Direction Of Vector Research Articles

Electrophysical properties, memristive and resistive switching of charged domain walls in lithium niobate

Charged domain walls (CDWs) in ferroelectric materials raise both fundamental and practical interest due to their electrophysical properties differing from bulk ones. On a microstructure level, CDWs in ferroelectrics are 2D defects separating regions with different spontaneous polarization vector directions. Screening of electric field of the CDW's bound ionic charges by mobile carriers leads to the formation of elongated narrow channels with an elevated conductivity in initially dielectric materials. Controlling the position and inclination angle of CDW relative to the spontaneous polarization direction, one can change its conductivity over a wide range thus providing good opportunities for developing memory devices, including neuromorphic systems. This review describes the state of art in the formation and application of CDWs in single crystal uniaxial ferroelectric lithium niobate (LiNbO3, LN), as resistive and memristive switching devices. The main CDWs formation methods in single crystal and thin-film LN have been described, and modern data have been presented on the electrophysical properties and electrical conductivity control methods of CDWs. Prospects of CDWs application in resistive and memristive switching memory devices have been discussed.

Automated Lane-Level Road Geometry Estimation Using Microscopic Trajectory Data

Vehicle trajectory data is in high demand for transportation research due to its rich detail. Lane information is an important aspect of trajectory data, which is typically obtained using sensors such as cameras or LiDAR, which are able to extract road lane features. However, some sensors for trajectory tracking (e.g., MMW radar sensors) are unable to provide lane information. Vehicle detection and trajectory tracking systems based on these sensing technologies can integrate with lane information through manual calibration during initial installation, but this process is labor-intensive and requires frequent recalibration as the sensors gradually become deviated by wind and vibration. This has posed a challenge for trajectory tracking, particularly for real-time applications. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a method for estimating lane-level road geometrics using microscopic trajectory data. The method involves segmenting the trajectory points using direction vectors and clustering them and fitting a series of cluster center points. The mean error (ME) of the distance between the estimated result and the ground truth reference is used to measure the accuracy of the lane-level road geometrics estimation in different conditions. Results show that when the average trajectory data includes at least approximately 30 points per meter in each segment, the ME is always less than 0.1 m. The method has also been tested on MMW wave radar data and found to be effective. This demonstrates the feasibility of our approach for dynamic calibration of road alignment in vehicle trajectory tracking systems.

Improved performance and robustness of synchronous reluctance machine control using an advanced sliding mode and direct vector control

AbstractThis article focuses on improving the control approach for a synchronous reluctance motor (SynRM) drive powered by a two‐level pulse width modulation (PWM) inverter. While classical sliding mode control (SMC) has been extensively used in control system design, it comes with various drawbacks such as pronounced chattering effects, considerable transient state errors, and reduced robustness. These limitations hinder its practical applicability. To enhance the performance of the SynRM, this paper introduces a novel strategy that combines direct vector control (DVC) with advanced sliding mode control (ASMC), here referring to third‐order sliding mode command (TOSMC), for regulating speed and dq‐axis stator currents. The primary objective of this approach is to achieve precise and efficient control while minimizing total harmonic distortion (THD) in current and reducing output torque fluctuations. Notably, this strategy capitalizes on the strengths of TOSMC and DVC. The efficacy of the proposed control scheme is verified through two sets of thorough simulations realized in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The first set of simulations encompasses the load–torque test, where the motor is subjected to two different levels of load torque. The results from these tests showcase the control scheme's performance under varying load conditions. The second set of simulations involves the speed variation test, where intentional changes are applied to the motor's speed. This test assesses the control approach's ability to handle dynamic speed changes effectively. The proposed control strategy is further compared with conventional control methods, including proportional–integral and second‐order sliding mode command (SOSMC) controls. The results consistently demonstrate the superior performance of the novel approach in terms of accurate control, robustness, and overall stability. The combination of DVC and TOSMC offers a promising avenue for achieving enhanced motor control in the presence of load disturbances and speed variations.

On the Problem of Observing the Maximum of a Superposition Wave Field A.

The well-known Laue condition determining the intensity maximums of diffracted on an ideal crystal structure plane wave is discussed. It is proved that the Laue conditions, which are restrictions imposed on the values of the scattering wave vector, is more correctly to be considered as a pair of two conditions. The first conditions relate to the wave vector of an incident wave and the second conditions relate to the wave vector of an observation direction. In other words, to observe the maximums, it is not enough that only the difference (the scattering wave vector) of these two vectors satisfies the Laue condition. To observe the maximums, it is necessary that each of these vectors separately, i.e. the wave vector of the incident wave and the wave vector of the observation direction, satisfy the Laue condition. It is shown that such a doubling of the maximums conditions leads to a decrease in the number of observed maximums compared to the condition imposed only on the scattering wave vector.

Effect of coating submicron-sized La2O3 particles on regulating grain structure and mechanical properties of 6061 aluminum alloy CMT welded joints

In order to further optimize the microstructure and obtain desirable mechanical properties of cold metal transfer (CMT) welded aluminum alloys joints, this study investigated the effect of coating submicron-sized La2O3 particles on the CMT welded joints of 6061 aluminum alloy. The results showed that the introduction of La2O3 particles improved the welded wettability. However, it did not form any strengthening phase or had a grain refining effect. The introduction of La2O3 at the grain boundaries exhibited a significant segregation phenomenon, accompanied by a tendency for consistent grain orientation. To quantify this effect, the misorientation crack factor (M) was introduced, and the analysis was conducted using a combination of electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The deposition of La2O3 particles at the grain boundaries resulted in increased energy storage due to the grain size effect. As a consequence, the high energy storage region decreased the primary slip plane normal (s→) and the unit vector of the primary slip direction (n→). The reduction in misorientation crack factor was achieved by the addition of La2O3 particles, reducing the dislocation density. The combination of these two factors effectively prevented cracking behavior. Coating the welded joints with the submicron-sized La2O3 particles resulted in a 35.7% increase in their average tensile strength, and the softened area of the welded joint exhibited significant improvements in hardness comparing with that of joints before coating La2O3 particles.

Benefiting From Single-Objective Feature Selection to Multiobjective Feature Selection: A Multiform Approach.

Evolutionary multiobjective feature selection (FS) has gained increasing attention in recent years. However, it still faces some challenges, for example, the frequently appeared duplicated solutions in either the search space or the objective space lead to the diversity loss of the population, and the huge search space results in the low search efficiency of the algorithm. Minimizing the number of selected features and maximizing the classification performance are two major objectives in FS. Usually, the fitness function of a single-objective FS problem linearly aggregates these two objectives through a weighted sum method. Given a predefined direction (weight) vector, the single-objective FS task can explore the specified direction or area extensively. Different direction vectors result in different search directions in the objective space. Motivated by this, this article proposes a multiform framework, which solves a multiobjective FS task combined with its auxiliary single-objective FS tasks in a multitask environment. By setting different direction vectors, promising feature subsets from single-objective FS tasks can be utilized, to boost the evolutionary search of the multiobjective FS task. By comparing with five classical and state-of-the-art multiobjective evolutionary algorithms, as well as four well-performing FS algorithms, the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method are verified via extensive experiments on 18 classification datasets. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the proposed method is also investigated in a noisy environment.

Electrophysical properties, memristive and resistive switching in charged domain walls in lithium niobate

Charged domain walls (CDW) in ferroelectric materials are interesting from fundamental and applied points of view, since they have electrical properties different from bulk ones. At the microstructural level, CDW in ferroelectrics are two-dimensional defects that separate regions of the material with different directions of spontaneous polarization vectors. Compensation of the electric field of the bound ionic charge of the CDW by mobile carriers leads to the formation of extended narrow channels with increased conductivity in the original dielectric material. By controlling the position and angle of inclination of the CDW relative to the direction of spontaneous polarization, it is possible to change its conductivity in a wide range, which opens up broad prospects for creating memory devices, including for neuromorphic systems. The review presents the current state of research in the field of formation and application of CDW formed in single crystals of uniaxial ferroelectric lithium niobate (LiNbO3, LN) as resistive and memristive switching devices. The main methods for forming CDW in single crystals and thin films of LN are considered, and modern data on the electrophysical properties and methods for controlling the electrical conductivity of CDW are presented. The prospects for using CDW in memory devices with resistive and memristive switching are discussed.

A Geometric Knowledge Oriented Single-Frame 2D-to-3D Human Absolute Pose Estimation Method

As a critical part of the 3D human pose estimation (HPE), establishing the 2D-to-3D lifting mapping is limited by depth ambiguity. Most current works generally lack the quantitative analysis of the relative depth expression and the depth ambiguity error expression in lifting mapping, resulting in low prediction efficiency and poor interpretability. To this end, this paper mines and leverages prior geometric knowledge of these expressions based on the pinhole imaging principle, decoupling the 2D-to-3D lifting mapping and simplifying the model training. Specifically, this paper proposes a prior geometric knowledge oriented pose estimation model with two-branch transformer architectures, explicitly introducing high-dimensional prior geometric features to improve model efficiency and interpretability. It converts the regression of spatial coordinates into the prediction of spatial direction vectors between joints to generate multiple feasible solutions further alleviate the depth ambiguity. Moreover, this paper raises a novel non-learning-based absolute depth estimation algorithm based on prior geometric relationship decoupling from relative depth expression for the first time. It establishes multiple independent depth mapping from non-root nodes to the root node to calculate the absolute depth candidate, which is parameter-free, plug-and-play, and interpretable. Experiments show that the proposed pose estimation model achieves state-of-the-art performance on Human 3.6M and MPI-INF-3DHP benchmarks with lower parameters and faster inference speed, and the proposed absolute depth estimation algorithm achieves similar performance to traditional methods without any network parameters. The source code are available at https://github.com/Humengxian/GKONet.

Development of a Same-Day Closed CAR-T Cell Manufacturing Process to Generate Lentivector Loaded Lymphocytes Ready for Subcutaneous Injection

Background: Adoptive T-cell therapies with CD19 chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) are now the standard of care for refractory/recurrent hematologic B-cell malignancies. However, challenges remain in delivering a more fit cell product that can be manufactured in a more timely and cost-effective manner. To address these challenges, a rapid same-day fully closed manufacturing process was developed to generate a more fit product for subcutaneous administration and to enable an efficient transition from early-phase clinical trials to commercial-scale production. Methods: A lentivector (LV) was designed with the capability of directly targeting and activating T cells simultaneously to enable manufacturing without prior T-cell selection. Experiments were performed to understand the kinetics of direct lentivector-induced T-cell activation, internalization, reverse transcription, and vector genome integration. After establishing critical process parameters for efficient loading of T cells with LVs, a closed manufacturing process was developed from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) starting material derived from whole blood or apheresis. PBMCs were isolated in an automated closed system and exposed to LV for a four-hour incubation period. Cells were washed in an automated closed system to remove residual LV, formulated, and vialed with release testing for identity, potency, purity, and safety. Three full-scale engineering lots were manufactured from donor-derived apheresis in addition to three small-scale analytical lots with patient-derived PBMC. Results: For targeted gene delivery into T cells within PBMC, the CD19 CAR LV was designed to contain a CD3 targeting motif in its envelope to enable T-cell binding, activation, and viral entry into CD3+ T cells. The CD3-directed LV encoding a CD19-CAR and a novel synthetic driver co-stimulatory domain was manufactured in a chemically defined 25L clinical scale suspension-based process and vialed to a target unit potency for ease of cell loading. The purified CD3-directed LV is capable of inducing T-cell receptor internalization and activation through specific bioassays. In surrogate analytical cultures, following LV exposure and automated washing, viral entry into T cells was complete. Analytical cultures demonstrate the ability to successfully generate CAR+ cells with a unique CD3+CD56+CD45RA+CCR7+ T memory-stem cell with NK-like features and a vector copy number of less than 5 vector copies/transduced cell (1.95 +/- 0.58). In preparation for clinical investigation, full-scale runs were performed in GMP facilities with qualified methods for release testing against identity, potency, purity, and safety. Small-scale analytical processes utilizing B-cell lymphoma patient-derived PBMC from whole blood were evaluated for differences relative to donor-derived material. Conclusions: To address current challenges in the manufacturing of autologous cell products, a same-day closed manufacturing process was developed to produce cells with enhanced fitness. Qualification of this novel design included 1) completion of the production of the CD3-directed LV encoding a CD19 CAR with a novel synthetic co-stimulatory driver element at the 25L scale; 2) completion of three full-scale closed engineering runs along with the qualification of QC release testing for identity, potency, purity, and safety and 3) comparability studies utilizing patient-derived PBMC.

A problem transformation-based and decomposition-based evolutionary algorithm for large-scale multiobjective optimization

For large-scale multi-objective optimization problems, the search space becomes exceptionally vast, resulting in increased complexity in the search process. The search space usually contains several local optimal individuals, and the difficulty of finding the global optimal individuals increases greatly. A problem transformation-based and decomposition-based large-scale multi-objective evolutionary algorithm is proposed to solve the problem of reducing the dimensionality of the search space and the optimization of populations. Reducing the number of optimization problems in the decision space through problem transformation has lowered the complexity of multi-objective optimization problems and enhanced computational efficiency. In the decision space, employing two direction vectors adaptively guides the generation of promising individuals, thereby preventing the population from falling into local optima. Due to the dimensionality reduction of the decision space and the optimization of the individuals in the objective space, a set of optimal solutions are effectively obtained and uniformly distributed on the approximate Pareto optimal front. Experimental results show that the algorithm is highly competitive with five large-scale multi-objective evolutionary algorithms for large-scale multi-objective optimization test problems with up to 2000 decision variables.

Carbon emissions marginal abatement cost and its influencing factors from the construction and hygienic ceramics manufacturing industries in China

Reducing China's carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions primarily involves efforts from energy-intensive sectors, including the construction and hygienic ceramics manufacturing industries. Although the majority of extant studies have focused on estimating marginal abatement cost (MAC) of CO2 emissions, there are mainly four shortcomings: (i) most of studies have explored this issue at industrial level or provincial level, the evidence at the enterprise level is limited; ii) the selection of emissions abatement measures and strategies is normally arbitrary; iii) the characteristics of MAC changing with the amount of emissions reduction is usually ignored; and iv) the analysis of influencing factors for MACs is not included. Here, this study provided an innovative MAC estimation for China's 913 construction ceramics enterprises and 360 hygienic ceramic enterprises. A quadratic directional distance function method, including multiple emissions abatement measures and all possible directional vectors representing different emission reduction strategies, is applied to calculate the lowest MAC. We further incorporate the abatement level from 1 to 99% into MACs estimation, and investigated its influencing factors. The results mainly illustrated three relevant findings. (i) The average MAC for construction ceramics manufacturing is 2203 CNY/t CO2, which is lower than that for hygienic ceramics manufacturing of about 8416 CNY/t CO2. (ii) Construction ceramics production enterprises would be willing to downscale production to achieve the lowest cost for emissions reduction, whereas hygienic ceramics production enterprises tend to choose increasing the intermediate input. (iii) Energy use efficiency positively influences MACs for both construction and hygienic ceramics production enterprises, while intermediate input rate, energy consumption structure (the proportion of fuel coal consumption in total energy) and profitability are negatively related to MAC. Results and findings can provide references for the formulation of carbon emission reduction policies in China's construction and hygienic ceramics manufacturing industries.

Способ экспериментального нахождения коэффициента склоновой эрозии

The article deals with the theory of slope erosion, developed on the basis of the phenomenological law, according to which the intensity vector of soil erosion from the slope is proportional to the absolute value of its height gradient vector and inverse in direction. Since the erosion model includes a phenomenological coefficient of proportionality between the intensity of soil weathering and the elevation gradient, it is necessary to provide a way to find such a coefficient experimentally. Comparison of changes in elevation data obtained during field monitoring with the results of theoretical calculations enables identifying it

A Study of the Properties and Dynamics of the Disk of Satellites in a Milky-Way-like Galaxy System

The dynamics of the satellite systems of Milky-Way-like galaxies offer a useful means by which to study the galaxy formation process in the cosmological context. It has been suggested that the currently observed anisotropic distribution of the satellites in such galaxy systems is inconsistent with the concordance ΛCDM cosmology model on the galactic scale if the observed satellites are random samples of the dark matter (DM) sub-halos that are nearly isotropically distributed around the central galaxy. In this study, we present original high-resolution zoom-in studies of central galaxies and satellite systems based upon initial conditions for the DM distribution from the Aquarius simulations but with substantial high-resolution baryon physics added. We find that the galaxy most like the Milky Way in this study does indeed contain a disk of satellites (DOS). Although one galaxy DOS system does not answer the question of how common such disks are, it does allow the opportunity to explore the properties and dynamics of the DOS system. Our investigation centers on the spatial arrangement (distances, angles, etc.) of satellites in this Milky-Way-like galaxy system with a specific emphasis on identifying and analyzing the disk-like structure along with its dynamical and morphological properties. Among the conclusions from this study, we find that the satellites and DM sub-halos in the galaxy simulations are anisotropically distributed. The dynamical properties of the satellites, however, indicate that the direction of the angular momentum vector of the whole satellite system is different from the normal direction of the fitted DOS and from the normal direction of the velocity dispersion of the system. Hence, the fitted DOS appears to be comprised of infalling sub-halos and is not a rotationally supported system.

Exploring of anisotropy of acousto-optic interaction in lead molybdate crystals

The dependence of the elastic and acousto-optic properties of lead molybdate crystals on the direction of the wave vector and the polarization of acoustic and optical waves has been studied. The effective photoelastic constants were determined by the Dixon method for various geometries of the Bragg light diffraction. The dependence of the acousto-optic quality factor on the direction of the wave vector of longitudinal acoustic waves in the symmetry plane has been studied in detail. It is shown that in this case the largest and smallest values of the acousto-optic quality factor are observed when light is diffracted by pure longitudinal waves in this plane. It is also shown that the values of the acousto-optic quality factor in lead molybdate crystals are practically the same as in paratellurite crystals.

Abstract 14223: Vector Analysis for Left Ventricular Wall Motion by Optical Flow With Echocardiographic Images in Myocardial Infarction Rat Model

Background/Research Questions: Alternative evaluation of cardiac function may be established in echocardiography-based vector analysis of the ventricular wall motion property. Vector acceleration and direction have the potential to assess cardiac kinetic energy and dynamics. Optical flow is suitable for vector analysis, because ventricular wall motion can be estimated as visible and quantitative vectors by optical flow from 2D echocardiographic images. Aims: This study aimed to establish a vector analysis for ventricular wall motion via optical flow with echocardiography. Methods: Coronary artery ligation rat model was used in this study. Before surgery (Pre) and four weeks after surgery (MI), short axis echocardiographic images in mid portion were obtained and analyzed by optical flow for left ventricular regional wall motion. Vector accelerations and directions were measured in both systolic and diastolic phases. Vector directions were classified into inward (ID), outward (OD), and circumferential direction (counterclockwise: CC, clockwise: CW). Following echocardiography, a rat was sacrificed for histological evaluation. Results: Pathological myocardial infarction was noted in the anterolateral lesion. Comparing average vector accelerations, MI had significantly smaller acceleration vectors in both systolic and diastolic phase (Pre vs. MI in systolic: 0.006±0.002 vs. 0.002±0.001 mm/s 2 , P<0.001, Pre vs. MI in diastolic: 0.007±0.002 vs. 0.002±0.001 mm/s 2 , P<0.001). Regarding total vector direction, CC and CW significantly increased in MI (P<0.01). In the anterolateral lesion, ID and OD were the main vector directions in Pre. In contrast, CC and CW vectors significantly increased in MI (P<0.0001). Conclusions: Optical flow effectively visualized cardiac wall motions and quantify them as vectors in echocardiographic images. The technique clarified left ventricular wall vector property alterations between healthy and infarcted hearts.

Broadband directional invisibility

The discovery of unidirectional invisibility and its broadband realization in optical media satisfying spatial Kramers–Kronig relations are important landmarks of non-Hermitian photonics. We offer a precise characterization of a higher-dimensional generalization of this effect and find sufficient conditions for its realization in the scattering of scalar waves in two and three dimensions and electromagnetic waves in three dimensions. More specifically, given a positive real number α and a continuum of unit vectors Ω, we provide explicit conditions on the interaction potential (or the permittivity and permeability tensors of the scattering medium in the case of electromagnetic scattering) under which it displays perfect (non-approximate) invisibility whenever the incident wavenumber k does not exceed α (i.e., k∈(0,α]) and the direction of the incident wave vector ranges over Ω. A distinctive feature of our approach is that it allows for the construction of potentials and linear dielectric media that display perfect directional invisibility in a finite frequency domain.

Microwave ablation modeling with AMICA antenna: Validation by means a numerical analysis

Background and objectivesPercutaneous microwave thermal ablation is based on electromagnetic waves that generate dielectric heating, and it is widely recognized as one of the mostly used techniques for tumor treatment. The aim of this work is to validate a predictive model capable of providing physicians with guidelines to be used during thermal ablation procedures avoiding collateral damage. MethodsA finite element commercial software, COMSOL Multiphysics, is employed to implement a tuning-parameter approach. Governing equations are written with reference to variable-porosity and Local Thermal Non-Equilibrium (LTNE) equations are employed. The simulations results are compared with available ex-vivo and in-vivo data with the help of regression analysis. For in-vivo data simulations, velocity vector modulus and direction are varied between 0.0007 and 0.0009 m/s and 90–270°, respectively, in order to use this parameter as a tuning one to simulate – and lately optimize with respect to the differences from experimental outcomes - all the possible directions of the blood flow with respect to the antenna, whose insertion angle is not registered in the dataset. ResultsThe model is validated using reference data provided by the manufacturer (AMICA), which is obtained from ex-vivo bovine liver. The model accurately predicts the size and shape of the ablated area, resulting in an overestimation lesser than 10 %. Additionally, predictive data are compared to an in-vivo dataset. The ablated volume is accurately predicted with a mean underestimation of 6 %. The sphericity index is calculated as 0.75 and 0.62 for the predictions and in-vivo data, respectively. ConclusionThis study developed a predictive model for microwave ablation of liver tumors that showed good performance in predicting ablation dimensions and sphericity index for ex-vivo bovine liver and for in-vivo human liver data with the tuning technique. The study emphasizes the necessity for additional development and validation to enhance the accuracy and reliability of in-vivo application.

Direct vector control strategy of 2-phase induction motor drives based on the conventional rotating transformation matrix and EKF

Direct vector control strategy of 2-phase induction motor drives based on the conventional rotating transformation matrix and EKF

Modelling the interaction of Alfvénic fluctuations with coronal mass ejections in the low solar corona

Context.Alfvénic fluctuations of various scales are ubiquitous in the corona; their non-linear interactions and eventual turbulent cascade result in an important heating mechanism that accelerates the solar wind. These fluctuations may be processed by large-scale, transient, and coherent heliospheric structures such as coronal mass ejections (CMEs). In this study we investigate the interactions between Alfvénic solar wind fluctuations and CMEs using magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations.Aims.We study the transmission of upstream solar wind fluctuations into the CME leading to the formation of CME sheath fluctuations. Additionally, we investigate the influence of the fluctuation frequencies on the extent of the CME sheath.Methods.We used an ideal MHD model with an adiabatic equation of state. An Alfvén pump wave is injected into the quiet solar wind by perturbing the transverse magnetic field and velocity components, and a CME is injected by inserting a flux-rope modelled as a magnetic island into the quasi-steady solar wind.Results.The upstream Alfvén waves experience a decrease in wavelength and change in the wave vector direction due to the non-radial topology of the CME shock front. The CME sheath inhibits the transmission of long-wavelength fluctuations due to the presence of non-radial flows in this region. The frequency of the solar wind fluctuations also affects the steepening of MHD fast waves causing the CME shock propagation speed to vary with the solar wind fluctuation frequencies.

Three-dimensional evaluation of the transverse rotator cuff muscle's resultant force angle in relation to scapulohumeral subluxation and glenoid vault morphology in nonpathological shoulders

Static posterior subluxation of the humeral head (SPSH) results in glenohumeral osteoarthritis. Treatment strategies for SPSH with or without resulting osteoarthritis remain challenging. There is growing interest in evaluating the rotator cuff muscle volume, fatty infiltration, or forces in osteoarthritic shoulders with SPSH, mainly due to a possible transverse force imbalance. In nonpathological shoulders, the transverse angle of the rotator cuff muscle's resultant force may be associated with scapulohumeral alignment and glenoid vault morphology, despite an assumed transverse force balance. The purpose of this study was to assess the transverse rotator cuff muscle's resultant force angle (TRFA) and its relationship with the scapulohumeral subluxation index (SHSI) and selected glenoid vault parameters using computer modeling. Computed tomography scans of 55 trauma patients (age 31±13years, 36 males) with nonpathological shoulders were analyzed and all measurements performed in 3-dimension. We placed landmarks manually to determine the humeral head center and the rotator cuff tendon footprints. The contours of the rotator cuff muscle cross-sectional areas were automatically predicted in a plane perpendicular to the scapula. Each rotator cuff muscle was divided into virtual vector fibers with homogeneous density. The resultant force vector direction for each muscle, corresponding to the rotator cuff action line, was calculated by vectorially summing the normalized fiber vectors for each muscle, weighted by the muscle trophic ratio. The resultant force vector was projected on the axial plane, and its angle with the mediolateral scapular axis was used to determine TRFA. The SHSI according to Walch, glenoid version angle (GVA), glenoid anteroposterior offset angle (GOA), glenoid depth, glenoid width, and glenoid radius were also evaluated. The mean values for TRFA, SHSI, GVA, GOA, glenoid depth, glenoid width, and glenoid radius were 7.4±4.5°, 54.3±4.8%, -4.1±4.4°, 5.1±10.8°, 3.3±0.6mm, 20±2mm, and 33.6±4.6mm, respectively. The TRFA correlated strongly with SHSI (R=0.731, P<.001) and GVA (R=0.716, P<.001) and moderately with GOA (R=0.663, P<.001). The SHSI was strongly negatively correlated with GVA (R=-0.813, P<.001) and moderately with GOA (R=-0.552, P<.001). The GVA correlated strongly with GOA (R=0.768, P<.001). In contrast, TRFA, SHSI, GVA, and GOA did not correlate with glenoid depth, width, or radius. Despite an assumed balance in the transverse volume of the rotator cuff muscles in nonpathological shoulders, variations exist regarding the transverse resultant force depending on the SHSI, GVA, and GOA. In healthy/nonosteoarthritic shoulders, an increased glenoid retroversion is associated with a decreased anterior glenoid offset.