Directional Filter Research Articles

Geological mapping and structural interpretation of the Dschang‐Santchou‐escarpment (West, Cameroon), using Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS sensors/SRTM and field observations

Geological mapping of the Dschang‐Santchou‐escarpment rocks in the Western Cameroon region was done using a combination of Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS, SRTM images acquired by satellites on January 21, 2021, and field observations. Lineaments were pre‐processing and processing, performed with Envi 5.1. The different methods of digital processing applied, such as the principal component analysis, the coloured compositions and the combination of bands, show a lithological differentiation of the geological formations of the study area. Lineament maps were obtained by applying Sobel directional filters where 496 lineaments were manually extracted. These lineaments display two main trending directions: the NW–SE trend corresponding to the S2 metamorphic foliation direction and the NE–SW trend corresponding to the S3 magmatic foliation direction. The set of these lineaments represents the fracture network in the area. The field observations as well as the lineaments mapping obtained, allowed us to confirm with the help of the fracture network that we are indeed in an escarped environment. Remote sensing data constitute thus a useful tool for geological mapping and structural reconstitutions in the escarped environment.

Integrated remote sensing data and field investigations for geological mapping and structural analysis. The case of SW Tichoukt ridge (Middle Atlas, Morocco)

Boulemane area is one of the important key sectors to understand the evolution of the central Middle Atlas of Morocco. It is a junction area of three Cretaceous/Paleogene unconformable sedimentary basins on the Triassic-Jurassic deposits.This work is a combination of remote sensing results (optical and radar data) supported by field observations to accurate a high-precision geological map of the study area. For this purpose, we used two types of images that are the radar image (Sentinel-1 data) and the optical multispectral images: Landsat 8 OLI (Optical Land Imager) and Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER). The two multispectral images have been spatially enhanced using the panchromatic band of the HRG-2 (High Geometric Resolution) sensor of SPOT 5, allowing the production of high spatial resolution images (5m).The colored compositions that were chosen using OIF (Optimum Index Factor), and PCA (Principal Component Analysis) allowed good discrimination of the main rock. Moreover, ASTER thermal bands have allowed the delimitation of large outcrops of yellow sandstone, conglomerate, phosphate and gypsum based on their thermal emissivity.Structural lineaments are manually extracted from Sentinel-1 radar images after applying directional filters, analyzing Landsat 8 OLI, ASTER high-resolution multispectral images, and interpreting the spatial juxtaposition of lithological features after digitizing the final lithological map.The extracted structural lineaments are grouped into major systems mainly oriented NE-SW, and NW-SE. The NE-SW system is constituted by faults inherited from the Paleozoic basement. The NW-SE transverse system is constituted by faults newly developed during the Middle Liassic.

Measurement of wave propagation through a tube using dual transducers for elastography in arteries

Objective. Measuring waves induced with acoustic radiation force (ARF) in arteries has been studied over the last decade. To date, it remains a challenge to quantitatively assess the local arterial biomechanical properties. The cylindrical shape and waveguide behavior of waves propagating in the arterial wall pose complexities to determining the mechanical properties of the artery. Approach. In this paper, an artery-mimicking tube in water is examined utilizing three-dimensional measurements. The cross-section of the tube is measured while a transducer is translated over 41 different positions along the length of the tube. Motion in the radial direction is calculated using two components of motion which are measured from the two orthogonal views of the cross-section. This enables more accurate estimation of motion along the circumference of tube. Main results. The results provide more information to categorize the motion in tube wall into two types of responses: a transient response and a steady state response. The transient response is caused by ARF application and the waves travel along the length of the tube for a relatively short period of time. This corresponds to the axial and circumferential propagating waves. The two circumferential waves travel along the circumference of tube in CW (clockwise) and CCW (counter-clockwise) direction and result in a standing wave. By using a directional filter, the two waves were successfully separated, and their propagation was more clearly visualized. As a steady state response, a circumferential mode is generated showing a symmetric motion (i.e. the proximal and distal walls move in the opposite direction) following the transient response. Significance. This study provides a more comprehensive understanding of the waves produced in an artery-mimicking tube with ARF application, which will provide opportunities for improving measurement of arterial mechanical properties.

Frequency Division Multiplexer With Directional Filters in Multilayer LCP Films at - and -Band

A quasi-reflectionless frequency division multiplexer (FDM) with directional filters (DFs) in multilayer liquid crystal polymer (LCP) substrates is proposed for <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$E$ </tex-math></inline-formula> - and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$W$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -band applications. The in-series cascaded DFs are designed at 74, 84, and 94 GHz, each of which comprises two microstrip lines in the first layer, two pairs of coupling slots in the second layer, and loop resonators in the third layer. The distance between DFs is optimized for suppressing reflection and insertion losses, and the asymmetric distribution of DFs is designed to obtain a low profile. The experimental data demonstrate a 3-dB passband of 8.3%, 8.8%, and 9.7% centered at 74, 84, and 94 GHz, respectively, for the proposed FDM, showing a good match with the simulation. The corresponding insertion loss is measured as 3.63, 3.4, and 2.72 dB at 74, 84, and 94 GHz, respectively. The proposed device may find many applications in multiband and ultrawideband communication and radar systems.

New Targets of Potential Mining Interest Using Gravimetric and Satellite Data: Case Study of Hercynian Rehamna Massif, Morocco

The known mineralization in the Rehamna Massif is essentially vein type and linked to the presence of granitic bodies and pneumatolytic - hydrothermal fluid circulations. This part of western Moroccan Meseta, belongs to the Hercynian belt, was the seat of enormous mining productions mainly base metals during the 20th century. Subsequently, exploitations are ended with artisanal extractions, in relation to exploration decline. The present work aims to search for new favourable mining targets, using gravimetric and remote sensing data. Gravimetric data allowed us to delineate leucogranitic apexes of shallow depth. Data filtering and processing consist of separation between Regional and Residual fields from Bouguer anomaly, then, calculation of horizontal, vertical and tilt derivatives to get different gravity anomalies. A Satellite image is used to obtain structural lineaments of the study region through directional filters (N0°, N45°, N90°, N135°). These treatments, supported by field investigations, enabled us to discriminate potential areas, suitable for tactical mining exploration.

Tunable directional filter for mid-infrared optical transmission switching.

Controlling the spectral and angular response of infrared (IR) radiation is a challenging task of paramount importance to various emerging photonic applications. Here, we overcome these problems by proposing and analyzing a new design of a tunable narrowband directional optical transmission filter. The presented thermally controlled multilayer filter leverages the temperature dependent phase change properties of vanadium dioxide (VO2) to enable efficient and reversible fast optical switching by using a pump-probe laser excitation setup. More specifically, transmission is blocked for high intensity probe lasers due to the VO2 metallic properties induced at elevated temperatures while at low probe laser intensities high transmission through the filter occurs only for a narrowband IR range confined to near normal incident angles. The proposed multilayer composite dielectric filter is expected to have applications in optical communications, where it can act as dual functional infrared filter and optical switch.

A Directional Decomposition Method to Estimate the Reflection and Transmission of Nonlinear Internal Waves Over a Slope

AbstractMulti‐directional propagating nonlinear internal waves (NLIWs) create complex spatial patterns, often making it difficult to quantitatively estimate the reflection and dissipation processes of NLIW energy over a slope. To identify the onshore‐ and offshore‐going wave signals in a regional model, we apply a directional Fourier filter (DFF) method to clarify wave dynamics over varying slopes. First, a series of two‐dimensional analytical solutions of either solitons or NLIW packets are utilized. Next, two‐dimensional numerical experiments indicate that the rate of reflection (dissipation) of energy for the shoaling NLIWs is much lower (higher) than that for the shoaling internal tides over a slope, regardless of varying slope criticality and height. Finally, we apply the DFF method in a three‐dimensional non‐hydrostatic regional model (MITgcm) to directionally decompose the onshore‐ and offshore‐going internal waves (IWs) on the Australian North West Shelf. The model results show that mode‐1 incoming internal tides gradually steepen into NLIWs during the shoaling processes over the slope, and then the reflecting IWs are propagate offshore in the main form of linear IW beams. In addition, the reflectivity of IWs around the Imperieuse Reef is 60% and the offshore‐reflecting IWs quickly dissipate accompanied by an e‐folding length scale of ∼22 km.

Lithostructural Mapping Using Landsat OLI images and Field Investigations in the Oumjrane–Boukerzia Mining District, Eastern Anti-Atlas, Morocco

The application of remote sensing is considered to be highly efficient in the field of geology, particularly for mapping and discrimination between lithological units, as well as the identification of different surface minerals which enable the acquisition of all the optical and radar data needed to obtain more reliable and particular information, especially in inaccessible areas. Landsat 8 (Operational Land Imager) image bands, which include color compositions 7, 4, and 1, band ratios 7/5, 4/2, 3/1, and 6/3, 6/1, 5/2, Principal Component Analyses PC1, PC4, and PC3, and directional filtering at 0° (NS), 45° (NE–SW), and 90° (EW), were used to analyze the spectral characteristics of the lithological units of the study area and delineate the alteration zones which may contain significant concentrations of base metals. Combined with geological field observations, these data were integrated and analyzed in a geographic information system to establish a multi-criteria characterization of mineralized zones. Hence, the use of remote sensing contributed to the improvement and updating of available geological maps of the Oumjrane–Boukerzia area. Lineament extraction allowed for performed analyses of the structural elements that play a crucial role in the mineral distribution in the study area. Several of the targeted areas were examined in the field by selective sampling. Consequently, the results helped identify new mineralized zones with important mining potential which could be evaluated in the future through detailed geophysical and geochemical work.

Lineament Analysis by Using Remote Sensing and GIS Technique of Sangaw Area, Kurdistan Region, NE Iraq

Recently, structural lineaments have typically been increasingly emphasized in morphotectonic research because they are thought to be an excellent guide for determining tectonic settings and fracture zones in rocks. ERDAS Software was used to extract and analyze the lineaments within the Sangaw ‎area, which is located in the northeastern part of Iraq. This study employed a Digital Elevation Model from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission with a resolution of 30 meters. Directional filtering was used to extract the lineaments in four distinct directions (N-S, E-W, NE-SW, NW-SE). The overall trend’s direction of the lineaments is determined to be NW-SE, indicating that the area was succeeding the main tendency of Zagros folds. According to the density map of the lineaments, the low and medium-density lineaments occupy the main portion of the study area. The direction of the maximum tectonic stress and the rotation of the Arabian Plate counterclockwise led to the formation of joints in multiple directions, which were clarified by the system of lineaments’ relationships in harmony with the directions of the tectonic stresses and their contrast and effects. The field study showed high density and distinct activity in the study area of erosion and weathering processes as well as tectonic.

Landsat 8 oli Satellite Imagery Mapping and Analysis of Bedrock Fracture Networks in the Departments of Yamoussoukro and Toumodi (Central Cote d’Ivoire)

This study focuses on the departments of Yamoussoukro and Toumodi located in central Côte d'Ivoire where the problem of drinking water supply is a growing reality. Its objective is to map and analyze the fracturing likely to develop underground aquifers from Landsat 8 OLI data. The set of techniques (color composition, directional and gradient filters) used resulted in the enhancement of linear structures present on satellite images, allowing a better mapping of geological features. The linear map obtained, after the different treatments, is very dense and includes 2063 lineaments. The validation of these different linear structures was made on the basis of the drillings already carried out from the data of the geophysics. The analysis of the fracture networks emphasized two dominant directions, namely: N0°-10° (N-S) and N90°-100° (E-W), which highlights the heterogeneity of the geological formations. These results constitute an essential contribution to the exploitation of groundwater resources in the departments of Yamoussoukro and Toumodi.

Safely reducing unnecessary benign breast biopsies by applying non-mass and DWI directional variance filters to ADC thresholding

BackgroundThresholding apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps obtained from Diffusion-Weighted-Imaging (DWI) has been proposed for identifying benign lesions that can safely avoid biopsy. The presence of malignancies with high ADC values leads to high thresholds, limiting numbers of avoidable biopsies.PurposeWe evaluate two previously reported methods for identifying avoidable biopsies: using case-set dependent ADC thresholds that assure 100% sensitivity and using negative likelihood ratio (LR-) with a fixed ADC threshold of 1.50 × 10–3 mm2/s. We evaluated improvements in efficacy obtained by excluding non-mass lesions and lesions with anisotropic intra-lesion morphologic characteristics.Study typeProspective.Population55 adult females with dense breasts with 69 BI-RADS 4 or 5 lesions (38 malignant, 31 benign) identified on ultrasound and mammography and imaged with MRI prior to biopsy.Field strength/sequence1.5 T and 3.0 T. DWI.AssessmentAnalysis of DWI, including directional images was done on an ROI basis. ROIs were drawn on DWI images acquired prior to biopsy, referencing all available images including DCE, and mean ADC was measured. Anisotropy was quantified via variation in ADC values in the lesion core across directional DWI images.Statistical testsImprovement in specificity at 100% sensitivity was evaluated with exact McNemar test with 1-sided p-value < 0.05 indicating statistical significance.ResultsUsing ADC thresholding that assures 100% sensitivity, non-mass and directional variance filtering improved the percent of avoidable biopsies to 42% from baseline of 10% achieved with ADC thresholding alone. Using LR-, filtering improved outcome to 0.06 from baseline 0.25 with ADC thresholding alone. ADC thresholding showed a lower percentage of avoidable biopsies in our cohort than reported in prior studies. When ADC thresholding was supplemented with filtering, the percentage of avoidable biopsies exceeded those of prior studies.Data conclusionSupplementing ADC thresholding with filters excluding non-mass lesions and lesions with anisotropic characteristics on DWI can result in an increased number of avoidable biopsies.

GEOLOGICAL FEATURES IDENTIFIED FROM FIELD OBSERVATIONS AND REMOTE SENSING DATA ON THE UM TAGHIR AREA, EASTERN DESERT, EGYPT

The current study presents the integration between field observations and remotely sensed data for detection and extraction of geological structural features using Sentinel-2A and Aster DEM images. The area under investigation is represented by the Neoproterozoic East African Orogeny encompassing a part of the Arabian Nubian Shield. All the rock units studied belong to the Late Cryogenian-Ediacaran periods that are divided into two large terrains (continental arc terrain and oceanic arc terrain). The metagabbro and metavolcaniclastic rocks make up the oceanic terrain, while the gabbro, tonalite, granodiorite, dokhan volcanic, monzogranite and alkali feldspar granite comprise continental arc terrain. The Sentinel-2A remote sensing and ASTER DEM data have meaningful application in respect of geological interpretation. Lineament analysis is one of the most useful tools in geological mapping and mineral exploration. Several methods of processing and extracting lithological information and lineaments were applied to the Sentinel-2A and ASTER DEM data covering the present study. The methods include various image enhancements (FCC, MNF and PCA) and the application of directional filters (Sobel). The study results show that the area was subjected to stresses of various directions (WNW – ESE, NW-SE, NE-SW, N-S, NNE – SSW, and E-W). There occurred some important structure-related and mineralization events like migmatization (in granodiorites) and bearing mineralization (in gabbro), which are associated with major elements of evidence-based structural control of the area and with the proximity of the Quena Safaga shear zone-related mineralization.

Mapping of gold-related alteration minerals and linear structures using ASTER data in the Giyani Greenstone Belt, South Africa

This paper focuses on the mapping of alteration minerals and linear structures associated with gold mineralization in the Giyani Greenstone Belt (GGB). Spectral Information Divergence (SID) and Linear Spectral Unmixing (LSU) classification algorithms were applied to the ASTER data using image extracted endmember spectra which match the spectral profiles of predominant alteration minerals (biotite and calcite) related to gold mineralization in the GGB. Directional convolution filters were also applied to the ASTER data to extract structural lineaments that may be related to gold mineralization. In addition, Fry analysis of known gold occurrences in the GGB was conducted to determine the major distribution patterns along which gold mineralization have occurred. LSU and SID results show several pixels classified as alteration minerals corresponding to known gold occurrences. SID results also show minerals overlapping into the gneissic rock, which is a rare host of gold mineralization in the study area. On the other hand, LSU results show high abundances of calcite and biotite generally confined within the mafic-ultramafic greenstone rocks, which have been hypothesized as the source of gold-mineralized fluids in the GGB. In general, LSU show distinct broad regions classified as alteration minerals corresponding to known gold occurrences that have been previously reported to host these alteration minerals. Directional convolution filters enabled the extraction of predominately NE-SW oriented linear structures, including the major shear zone which is associated with gold mineralization in the GGB. Fry analysis revealed three major distribution patterns: N-S, NE-SW, ENE-WSW along which gold mineralization have occurred. These patterns correspond to major lineaments associated with gold mineralization reported in the previous structural studies of the GGB.

Landsat 8 Oli Satellite Imagery Mapping and Analysis of Bedrock Fracture Networks in the Departments of Yamoussoukro and Toumodi (Central Cote d’Ivoire)

This study focuses on the departments of Yamoussoukro and Toumodi located in central Côte d'Ivoire where the problem of drinking water supply is a growing reality. Its objective is to map and analyze the fracturing likely to develop underground aquifers from Landsat 8 OLI data. The set of techniques (color composition, directional and gradient filters) used resulted in the enhancement of linear structures present on satellite images, allowing a better mapping of geological features. The linear map obtained, after the different treatments, is very dense and includes 2063 lineaments. The validation of these different linear structures was made on the basis of the drillings already carried out, from the data of the geophysics. The analysis of the fracture networks has highlighted two dominant directions which are N0°-10° (N-S) and N90°-100° (E-W) highlighting the heterogeneity of the geological formations. These results constitute an essential contribution to the exploitation of groundwater resources in the departments of Yamoussoukro and Toumodi.

A Novel Technique For Enhancing Underwater Visibility Using Non-Local Stretch Directional Gradient

Owing to the many effects of the underwater medium, underwater images are often captured with a hazy quality. These effects are caused by suspended particles in the image forming phase, which cause light absorption and scattering. On account of these pictures with fluctuating levels of dimness and colour variation, traditional algorithms have several disadvantages. Underwater image enhancement’s main goal is to increase the clarity and contrast of underwater photographs in order to solve these issues. Our paper describes a novel technique by combining several algorithms characteristics for achieving the following goals: i) better scattering, (ii) grey world assumption, (iii) non-Local stretch Directional Gradient process. For example, a better scattering model would be better at modelling hazy scenes and overcoming the image illumination dimming effect. Second, for uniform visibility recovery on the captured picture, an appropriate gray world-assumption is used. Finally, the Non-Local stretch and Directional gradient filter work on the edge details and overall dual tone enhancement required for a high-quality picture. Simulation experiments indicate that the proposed methodology produces improved visual effects and has a greater impact on consistency metrics than other methods.

Blind Image Inpainting with Sparse Directional Filter Dictionaries for Lightweight CNNs

Blind inpainting algorithms based on deep learning architectures have shown a remarkable performance in recent years, typically outperforming model-based methods both in terms of image quality and run time. However, neural network strategies typically lack a theoretical explanation, which contrasts with the well-understood theory underlying model-based methods. In this work, we leverage the advantages of both approaches by integrating theoretically founded concepts from transform domain methods and sparse approximations into a CNN-based approach for blind image inpainting. To this end, we present a novel strategy to learn convolutional kernels that applies a specifically designed filter dictionary whose elements are linearly combined with trainable weights. Numerical experiments demonstrate the competitiveness of this approach. Our results show not only an improved inpainting quality compared to conventional CNNs but also significantly faster network convergence within a lightweight network design. Our code is available at https://github.com/cv-stuttgart/SDPF_Blind-Inpainting .

An Adaptive Image Fusion Algorithm in the NSST Based on CDF 9/7 for Neurodegenerative Diseases

The neurodegenerative disease such as: Parkinson's disease (PD), mild Alzheimer’s affects many people and has a serious influence on their life, With the quick advancement of computer-aided diagnostic (CAD) methods, early detection is crucial since effective treatment halts the spread of the disease. Image fusion is useful for medical diagnostics. In this paper we propose a multi-modality medical image fusion algorithm in NSST domain. Shearlets (NSST) are decomposed similarly to contourlets (NSCT), except that instead of applying the Laplacian pyramid followed by directional filtering, shearlets use a shear matrix. In this article the Biorthogonal CDF9/7 filter is applied in the shift-invariant shearlet filter banks, then the coefficients of low frequency bands are selected using maximum rule, and using the gradient in each subband high frequency image to motivate the modified pulse coupled neural networks (Modified PCNN). Finally reverse IHS to get the fused color image, all this to optimize the calculation performance and improve the characteristics of the fused image for medical diagnosis. Our approach was validated with several brain diseases modalities: Alzheimer’s…etc. The findings reveal that the suggested image fusion technique has a higher quality than those fused by previous algorithms existing.

Image Interpolation with Regional Gradient Estimation

This paper proposes an image interpolation method with regional gradient estimation (GEI) to solve the problem of the nonlinear interpolation method not sufficiently considering non-edge pixels. First, the approach presented in this paper expanded on the edge diffusion idea used in CGI and proposed a regional gradient estimation strategy to improve the problem of gradient calculation in the CGI method. Next, the gradient value was used to determine whether a pixel was an edge pixel. Then, a 1D directional filter was employed to process edge pixels while interpolating non-edge pixels using a 2D directionless filter. Finally, we experimented with various representative interpolation methods for grayscale and color images, including the one presented in this paper, and compared them in terms of subjective results, objective criteria, and computational complexity. The experimental results showed that GEI performed better than the other methods in an experiment concerning the visual effect, objective criteria, and computational complexity.

Structural lineament mapping of Central-Eastern high atlas, Morocco, using ASAR/Envisat and SAR/sentinel 1B data

The Central-Eastern part of the High Atlas is dominated by carbonate of Mesozoic age which is affected by the Alpine Orogeny. The deformation manifest in area by different geological structures. The analysis of these later lead to their classification in different category for understanding the geodynamic of the area. This study focuses to map structural lineaments in the Central-Eastern High Atlas using two types of Radar data: Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)/Sentinel 1B with polarization (VV + VH) and Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR)/Envisat with polarization (VV + HH). This research aims to demonstrate the utility of Radar data for extracting structural lineaments in carbonate deposits. In this work, two techniques of processing data are used: First, the automatic extraction technique, we are employing the Algorithm Line Module of PCI Geomatica program, after the enhancement of images by applying the mean Co-occurrence filter. Second, the manual extraction technique, it was accomplished by applying directional filters with four directions (N00°, N45°, N90° and N135°) in order to highlight linear structures, then trace the detected lineaments. The synthetic maps of structural lineaments are developed by the two techniques. They are validated by using the lithologic maps extracted from Landsat Operational Land Imager (OLI), the previous researches in the study area, shaded relief extracted from ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM), and field investigation data. The results present a good correlation between the direction of structural lineaments extracted from the satellite images and the field measurements. Therefore, the directions of lineaments extracted are N-S and E-W, NE-SW and NW-SE, especially the abundance of the direction N-S. This last one is perpendicular with the major faults. The density of structural lineaments in the study area is controlled particularly by the lithological nature and dynamic evolution, where the concentration is high in the Liassic carbonates. The geostatistical and spatial distribution of the structural lineaments led us to conclude that different tectonic factors are responsible for the distribution of lineaments in the surface of the study area. The comparison of two types of radar data shows that Envisat data is more efficient in the manual extraction than Sentinel 1B data. However, Sentinel 1B data is more efficient in the automatic extraction than Envisat data. This work identifies several families of structural lineaments which can be determined the tectonic phases of the Alpine orogeny affected the intracontinental Atlas basin.

A Pixel-Based Machine-Learning Model For Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Vitreous Anatomy.

PurposeTo develop a machine-learning image processing model for three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of vitreous anatomy visualized with swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT).MethodsHealthy subjects were imaged with SS-OCT. Scans of sufficient quality were transferred into the Fiji is just ImageJ image processing toolkit, and proportions of the resulting stacks were adjusted to form cubic voxels. Image-averaging and Trainable Weka Segmentation using Sobel and variance edge detection and directional membrane projections filters were used to enhance and interpret the signals from vitreous gel, liquid spaces within the vitreous, and interfaces between the former. Two classes were defined: “Septa” and “Other.” Pixels were selected and added to each class to train the classifier. Results were generated as a probability map. Thresholding was performed to remove pixels that were classified with low confidence. Volume rendering was performed with TomViz.ResultsForty-seven eyes of 34 healthy subjects were imaged with SS-OCT. Thirty-four cube scans from 25 subjects were of sufficient quality for volume rendering. Clinically relevant vitreous features including the premacular bursa, area of Martegiani, and prevascular vitreous fissures and cisterns, as well as varying degrees of vitreous degeneration were visualized in 3D.ConclusionsA machine-learning model for 3D vitreous reconstruction of SS-OCT cube scans was developed. The resultant high-resolution 3D movies illustrated vitreous anatomy in a manner like triamcinolone-assisted vitrectomy or postmortem dye injection.Translational RelevanceThis machine learning model now allows for comprehensive examination of the vitreous structure beyond the vitreoretinal interface in 3D with potential applications for common disease states such as the vitreomacular traction and Macular Hole spectrum of diseases or proliferative diabetic retinopathy.