Direct Heating Research Articles

Investigations of inlet arrangement strategies and particle parameters on thermochemical performance in falling particle solar reactors

The reformation of methane to hydrogen and steam in a falling particle solar reactor (FPSR) is a promising method to use the solar energy, which converts solar energy into chemical energy. FPSR has higher operation temperature, higher pressure bearing capacity and more direct heat energy storage than those of traditional reactor. However, due to the short residence time of the particles, hydrogen production efficiency is reduced. Thus, inlet arrangement strategies and particle catalysts should be carefully designed to improve the thermochemical reaction performance of FPSR. In this contribution, the Eulerian-Eulerian model in CFD program (Fluent 2020 R2) is used to explore the effects of different particle inlet arrangement strategies, non-uniform particle mass flow inlet and particle size on the performance enhancement of methane steam reforming reaction. The results indicate that the two arrangement strategies show different trends in influencing hydrogen production efficiency. Besides, non-uniform particle mass flow rate also has a significant impact on hydrogen production efficiency, with the optimal arrangement conditions increasing the hydrogen production rate by 2.4831 mol/m−3(−|-) s−1. Additionally, smaller particle size demonstrates better hydrogen production efficiency, with a 0.15 mm particle size catalyst showing a 14.02 % improvement in hydrogen production efficiency compared to a 0.75 mm particle size. This contribution can provide a guidance for optimizing the heat and mass transfer performance of the falling particle solar reactor.

A generalized refined Moore–Gibson–Thompson thermoelastic model based on the concept of memory-dependent higher-order derivatives

The inclusion of memory-dependent derivatives (MDD) in constitutive models improves the ability to predict and analyze time-dependent responses of materials, providing a more detailed depiction of their mechanical properties and structural changes. In this paper, a new thermoelasticity model is created that combines the Moore-Gibson-Thompson (MGT) equation with higher-order memory-dependent derivatives (MDD), any optional kernel function, and time delay. The objective of this model is to provide a more accurate mathematical depiction of the thermal and mechanical reactions of materials, particularly those that exhibit complex behaviors over time. A theoretical study was conducted to provide additional clarification of the proposed concept. For this purpose, thermal-mechanical waves were studied in a semi-infinite region, surrounded by a magnetic field, and exposed to a direct heat source uniformly distributed on its outer surface. To solve the coupled partial differential equations governing the system, the Laplace transform methodology was used. The effects of different kernel functions, time delays, and higher-order (HO) derivatives on the behavior of thermoelastic materials are discussed and illustrated using figures and tables.

Circulation of self-supplied water for significant energy recovery through heat integration

This study introduces an overhead heat-integrated distillation column (OHIDiC), a novel approach that maximizes heat recovery by multiple heat exchanges and product circulation. By utilizing the overhead vapor as a direct heat source, low-temperature feed and product water were used as cooling agents, thereby significantly reducing the condenser duty and reliance on cooling utilities. Additionally, the heated feed transfers heat to the column, leading to a substantial reduction of reboiler heat duty. Some of the heated product water is recycled back to the decanter for product cycling, while the rest is released as the final product. This circulation process ensures a continuous coolant supply, which contributes the reduction of condenser duty. Two processes were considered in this study, utilizing the water product from a non-reactive, and from a reactive separation within the system. When applied to the separation of a water-dodecanol mixture, OHIDiC reduced the condenser duty by 69.21% compared to a traditional distillation column, with a 31.46% reduction in the total utility consumption. When reactive distillation was incorporated into the OHIDiC, the higher overhead vapor temperature facilitated high heat transfer in the multiple heat exchange sections, thereby significantly reducing the total thermal load. This resulted in a reduction of up to 46.96% in total heat duty and a 36.06% decrease in CO2 emissions. These findings confirm that the OHIDiC achieves significant energy savings through the utilization of process-derived substances, with pronounced benefits when the temperature of the overhead vapor becomes higher.

Microstructure and property evolution of CuCr50 alloy prepared by aluminum thermal reduction-electromagnetic casting during hot forging process

To address the problems of low performance and density in CuCr50 alloys prepared by aluminum thermal reduction-electromagnetic casting, a synergistic process involving hot forging deformation to eliminate micropores in the alloy and heat treatment to modify the alloy was proposed. The effect of hot forging temperature on the microstructure evolution and performance strengthening of CuCr50 alloys during heat treatment was studied. The results show that the properties of CuCr50 alloys forged at different temperatures after heat treatment are better than those after direct heat treatment. After heat treatment, the conductivity of CuCr50 alloys forged at 800 °C reaches 22.41 MS/m, the density reaches 7.94 g/cm3, and the hardness reaches 112 HB, which are 73.59 %, 4.75 % and 37.59 % greater than those of the as-cast alloy, respectively. The microstructure analysis showed that the nano-Cr phase precipitated during the aging process of CuCr50 alloys after hot forging at 750 °C–850 °C had a semi-coherent relationship with the Cu matrix, which played a role in coherent strengthening. After hot forging at 900 °C, the precipitated Cr phase has an incoherent relationship with the Cu matrix, which played a role of dispersion strengthening. The performance test of 40.5 kV simulated vacuum interrupter shows that the breaking and chopping performance of the prepared CuCr50 contact material is obviously better than that of commercial products, which is expected to become a new process for the preparation of high performance CuCr contact materials.

Numerical investigation on the thermal performance of a molten salt tank under different electric heating method

Two-tank molten salt (MS) thermal energy storage (TES) technology is an efficient and widely used energy storage technology. This study develops a two-dimensional discrete model (2DIM) using the Modelica language to accurately and quickly represent molten salt temperature distribution and heat loss, applicable to system-level analysis in thermal power systems. It also uncovers variations in heat loss, cooling rate, and required auxiliary electric heating power across different tank volumes, liquid levels, and MS temperatures, offering guidance for optimizing design, energy management, and operational strategies. Additionally, the study examined the impact of different electric heater placements on the performance of the thermal storage system. The results show that heating the gas inside the tank is more effective than traditional direct electric heating, reducing molten salt heat loss by 25.89 % and increasing energy storage efficiency by 0.17 %.The research provide a reference for the study of efficient utilization of TES tank in different thermal systems.

The Orbit and Companion of PSR J1622-0315: Variable Asymmetry and a Massive Neutron Star

The companion to PSR J1622-0315, one of the most compact known redback millisecond pulsars, shows extremely low irradiation despite its short orbital period. We model this system to determine the binary parameters, combining optical observations from the New Technology Telescope in 2017 and the Nordic Optical Telescope in 2022 with the binary modeling code ICARUS. We find a best-fit neutron star mass of 2.3 ± 0.4 M ⊙, and a companion mass of 0.15 ± 0.02 M ⊙. We detect for the first time low-level irradiation from asymmetry in the minima as well as a change in the asymmetry of the maxima of its light curves over five years. Using starspot models, we find better fits than those from symmetric direct heating models, with consistent orbital parameters. We discuss an alternative scenario where the changing asymmetry is produced by a variable intrabinary shock. In summary, we find that PSR J1622-0315 combines low irradiation with variable light-curve asymmetry and a relatively high neutron star mass.

Carbon nanotube heat absorber for efficient direct-heating of liquid tin in a solar receiver

A new approach that use vertically-aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNT) as heat absorbers is proposed for efficient direct solar heating of liquid tin in a solar receiver integrated with beam-down optics. Plate-type CNT heat absorbers were prepared by adjusting the concentration of CNTs in the processing solvent m-cresol. The prepared CNT absorber exhibited an increase in bulk density and the formation of a densely packed nanotubes skeleton with a higher CNT concentration in m-cresol. Thermal conductivity, a key design factor for solar absorbers, showed a stronger correlation with skeletal density than with bulk density. Heat absorption characteristics of the solar liquid tin receiver (50 mm-i.d., 60 mm-high) with the CNT absorbers integrated with a Fresnel lens (0.98 m i.d.) were determined. The tin temperature in the receiver with the CNT absorber reached a maximum of 728 °C. Bare tin exhibited system efficiency of 27.7 % and receiver efficiency of 38.3 %, but tin heating through the CNT plates exhibited system efficiency of up to 48.4 % and receiver efficiency of 64.3 %, showing a system heat absorption rate 1.75 times higher. The thermal absorption efficiency was proportional to the skeletal density of the plates, and the thermal absorption of the system was dominated by the efficient transfer of absorbed heat in the energy absorption region. The energy flow and heat loss in the receiver system were analyzed. Although the bare tin receiver exhibited a high heat loss of 27.1 % owing to the low emissivity or high reflectivity of the tin surface, the heat loss in the CNT absorber plates with high absorptivity was only 0.9 %. The flat plate-shaped transmission window in the receiver caused significant reflective heat loss and convective heat loss owing to head-on wind. Based on the energy flow analysis, improvement approaches for enhancing the thermal efficiency of the proposed receiver system are suggested.

Fluorobenzene as new working fluid for high-temperature heat pumps and organic Rankine cycles: Energy analysis and thermal stability test

Industrial high-temperature heat pumps and Organic Rankine Cycles play a pivotal role in reducing CO2 emissions of the industrial sector. While several eco-friendly refrigerants have been explored for subcritical heat pumps below 150 °C, above this threshold only a few fluids can be adopted.In this article, fluorobenzene (C6H5F) is proposed for the first time as a versatile working fluid suitable for both HTHP and ORC systems. Notably, it possesses a near-zero Global Warming Potential, null Ozone Depletion Potential, low cost, and low toxicity. The thermo-chemical stability of fluorobenzene is experimentally investigated with an advanced procedure, simulating the presence of the non-condensable-gases removal system in real plant operating conditions. The yearly rate of unimolecular decomposition is estimated less than 4 % at 350 °C, and even after 400 h of thermal stress no decomposition products have been detected in the liquid phase through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy.In a direct heat exchange case study, coupled with exhaust gases at 390 °C, fluorobenzene achieves a net power production higher than other commercial fluids adopted in high-temperature units. In subcritical two-stage throttling heat pump condensing at 180 °C fluorobenzene shows a good Coefficient of Performance of 3.25 at 100 °C temperature lift.

Sustainable ultrasonic extraction of antibacterial Basella alba fruit dye for cotton, silk, and leather

Alternative to synthetic dyes containing harmful compounds, dyes derived from natural sources are gaining popularity due to their safer and eco-friendly nature. This study focuses on extracting red dye from Basella alba fruit and optimising the extraction methods, including ultrasonic bath, ultrasonic probe, and direct heating. The extracted dye was then used for dyeing cotton, silk, and leather without needing a mordant. Furthermore, the antibacterial properties of the extracted red dye were evaluated against skin bacteria. The UV–Visible spectrophotometric analysis revealed that the maximum red colour in the methanol extract (λmax 270 and λmax 542 nm) was achieved at 60 °C for 30 min using the ultrasonic water bath extraction method, followed by the ultrasonic probe and direct heating methods. The FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of flavonoids, betacyanin, and gomphrenin-I in the extracted dye. The ultrasonic dyeing process at 50 °C yielded a K/s value 6.3 for the dyed cotton, silk, and leather without using a mordant. Additionally, the fatness test indicated a high grade of 0.5–1.5 for the ultrasonic dyeing method compared to other dyeing techniques. The extracted dye exhibited significant antibacterial activity against all Pseudomonas sp. after extraction in methanol, with the highest inhibition observed against Pseudomonas sp. with a MIC of 1.56 mg/ml.

Optimal high-pressure correlation for transcritical CO2 cycle in direct expansion solar assisted heat pumps

Heat demand may be met sustainably by a solar-assisted heat pump that CO2 as a refrigerant. This is made possible by the employment of an ecologically benign refrigerant and a renewable energy source that enhances system performance. At the ideal high pressure, the CO2 heat pump running in a transcritical cycle will function at its highest coefficient of performance (COP). In that way, this study aims to present correlations for calculating the optimum high pressure in a CO2 direct expansion solar assisted heat pump (DX-SAHP). In this study a mathematical model for compressor, solar evaporator and gas cooler was developed and validated experimentally. The mean difference between the mathematical model and experimental results are −3.9%. Two new equations are proposed to calculate the optimum high pressure in a CO2 DX-SAHP. The first one considered environment temperature, water outlet temperature and evaporating temperature, which are easy to measure. These facilities the use of correlation to control the heat pump. The second one considered environment temperature, water outlet temperature and solar radiation, which are more suitable for designing CO2 DX-SAHP. A data base with 100 optimum points was used to curve fitting. Another data base with 50 optimum points was used to compare the results obtained from curve fitting and correlations for the optimum high pressure available in the literature. The proposed correlations shown a maximum error lower than 10.2% despite of the correlations available in the literature from which the errors are about 30%.

Simulating film boiling with sharp interface and direct calculation of mass transfer to investigate the hydrodynamic and thermal transport phenomena near the interface

The current study presents a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model for film boiling using two fluids, including liquid nitrogen. Ansys Fluent was customized using user-defined functions (UDFs) to accurately model thermal and fluid dynamic interactions. The UDFs accommodate mass transfer at the liquid-vapor interface, maintaining a sharp interface by accounting for the saturation temperature. Direct heat and mass transfer calculations are implemented rather than relying on empirical correlations. Mesh analysis was performed with grid sizes of 615, 410, 307, and 123 μm, with the 307 μm grid selected for its agreement with average Nusselt number values and accurate bubble shape and height. Verification using the Stefan problem showed a maximum error of 0.45 % for interface displacement and 0.1 % for temperature distribution. Validation against the Berenson correlation demonstrated good agreement in Nusselt number values. Qualitative validation of the developed method is performed using the shapes of the growing bubble. The results obtained show that the sharp interface is preserved throughout the simulation, with temperature contours showing significant variations during bubble growth and departure. Local heat transfer coefficient analysis identified peak values of 2170 W/m²-K at locations of minimal film thickness. Velocity vector analysis revealed velocities of 2 m/s in the vapor phase, influencing bubble shape during growth and departure. The study highlights the impact of thermal film thickness on heat transfer, with the highest Nusselt number of 5.69 observed at a film thickness of 0.5 mm. The results demonstrate the application of VOF sharp interface tracking and direct calculation of interfacial conditions utilizing customized Ansys Fluent in the modeling of film boiling as a way to understand the fundamental aspects of the fluid and thermal behavior.

Clinical Efficacy and Safety of a Thermomechanical Fractional Injury Device for Neck Rejuvenation.

Neck rejuvenation has consistently become a popular cosmetic procedure. While various treatment modalities have been used, a novel fractional thermomechanical skin rejuvenation system was recently developed to create dermal coagulation through direct heat transfer with subsequent neocollagenesis. A prospective clinical trial evaluated the efficacy and safety of a thermomechanical fractional injury device (Tixel 2, Novoxel, Netanya, Israel) for neck rhytides. Subjects with moderate to severe neck rhytides were enrolled for 4 monthly treatments. Twenty-six subjects were enrolled and completed all study visits. The mean age was 58.4 years, and 100.0% were women. Fitzpatrick skin types I to IV were included. For Fitzpatrick Wrinkle Classification System (FWCS), the mean baseline score was 6.3. As per investigator, there was a mean 1.5-grade improvement in FWCS at 1-month follow-up (p < .00001) and 1.4-grade improvement in FWCS at 3-month follow-up (p < .00001). For physician Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale, all subjects (100%) had improvement at both 1- and 3-month follow-up visits. There were no severe adverse events, and subjects experienced minimal pain. A novel thermomechanical fractional injury device is effective and safe for the treatment of neck rhytides.

Complex formation and stabilization of Z‐isomer‐enriched astaxanthin esters derived from Haematococcus lacustris with water‐soluble carriers via spray drying

AbstractTo enhance the water solubility and bioavailability of astaxanthin esters, inclusion complexes of Z‐isomer‐enriched astaxanthin esters with water‐soluble carriers were prepared using a spray drying technique. A food‐grade Haematococcus alga extract was used as the source of astaxanthin esters, and the Z‐isomerization was performed via direct heating of the extract. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (HP‐β‐CD) were used as water‐soluble carriers. The effects of spray drying conditions on the encapsulation efficiency of astaxanthin esters in the carriers and the total Z‐isomer ratio of encapsulated astaxanthin esters were investigated, and the physical properties and storage stability of the resulting composites were evaluated. Under optimum spray drying conditions, efficient production of highly water‐soluble Z‐isomer‐rich astaxanthin esters was achieved in both carriers: &gt;95% encapsulation efficiency and &gt;55% total Z‐isomer ratio. The physical properties, such as surface morphology and particle size distributions, of the resulting particles differed significantly between PVP and HP‐β‐CD. Storage tests demonstrated that the formulated Z‐isomer‐rich astaxanthin esters were highly stable. Our findings will contribute to the practical applications of Z‐isomer‐rich astaxanthin materials.Practical Applications: The formulation technology developed in this study has the potential to address the industrial challenges of using astaxanthin, that is, low water solubility and low bioavailability. Furthermore, the low storage stability of astaxanthin Z‐isomers, which hinders their industrial use, can be solved simultaneously. The resulting Z‐isomer‐rich astaxanthin powders are expected to be used in a wide range of applications, including nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and animal feeds.

Shaping Thermal Transport and Temperature Distribution via Anisotropic Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composites.

With the ongoing electrification of vehicles, thermal management is on everyone's lips. To prevent overheating in electronic systems, new design strategies for thermal dissipation are needed. Thermally anisotropic materials enable targeted directional heat transport due to their anisotropic thermal conduction. Laminates made of unidirectionally aligned carbon fibers in a polymer matrix can be tailored regarding their in-plane anisotropy. Exposing the laminates to a temperature gradient reveals that the thermal transport is determined by their anisotropic properties. The corresponding heat flow can be visualized by IR thermography. The combination of anisotropic laminate discs into composite materials, similar to building with toy bricks, enables precise control of heat transport in the macroscopic composite materials. Thus, we achieve control of heat flow at the level of the individual components. In addition, we show that the orientation of anisotropy relative to the temperature gradient is crucial to guide the heat flow selectively. We found that the ratio of thermal anisotropy, the amount and arrangement of anisotropic components, and their positioning in the composite strongly influence heat transport. By combining all these factors, we are able to locally control the heat flow in composites by creating materials to either dissipate heat or block heat transport. The proposed concept can be extended to different shapes of building blocks in two or three dimensions.

Modeling of ion cyclotron resonance frequency heating of proton-boron plasmas in EHL-2 spherical tokamak

Ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH) stands out as a widely utilized and cost-effective auxiliary method for plasma heating, bearing significant importance in achieving high-performance discharges in p-11B plasmas. In light of the specific context of p-11B plasma in the EHL-2 device, we conducted a comprehensive scan of the fundamental physical parameters of the antenna using the full-wave simulation program TORIC. Our preliminary result indicated that for p-11B plasma, optimal ion heating parameters include a frequency of 40 MHz, with a high toroidal mode number like to heat the majority H ions. In addition, we discussed the impact of concentration of minority ion species on ion cyclotron resonance heating when 11B serves as the heavy minority species. The significant difference in charge-to-mass ratio between boron and hydrogen ions results in a considerable distance between the hybrid resonance layer and the tow inverted cyclotron resonance layer, necessitating a quite low boron ion concentration to achieve effective minority heating. We also considered another method of direct heating of hydrogen ions in the presence of boron ion minority. It is found that at appropriate boron ion concentrations ( ), the position of the hybrid resonance layer approaches that of the hydrogen ion cyclotron resonance layer, thereby altering the polarization at this position and significantly enhancing hydrogen ion fundamental absorption.

Numerical investigation of the impact of inlet and outlet ports of water jet impingement cooling modules

AbstractThe ever‐growing applications of high‐power chips have driven research efforts to enhance the performance of their active cooling modules. This study proposes a simple tweak of the cooling module's ports for lower thermal resistance. A dual‐inlet single‐outlet (CP2) jet impingement cold plate (JICP), a dual‐inlet dual‐outlet (CP3) JICP, and a single‐inlet dual‐outlet (CP4) JICP were assessed computationally and benchmarked against a single‐inlet single‐outlet JICP (CP1) at the same area ratio (AR) and average diameter (Davg) of inlet and outlet ports. The results show that the pressure losses inflate by up to 4.67 folds when using CP3 with AR = 5/3 and Davg = 3.0 mm. Yet, this design also shows the largest Nusselt number and the lowest outlet water temperature, module body temperature, average temperature of the target surface, and thermal resistance (0.07415 K/W). The thermal resistance is reduced by 34.13% using CP3 at AR = 3/5 and Davg = 6.0 mm. The temperature uniformity index was boosted to 97.5%. These enhancements are attributed to the shorter and symmetric flow path, the shorter residence time of water within the JICP, and the direct heat diffusion by the walls of the lower chamber.

Immobilization of MnO2 nanoflowers on coils using direct heating method for organic pollutant remediation

The immobilization of catalysts on supporting substrates for the removal of organic pollutants is a crucial strategy for mitigating catalyst loss during wastewater treatment. This study presented a rapid and cost-effective direct heating method for synthesizing MnO2 nanoflowers on coil substrates for the removal of organic pollutants. Traditional methods often require high power, expensive equipment, and long synthesis times. In contrast, the direct heating approach successfully synthesized MnO2 nanoflowers in just 10 min with a heating power of approximately 40 W·h after the heating power and duration were optimized. These nanoflowers effectively degraded 99% Rhodamine B in 60 min with consistent repeatability. The catalytic mechanisms are attributed to crystal defects in MnO2, which generate electrons to produce H2O2. Mn2+ ions in the acidic solution further dissociate H2O2 molecules into hydroxyl radicals (·OH). The high efficiency of this synthesis method and the excellent reusability of MnO2 nanoflowers highlight their potential as a promising solution for the development of supporting MnO2 catalysts for organic dye removal applications.

Study on liquid-phase sintering and magnetic properties of SLA-printed Mn-Zn ferrite ceramics

To obtain Mn-Zn ferrite magnetic ceramic parts with good densification and magnetic properties, a study was conducted. Mn-Zn ferrite magnetic ceramic parts with a solid particle content of 58 vol% were prepared using stereolithography (SLA). The SLA-cured ceramic blanks were degreased and sintered. The degreasing process for Mn-Zn ferrite parts was optimized using a direct heat degreasing method, resulting in a suitable process for the ferrite magnetic ceramic paste system. The method of liquid phase sintering is proposed for sintering the degreased ferrite parts. The study investigated the impact of the content of accelerant, sintering temperature, and holding time on the density and magnetic properties of Mn-Zn ferrite parts. The optimal parameters were found to be a firing aid content of 3 wt%, a sintering temperature of 900 °C, and a holding time of 90 min. Under these conditions, the parts exhibited a density of 4.43 g/cm3, densification of 91.4 %, saturation magnetization strength of 64 emu/g, and coercivity of 10 Oe. Finally, the sintering control mechanism of SLA-printed ferrite magnetic ceramics was analyzed. The study revealed the grain growth process and magnetization principle of Mn-Zn ferrite during liquid phase sintering. This research provides guidance for the subsequent photocuring printing and degreasing sintering of Mn-Zn ferrite ceramics. Additionally, Mn-Zn ferrite magnetic ceramic parts prepared by the SLA method also hold a wide application prospect in various precision electronic components.

Determination of the coefficient of thermal effusivity ε for a semi-confined rod

The article provides methods and formulas for calculating the coefficient of thermal effusivity ε (coefficient of heat accumulation) of solid bodies using known solutions of direct heat conduction problem. The work describes a method by which the final formulas are simplified to algebraic equations using the relative temperature θM of heating semi-confined rod from the end. The temperature Tc at the beginning of the rod is measured — x0 and time — τ0 from the start of heating. For calculation, the amount of heat Q accumulated during heating by a heater with a constant temperature at the end of the rod is used for the entire heating time. The technique is physically implemented during the experiment by bringing the ends of two semi-confined rods into contact. A flat, low-inertia electric heater is placed between the rods. The amount of heat ∆Q used in the calculations is half of the total heat of the heater for the entire heating time.

Electrocaloric effect in chemically modified barium titanate ferroelectric ceramics

Electrocaloric (EC) refrigeration offers superior energy-conversion efficiency, miniaturization, and environmental benefits compared to compression refrigeration. However, its practical application is limited by the challenge of aligning the adiabatic temperature change (ΔT) with the operational temperature range. In this study, we have tailored the EC characteristics of BaTiO3 (BT)-based Ba(Ti0.9Sn0.1)O3 (BTS) ferroelectric ceramics using Bi(Mg0.5Ti0.5)O3 (BMT). We provide a comprehensive analysis of the microstructure, electrical properties, and EC behavior of the (1–x)BTS-xBMT system. Our results indicate that the incorporation of BMT establishes a broad platform in the dielectric spectrum while maintaining high polarization. This improvement potentially increases the electrocaloric effect (ECE) and expands the operating temperature range. Direct heat flux measurements reveal that the x = 0.02 composition achieves a maximum ΔT (ΔTmax) of 0.41 K with a temperature span (Tspan) of 68 °C under an intermediate electric field of 50 kV/cm. Moreover, the x = 0.01 sample exhibits a room-temperature ΔT of 0.33 K and relatively good temperature stability within 30–130 °C. These findings indicate that chemical modification methods have the potential to optimize the cooling capacity of refrigerants.