Velocity Direction Research Articles

Impacts of wind forcing on microplastics kinematic in a sensitive water area.

Microplastics (MPs) have been found in different environmental department globally, and the threat to organisms posed by MPs is also widely recognized. Kinematic characteristics of low-density fiber MPs in Poyang Lake under different due-south wind were calculated by combining hydrodynamic model with particle tracking model in this study. Poyang Lake is divided into north lake and south lake for study based on its topographic and hydrodynamic characteristics, and the results are as follows: the critical wind speeds causing vertical mixing of MPs in the water column ranges from 6 to 9m·s-1 in the north lake, while it is >9m·s-1 in the south lake, and the MPs beaching rate decreases by 7.08%/(m·s-1) as the due-south wind speed increases. The MPs speed is mainly affected by surface current, while the direction of the velocity is more affected by wind. The MPs velocity in the south lake is only 27.10% of that in the north lake, and the direction is more dispersed, so the due-south wind concentrates the direction of MPs velocity more to the north in the south lake. The northern wards movement of MPs resulted in a noticeable decrease in FS in the south lake, with FS decreasing by 0.10 for every 1m·s-1 increase in wind speed, and therefore, the due-south wind reduces the ecological risk posed by MPs through reducing the range of movement and retention time. However, since the FS in the north lake has been close to the minimum value of 1, the reduction of the FS is not significant, and the wind reduces the risk mainly by shortening the retention time of the MPs. Therefore, the ecological risk caused by MPs in Poyang Lake under no or weak wind conditions should be taken into consideration.

Energy circulation associated with interannual waves in the tropical-subtropical Pacific

The present study has investigated interannual variations in the tropical-subtropical Pacific Ocean by applying Helmholtz decomposition to wave energy fluxes to indicate the direction of group velocity. The main source of energy is located in the central equatorial Pacific Ocean, while the anticyclonic and cyclonic circulation of wave energy appears in the western and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, respectively. In the western basin, the anticyclonic circulation of wave energy is overridden at low and mid-latitude regions by the westward transfer of wave energy associated with the energy flux potential. Regional averages of the energy flux streamfunction and energy-flux potential associated with El Niño and La Niña events are similar to each other and show a quadratic dependence on the observed Niño-3 index. For example, the regional average of the energy-flux potential associated with the wind input in the central Pacific Ocean may be regressed as 0.72 ∆T2 + 0.31 (in giga watts), where ∆T is the sea surface temperature anomaly (in degrees Celsius) associated with the Niño-3 index. The symmetry between El Niño and La Niña events is owing to the fact that the wave energy quantities do not differentiate between upwelling and downwelling (Kelvin) waves.

The Speed-Time-Space Structure Curve (Kepler's Law)

According to Einstein everybody make a curve in space. This curve is the case of gravity. A large body make a large curve. If the body is in velocity than space time curve should be small in the direction of velocity and large in the opposite direction.

Spatial numerical bias in acute vestibular neuritis.

Number magnitude is often represented spatially in the mind by a mental number line, on which small numbers are located to the left of space and large numbers to the right. As vestibular dysfunction can affect aspects of spatial cognition, we wondered whether patients with acute vestibular loss would show a directional bias along the mental number line. We gave 18 patients with vestibular neuritis (VN) (eight left VN, ten right; mean age 54years, range 31-75years; four females) and 15 normal age- and education-matched controls (mean age 47years, range 26-75years; 11 females) a mental number bisection task. The patients with left VN underestimated the middle number (mean sum of signed errors -3.3, SE 1.5), while patients with right VN overestimated it (mean 1.9, SE 0.7). The direction of effect aligned with the direction of slow phase velocity. The results for the normal controls fell in between the two patient groups, and represented an underestimate of the middle number (mean -1.5, SE 0.8). In the patients, the effect was greater without visual fixation and in the acute stage compared to 1 or 2weeks later. The error rates were similar across all groups and conditions. Our results show that acute vestibular loss produces a temporary directional bias in numerical processing that is only present in the absence of visual cues. The effect is similar to that seen in patients with visuospatial neglect.

GNSS VELOCITY AND STRAIN FIELD IN THE NORTHERN SUMATRA 15 YEARS AFTER THE 2004 M9.2 SUMATRA ANDAMAN EARTHQUAKE

The 2004 M9.2 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake in the tectonically active northern Sumatra, could generate postseismic deformation up to a recent period and needs to be considered for earthquake potential study. The GNSS velocities before and 15 years after the earthquake were used to obtain preliminary indicator of whether the postseismic deformation still takes place. Recent velocities were calculated from the horizontal coordinate time series that is obtained using Bernese GNSS software version 5.2. To do this, a comparison was made of velocities and strain rates over two periods. The velocities of 5.5 to 40.5 mm/yr and the strain rate up to 47.2 μstrain/yr were obtained from the recently acquired GNSS data. The pattern for the two-period values can be defined where the direction of vector velocities is trenchward, and extensional behavior occurs more often in the northern area. This indicates that postseismic deformation still occurs therein even 15 years after the earthquake.

Estimation of tsunami direction and horizontal velocity field from tsunami magnetic field.

During tsunamis, the interaction between moving seawater and the Earth's magnetic field generates a magnetic field detectable by electromagnetic sensors located on land or on the seafloor. In this study, we introduce new methods for estimating tsunami propagation direction and horizontal velocity fields using tsunami magnetic field data. We derive a transfer function that establishes a relationship between the tsunami magnetic field and the velocity field, emphasizing the alignment between the horizontal magnetic field and the tsunami's propagation direction. This transfer function was validated with data from the 2009 Samoa and 2010 Chile tsunamis. Our findings show that tsunami horizontal velocities and directions can be accurately determined from these magnetic fields. This advancement enables the use of tsunami magnetic fields to provide comprehensive data for tsunami warning systems and to improve the inversion of tsunami seismic sources.This article is part of the theme issue 'Magnetometric remote sensing of Earth and planetary oceans'.

Performance of Steel Beams reinforced by CFRP Sheets with Fire-Retardant Coating

The objective of this study was to determine the physical, mechanical, and chemical aspects of bonding and priming Fire-Retardant Coatings (FRCs) to steel surfaces before and after fire testing. Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) have been used to strengthen steel components. Certain types of polymer systems have demonstrated high fire retardancy without additives, while others require additives to achieve optimum fire resistance. A wide range of compounds are available to enhance the fire retardant properties of these materials, characterized by their chemical nature and behavior (such as halogenated, metal complex, silicon-based, and phosphorus additives) and mode of action (either condensed or gas-phase active systems).This article provides a comprehensive overview of fire retardant additives for CFRP used in various large-scale applications, including the aerospace, automotive, railway, electronics, and civil engineering industries, as well as their fire retardant mechanisms at the microscopic, macroscopic, and nanoscale levels. In addition to fire retardant properties, this study also discusses the effects of additives on other material parameters and coatings, such as glass transition temperature, mechanical performance, and FRP processability. The primary focus is on thermoset systems, with a brief mention of thermoplastics according to the matrix compounds relevant to the FRP market size. Test results show that the direct velocity ultrasonic value varied between 3.016 and 3.618 km/s, giving an estimated compressive strength of 15.974 MPa. The standard deviation was 0.533 km/s with a relative standard deviation of 16.407%.

On the fluid dynamics of spin-over in a partially filled cylinder

This work provides a comprehensive account of the flow within a cylinder with a free surface and an intermediate aspect ratio (liquid height to cylinder radius, L/R=0.5), undergoing spin-over: the rotation of the entire cylinder about its vertical axis is impulsively reversed from solid body rotation to the same angular velocity in the opposite direction. The transient unstable fluid flow arising from this has not previously been characterized. This study employs two-dimensional, two-component particle image velocimetry, planar laser-induced fluorescence, and three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics side by side to capture the spin-over process in full. A thorough investigation of the fluid flow established within the bulk of the fluid, as well as in the endwall and sidewall boundary layers, is provided to reveal the intricate interplay between those regions in time. The investigation goes through the various flow stages during spin-over, including the primary and secondary endwall boundary layer separations, the generation of type I/type II waves, and the behavior of the Taylor–Görtler vortices in the sidewall boundary layer, as well as the late-stage establishment of geostrophic flow through Ekman pumping. The impact of increasing the Reynolds number, Re, and Froude number, Fr, is also investigated (2504<Re<25 043; 0.02<Fr<1.07), shedding light on secondary endwall boundary layer separations and the onset of three-dimensional turbulence. The findings have implications for diverse fields, from the fluid dynamics in rotating bioreactors to geophysical and astrophysical systems.

Recent Advancements in the Emission Characteristics of Forest Ground Smoldering Combustion

The occurrence of forest ground smoldering combustion has been increasingly frequent in recent years, resulting in significant emissions that have a detrimental impact on the ecological environment. Current research on smoldering emissions, however, is relatively scarce and fragmented across the fields of ecology, environmental protection, medicine, and forestry. The present paper offers a comprehensive review of the research methodologies employed in emissions, emission quantification results, the correlation between emissions and fire behaviors, and the potential for identifying smoldering combustion through emissions. Due to various factors such as the research region, characteristics of the samples, and experimental methods, it becomes challenging to arrive at comprehensive and accurate conclusions regarding the carbon cycle, dynamics of smoke plumes, and toxicological hazards. The limited research on the correlation between emissions and fire behaviors hampers the development and application of smoldering combustion identification technology based on emissions. It is suggested that standardized and universal methods for studying emissions should be popularized among researchers. In addition, the research on the correlation between emission characteristics and combustion temperature, spread direction, and spread velocity needs to be further strengthened.

Spatial and directional tuning of serial dependence for tracking eye movements.

An attractive influence of past sensory experience on current behavior has been observed in many domains ranging from perceptual decisions to motor responses. However, it is unclear what sort of information is integrated across trials, especially for oculomotor behavior. Here we provide a detailed investigation of the spatial and directional tuning of serial dependence for oculomotor tracking. Across multiple experiments, we measured oculomotor responses to sequences of movements: the first movement (prior) could move at different velocities (5deg/s or 15deg/s), and could vary in its spatial location or direction relative to the following movement. The second movement (probe) was constant across all experiments and moved at 10deg/s. We observed that eye velocity for the probe was faster when following the fast prior compared to following the slow prior, replicating attractive serial dependence. Importantly, this effect stayed consistent for distances of up to 30deg between prior and probe, indicating a retinotopic reference frame. When we manipulated the direction of the prior, we observed that the influence of the prior on eye velocity, as well as eye direction, was stronger for prior directions more similar to the probe direction, and the magnitude of the effect on eye velocity and eye direction was correlated. Across all experiments, we observed that even when the prior moved in the opposite direction, there was a residual attractive effect. This suggests that serial dependence for oculomotor tracking consists of two components, one retinotopic, direction-tuned component and one more general component that is not direction specific.

Swirling instability of viscous liquid jets with axial shear effect in gas surroundings

Linear instability analysis of a viscous swirling liquid jet surrounded by ambient gas is carried out by considering the significant influence of axial shear effect. The jet azimuthal flow is assumed as a Rankine vortex, and the non-uniform velocity distribution in the jet axial direction is approximated by parabolic and error functions. The enhancement of jet rotation is found to promote the predominant mode with larger azimuthal wavenumbers, and the mode transition is decided by the competition between centrifugal force and axial shear stress. Subsequently, the influence of the axial shear effect is examined through changing the degree of shear stress and the thickness of the gas velocity boundary layer. It is found that an increase of jet average velocity or surface velocity in the axial direction leads to the predominant mode transition to smaller azimuthal wavenumbers, due to the combined effects of shear stress and gas pressure perturbation. A larger velocity difference between ambient gas and liquid jet also promotes the predominant modes with smaller azimuthal wavenumbers, and the physical mechanism is attributed to gas pressure perturbation. Phase diagrams of different azimuthal modes are given and compared with the study of Kubitschek & Weidman (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 572, 2007, pp. 261–286), where a static swirling column without axial shear stress was considered. The strengthened axial shear effect is found to delay the transition of predominant modes with the increase of angular velocity. Experimental studies considering the swirling jets with different axial velocities are further carried out, which validate the theoretical findings. Different instability mechanisms and their transition rules are also identified through energy budget analysis. This study is expected to give scientific guidance on understanding the instability mechanisms of the swirling jets that widely exist in natural phenomena and engineering applications.

Multiscale Investigation of Liquid Imbibition on an Electrodeposited Rough Surface.

Hydrophilic and superhydrophilic surfaces are often used in various applications, such as biomedical surface modification, heat pipe design, lab-on-chip devices, microelectronic structure design, etc. Deposition of molecules on surfaces and chemical modification of the surface are two of the frequently adopted techniques to fabricate hydrophilic surfaces. However, achieving controlled and precise surface roughness is an expensive process, and the multiscale nature of liquid imbibition on rough surfaces complicates the system's physics. To address this challenge, we propose an alternative approach for creating controlled rough surfaces by electrodeposition of copper ions on copper electrodes, explore the influence of various length scales encountered in roughened surfaces, ranging from micrometers to angstroms, and examine the associated physics. The microscale roughnesses are controlled by adjusting the deposition time. A molecular level investigation is employed to probe the intriguing physics of liquid imbibition on the created rough surface. The molecular analysis of droplet contact line dynamics, including the contact angle and footprint radius, shows qualitative alignment with the real systems. Additionally, this study provides new insights into the flow velocities during imbibition within surface asperities at the molecular level. Directional velocities, such as axially downward and horizontally outward flows, which are otherwise challenging to measure experimentally, are also evaluated on a molecular scale. These findings provide a fundamental understanding of the intricate phenomena of liquid spreading and imbibition on metallic surfaces with randomly distributed rough textures, deepened by molecular-scale insights. The agreement, on a qualitative scale, between the experiments and simulations is successfully established, providing a fundamental understanding of the complex phenomena of water droplet imbibition dynamics on an electrodeposited surface.

Active motion can be beneficial for target search with resetting in a thermal environment.

Stochastic resetting has recently emerged as an efficient target-searching strategy in various physical and biological systems. The efficiency of this strategy depends on the type of environmental noise, whether it is thermal or telegraphic (active). While the impact of each noise type on a search process has been investigated separately, their combined effects have not been explored. In this work, we explore the effects of stochastic resetting on an active system, namely a self-propelled run-and-tumble particle immersed in a thermal bath. In particular, we assume that the position of the particle is reset at a fixed rate with or without reversing the direction of self-propelled velocity. Using standard renewal techniques, we compute the mean search time of this active particle to a fixed target and investigate the interplay between active and thermal fluctuations. We find that the active search can outperform the Brownian search when the magnitude and flipping rate of self-propelled velocity are large and the strength of environmental noise is small. Notably, we find that the presence of thermal noise in the environment helps reduce the mean first passage time of the run-and-tumble particle compared to the absence of thermal noise. Finally, we observe that reversing the direction of self-propelled velocity while resetting can also reduce the overall search time.

Effects of laminar burning velocity to friction velocity ratio on turbulent premixed flame-wall interaction within turbulent boundary layers

Direct numerical simulation of flame-wall interaction (FWI) for two flame configurations under different laminar burning velocity to nonreacting wall friction velocity ratio, SL/uτNR, have been performed. The first configuration considered is a V-flame in a turbulent channel flow with isothermal inert walls and represents oblique wall interaction. The second configuration is representative of head-on interaction (HOI) of a planar flame interacting with a wall in a fully developed turbulent boundary layer. In the case of the V-flame with SL/uτNR=0.4, a smaller flame angle is obtained when compared with that of the V-flame with SL/uτNR=0.7. This is a consequence of the differences in the turbulent burning velocities between the two V-flame cases, where the case with SL/uτNR=0.4 has a lower turbulent burning velocity when compared with that of the case with SL/uτNR=0.7. By contrast, the ratio of turbulent to laminar burning velocity is higher for the SL/uτNR=0.4 HOI case when compared to the corresponding HOI case with SL/uτNR=0.7. The flame orientations with respect to the streamwise component of velocity and wall-normal direction in addition to the SL/uτNR values have been found to have a significant impact on the variations of wall heat flux, wall shear stress, and wall friction velocity in premixed FWI within turbulent boundary layers. The behaviors of nondimensional streamwise velocity, u+, and nondimensional temperature using wall units, T+, have also been investigated for different SL/uτNR ratios and it is found that the standard log-law profiles in the case of u+ and T+ are not valid for the two configurations and the two SL/uτNR ratios considered. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Structural and dynamic characteristics of horseshoe vortex systems in front of rigid vegetation inclined upstream under conditions of overland flow

Inclined angle significantly impacts horseshoe vortex (HV) system and subsequent flow events upstream of vegetation stems, which are crucial for understanding of erosion mechanisms and geodynamics. Flume experiments were conducted to investigate dynamic characteristics of horseshoe vortex (HV) system upstream of inclined rigid vegetation stems under shallow overland flow conditions. Five inclination angles (10°, 20°, 30°, 40°, 50°) were tested alongside a vertical column (0°) across four low Reynolds number conditions (ReD = 2995–4639). Using high-precision particle image velocimetry (PIV) system, we measured the flow field in upstream symmetry plane of the cylinder. Then time-averaged primary HV features were analyzed in terms of the location, radius, vorticity, swirling strength, flow direction and vertical velocity. The increasing inclination angle weakens the formation of the HV system. This is evident in the decrease of vorticity and swirling strength, as well as the gradual diffusion and eventual rupture of the HV system. In the horizontal direction, the primary HV gradually moves away from the cylinder, with minimal vertical impact. The radius of the main HV is positively correlated with the tilt angle, while vorticity and rotation intensity are negatively correlated. We also examined the time-resolved characteristics of the velocity components. The probability density functions (PDFs) of streamwise and vertical velocity components show asymmetric double peaks, indicating two high-frequency events: backflow and downwelling. Linear random estimation revealed that the backflow event is driven by a high-momentum counter current passing through the primary HV, which is mainly dominated by a backflow mode, while the downwelling event arises from low-momentum fluid that cannot penetrate the HV, dominated by a zero-flow mode. These two modes exhibited minimum and maximum time percentages within the current time range, highlighting erosion dynamics from the perspectives of flow event frequency and momentum theory.

Study on the safe landing of a crew module considering horizontal velocity using a DEM-FEM coupling algorithm

Due to the influence of shallow wind and reverse thrust on the ground, the horizontal velocity of the crew module poses a threat to its safety during landing. To address this issue, the discrete element and finite element coupling algorithm is used to investigate the landing process of the crew module with horizontal velocity in this paper. Firstly, the discrete element model of the soil at the designated landing site and the finite element model of the crew module structure are established. Subsequently, the discrete element-finite element coupling algorithm of the interaction between the soil and the crew module is applied. The above model is used to analyze the influence of horizontal velocity on the crew module landing process in vertical and inclined landing. The results indicate that the horizontal velocity significantly affects the landing process of the crew module during vertical landing. Additionally, during inclined landing, the dynamic characteristics of the crew module are compared under three working conditions: the horizontal velocity direction is the same as the oblique direction of the crew module, the reverse direction and the vertical direction. When the horizontal velocity direction aligns with the oblique direction of the crew module, the influence of horizontal velocity on the landing process is relatively minor. However, when the horizontal velocity opposes the oblique direction of the crew module, it has a more substantial influence on the impact force and the displacement of the crew module. The research results provide valuable theoretical insights to ensure the safe landing of the crew module.

Novel method to estimate horizontal variability of shear wave velocity through multichannel analysis of surface waves

Scale of fluctuations (SOFs) of spatially variable soil properties have been regarded as one of the important parameters for performing reliability-based design in geotechnical engineering. However, the information required to estimate the SOFs in practice is limited, especially in the horizontal direction. In this study, the potential use of Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) to estimate the SOFs of shear wave velocity (VS) in horizontal direction is investigated through a series of numerical investigations. 2D random field models with a vertically increasing trend of VS were first simulated with different levels of variability controlled by the coefficient of variation (COV) and SOF. Afterwards, a large number of numerical MASW tests were performed using a 2D finite difference method, where the survey lines were progressively shifted. Results show that the COV of VS can be determined from the scatter of the dispersion curves, whereas the horizontal SOF of VS can be appropriately estimated from the phase velocity profile presented in the wavelength form. Additionally, in-situ MASW tests were conducted to estimate the horizontal SOF, and the obtained results align with those estimated by different methods. It is highlighted that the accuracy of the estimation depends on survey length. The interpretation using a long array reflects an averaged site condition of the survey area, thus losing the variability information. Favorable predictions are produced when survey length is shorter than 1.0 SOF. However, it should be noted that use of short survey length may limit the depth of investigation.

Impact of Thermal Energy on Water and Ethylene Glycol (50:50)-Based Rotating Hybrid Nanofluid Past A Riga Surface with Radiation, Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Reactions

Hybrid nanofluid is crucial in improving the efficiency of heat transmission in thermal engineering applications, particularly the cooling of electrical equipment, heat exchangers, fuel cells, printing machines, etc. This study sought to investigate the augmentation of heat and mass transmission by the use of a rotating hybrid nanofluid consisting of a mixture of gold and silver nanoparticles suspended in water and ethylene glycol (50:50) past a heated Riga surface with velocity slip and suction. The energy equation is constructed using nonlinear radiation and heat consumption. The impact of both homogeneous and heterogeneous processes on the hybrid nanofluid is also explored. The governing mathematical model begins with partial differential equations that are converted into ordinary differential equations using a suitable conversion technique. The results of numerical computations are recorded as graphs and tables using the bvp4c scheme in MATLAB. It is noticed that both directional velocities undergo significant negative changes as a result of enhanced values of the rotational parameter. The higher levels of the radiation parameter resulted in significant enhancements in the thermal profile. The falling behavior of the nanoparticle concentration profile is recorded against a greater quantity of both chemical reaction parameters. Based on our analysis, when the Biot number changes from 0.4 to 0.8, the most significant heat transmission gradient occurs.

The Peculiarities of Acoustic Normal Waves Propagation in Thin Porous Sheets of Thermally Expanded Graphite

Thermally expanded graphite belongs to a new class of graphite materials with unique physical, chemical and mechanical properties. Acoustic wave velocity is one of the most important characteristics for study of porous materials including thin porous sheets of thermally expanded graphite. In this paper peculiarities of symmetric mode S0 Lamb wave propagation and SH-wave with horizontal polarization in sheets of thermally expanded graphite are experimentally investigated. To determine their velocities a differential measurement scheme on the base of a low-frequency acoustic flaw detector DIO1000 LF and specialized piezoelectric transducers with dry point contact was used. Additionally the longitudinal wave velocity in direction of sheet thickness was determined using piezoelectric transducers based on polyvinylidene fluoride. Indicatrices of normal wave velocities in the rolling plane were plotted and it was shown that the maximum acoustic anisotropy is characteristic for the S0-mode. The velocity minimum corresponds to the longitudinal direction of the rolling plane in which the maximum elongation of gas pores was observed. Influence of thickness and density of thermally expanded graphite sheets on the velocities of normal waves was investigated and presence of the thickness range where the minimum velocity values were observed due to the maximum inhomogeneity of layers formed in the rolling process. Method for determination of dynamic elastic moduli of porous thermally expanded graphite sheets using experimentally measured velocities of normal waves was proposed. It was shown that in the longitudinal direction of the rolling plane the Poisson's ratio took negative values which allow to attribute the specified material to auxetics ones.

CSF flow measurement in the mesencephalic aqueduct using 2D cine phase-contrast MRI in dogs with communicating internal hydrocephalus, ventriculomegaly, and physiologic ventricular spaces.

Brachycephalic dogs are overrepresented with ventricular enlargement. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow dynamics are not completely understood. MRI techniques have been used for the visualization of CSF dynamics including phase-contrast imaging. This study aimed to determine a causality between CSF flow and ventriculomegaly or hydrocephalus and to compare CSF flow dynamics among dogs with ventriculomegaly, internal hydrocephalus, and physiologic ventricles. A total of 51 client-owned dogs were included in the study. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based FLASH sequences and phase-contrast images of the brain were obtained, and the ROI was placed at the level of the mesencephalic aqueduct. ECG monitoring was performed parallel to MRI acquisition. Evaluation of flow diagrams and processing of phase-contrast images were performed using commercially available software (Argus VA80A, Siemens AG Healthcare Sector, Erlangen, Germany). Dogs were divided into three groups: Group 1 consisted of brachycephalic dogs with ventriculomegaly (group 1A) or internal hydrocephalus (group 1B), group 2 consisted of brachycephalic dogs with normal ventricles, and group 3 consisted of meso- to dolichocephalic dogs with normal ventricles. Group 1 had a higher median Vrost (4.32 cm/s; CI: 2.94-6.33 cm/s) and Vcaud (-6.1 cm/s, CI: 3.99-9.33 cm/s) than group 2 (Vrost: 1.99 cm/s; CI 1.43-2.78 cm/s; Vcaud: 2.91 cm/s, CI: 2.01-4.21 cm/s; p = 0.008; p = 0.03) and group 3 (Vrost:1.85 cm/s, CI: 1.31-2.60 cm/s; Vcaud - 2.46 cm/s, CI 1.68-3.58 cm/s; p = 0.01; p = 0.02). The median Volcaud of group 1 (-0.23 mL/min, CI: 0.13-0.42 mL/min) was higher than that of group 2 (-0.09 mL/min, CI: 0.05 mL/min and 0.15 mL/min) (p = 0.03). Groups 1A and 1B did not differ in Vcaud, Vrost, Volcaud, and Volrost. Group 1A and 1B showed a higher median Vrost (4.01 cm/s, CI: 2.30-7.05 cm/s; 5.94 cm/s, CI: 2.16-7.88 cm/s) than group 2 (1.85 cm/s, CI: 1.24-2.80 cm/s.) (p = 0.03; p = 0.004). Increased CSF flow velocities in rostral and caudal directions are present in dogs with ventriculomegaly and internal hydrocephalus compared to normal controls.