbs interact in a transitivity hierarchy, being set apart by the change of state of the object (following an analysis laid out by Luraghi 2010). Second, we find that DAT-marking verbs exist outside of this hierarchy, making up their own productive class of interaction verbs, those which denote a complex series of overlapping subevents (first laid out by Blume 1998). Thus, this study offers an analysis of a wide array of ACC, GEN, and DAT case-marking verbs collected from a corpus of nine Classical Greek authors, providing the first statistical analysis of the conundrum of ‘atypical’ case-selection patterns of Classical Greek monotransitive verbs, wherein non-ACC cases are used to mark what appear to be DO s.

From oblique to core case in the Southern Min languages

Abstract This study sets out to discuss the evolution from oblique to core case as a manifestation of overtly-marked nominative-accusative alignment in Sinitic languages. This is due to the emergence of a type of ‘optional’ marking on preverbal direct objects in a construction type that has become widespread in Sinitic (Chappell & Verstraete 2019). In particular, I examine spoken discourse data from Taiwanese Southern Min whose comitative preposition, ka7 , has grammaticalized into an optional object marker. It is argued that this marker is undergoing morphologization into a direct object index (doi) on the main verb in the predicate, subsequent to the omission of the resumptive pronoun it governs. The new index takes over this function of cross-referencing the lexical direct object, typically located in the immediately preceding discourse, if not in clause-initial position. In an epilogue, I also briefly treat the evolution of local cases such as the allative and the perlative to optional object markers in the Southern Min languages of Shantou and Jieyang, situated in Guangdong Province, China. Both of these are extremely rare sources in the Sinitic family, yet common in Tibeto-Burman and Romance languages. The approach adopted is in harmony with recent diachronic studies which target source morphosyntax in order to explain the emergence of a variety of synchronic patterns, all bearing similar discourse and grammatical functions (Cristofaro & Zúñiga 2018).

The VP in language contact: on creation event lexicalization in Canadian French

Abstract The effects of language contact on semantic and syntactic properties of verbs can be considered as not yet extensively studied. This contribution is concerned with French as a typical verb-framed language that cannot freely combine manner verbs with result-denoting arguments within the VP. Drawing on creation events, the study explores if restrictions can loosen, and lexicalization preferences change when French is in contact to a satellite-framed language like English. Judgment data from bilingual speakers of Canadian French (CaFr) are compared to data from speakers of Hexagonal French (HFr). The analysis addresses how selective copying from English is relevant for the acceptability of different VPs and considers how the factors of individual and social language dominance might influence the judgments within the CaFr group. The results show that French manner verbs and direct objects can be coerced into creation readings in both test groups as long as only the selectional restrictions of a particular verb have to be adapted. When, however, a general constraint of French has to be overridden to arrive at a creation reading, acceptability is higher in the CaFr group, who can resort to combinatorial copying from English. Furthermore, VPs in which manner is not lexicalized in the verb are somewhat more accepted in the HFr group than in the CaFr group. Within the CaFr group, certain cases of satellite framing are judged somewhat better by speakers from an English dominant region, while VPs without a manner verb reach slightly higher scores among speakers from Quebec. It is thus shown how structural and speaker-related factors can affect the acceptability of event descriptions in language contact.

Can RMB’s Internationalization Have an Impact on China's Import Trade?

The internationalization of RMB is the unescapable consequence about the quick economic development of China. RMB internationalization has many influences on China, and the import trade is the direct object of RMB internationalization. This paper consists of three parts: expounds the meaning of internationalized RMB, the theoretical analysis of the RMB’s influence in the import business from exchange rate and trade distribution level, and the internationalized RMB effect in the way of import trade. For the verification of RMB internationalization’s influence int the domain of Chinese import trade, this thesis uses regression analysis to make the hypothesis that RMB internationalization has an effect on Chinese import trade, after this, finally obtains a significant negative correlation, the hypothesis is established.

Text characterization based on recurrence networks

Several complex systems are characterized by exhibiting intricate properties that occur at multiple scales. These multi-scale characterizations are used in various applications. In particular, texts can be characterized by a hierarchical structure, which can be approached by using multi-scale concepts and methods. Here, we adopt an extension of the multi-scale, mesoscopic approach – hereafter referred to as a recurrence network – to represent text narratives, in which only the recurrent relationships among tagged parts of speech (subject, verb and direct object) are considered to establish connections among sequential pieces of text. The characterization of the texts was then achieved by considering scale-dependent complementary methods: accessibility and symmetry. To evaluate the potential of these concepts, we approached the problem of distinguishing between meaningful and meaningless texts and different literary genres (namely, fiction and non-fiction). A set of 300 books was considered and compared by using the above approaches. The recurrence network characterization was able to discriminate to some extent between real and meaningless and between the two genres assessed. Thus, our results indicate that recurrence networks are able to capture subtleties in book plots, suggesting that a similar methodology can be used in related networked applications.

Towards ontology of states: Experiencer verbs in Bulgarian

The internal structure of the situations described by verbs or verbal phrases determines the lexical aspect (or Aktionsart) of the particular predicate. The main topic of our study is the syntactic structure of verbal predicates denoting perceptions, emotions, and mental states,
 e.g. гледам (see), чувам (hear); обичам (love), обожавам (adore), радвам се (be happy/glad), безпокоя се (worry), плаша се (be afraid/scared); желая (desire), вярвам (believe). The objectives of our study are to propose a syntactic model of state predicates
 represented by verbs of perception, emotions, and mental states and to determine the number, type, and semantics of their arguments (subject, direct, and indirect objects). Our aim is also to test the hypothesis of dependence between lexical semantics and syntactic
 realizations of state predicates.