Direction Of Government Policy Research Articles

Government policy analysis in health crisis conditions

This study aims to examine and analyze (1) The government's response and efforts in responding to the health crisis that occurred in Indonesia during the COVID-19 pandemic (2) The direction of government policy in tackling the health crisis during the COVID-19 pandemic and post-COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. This research is a qualitative descriptive study that describes the conditions and challenges, as well as the factors that influence government policies in overcoming the health crisis that occurred in Indonesia. The writing of this article uses secondary legal materials, namely books, journals, articles, and other written works from print and internet media, as well as phenomena that occur in the field related to the issues raised. The results of the study show that (1) The handling of the COVID-19 pandemic attempted by the government is considered slow in responding to the health crisis; (2) The government's policy direction is focused on the formation of policies related to breaking the chain of the spread of the Corona Virus, but the policies formed have not been able to fully accommodate the state of the health crisis.

Building China’s Eldercare Market: The Imperatives of Capital Accumulation and Social Stability

The paper investigates China’s effort to create an eldercare market to shed light on how China’s economic reform entailed the creation of new institutions (e.g., eldercare market including eldercare labour market) and the reconfiguration of existing institutions (e.g., governance and regulation, the family, and the community). All this was needed for the market to flourish while maintaining and strengthening the regime. An urban eldercare market, including an eldercare labour market, was created by local governments (i.e., municipalities, districts, counties, and towns) with central government policy directives, in order to address China’s demographic aging and care crisis. However, once enough demand and supply were created, local governments turned to New Public Management (NPM) to operate publicly funded eldercare institutions. The paper argues that NPM has different rationalities in China than in liberal democracies; in China, they strengthen the Party and contribute to the durability of the authoritarian rule, rather than “shrink the state”. However, in China as in the West, bureaucratic logic hampers the implementation of NPM and the governance of the eldercare sector. The implication of bureaucratic logic driving the regulation of the eldercare sector is that care is not at the centre of eldercare. The paper also argues that the commodification and privatization of eldercare, in line with the global trend, was a deliberate government policy aimed at creating a positive condition for the market economy to flourish, but at the expense of social reproduction/care. Unlike many Western transitions to market provision, this one entailed the decline in the extended family as the main eldercare institution of the immediate past. However, the commodification and privatization of social reproduction have been incomplete and met with resistance, prompting the state to invest more in the sector to maintain social stability. Data for this paper derive from personal interviews with key informants and eldercare workers, official document analysis, and secondary literature analysis from Chinese scholars in mainland China.

A Historical Review and Vision on Taiwan's Occupational Mental Health Development: Taking Government Policies as the Main Axis

<p>本研究嘗試回顧臺灣職場心理健康領域在實務場域之發展歷史，特別是以政府相關政策面向為主軸，輔以社會環境脈絡為參照。本研究先從美國的相關領域，即員工協助方案與職場健康心理學之發展歷史簡要描述作為相關背景。然後再進到臺灣職場心理健康領域之實務界與政策面做回顧與爬梳，結果發現除去早期缺乏政策引導的零星組織案例外，大約可分為四期，分別為勞工輔導期、導入員工協助方案期、政府積極落實EAP期以及多面向職場健康促進期等。基於過去歷史之發展，本研究提出未來臺灣職場心理健康領域發展方向包括：專業深化、跨領域合作整合以及本土化等。透過本研究之回顧可提供相關研究學者、政府部門、實務工作者未來推動職場心理健康之努力方向。</p> <p> </p><p>This study attempted to review the history of the development of mental health in Taiwan’s workplaces, focusing mainly on the direction of government policies against the backdrop of social context as a reference. This study begins with a brief description of the development history of employee assistance programs and occupational health psychology in the related fields in the United States. Next up, the study segued into the field of mental health in Taiwan’s workplace practice and policy aspects to do a review, the findings, excluding some isolated cases without policy guidance in the early period, can be divided into four periods: labor counseling, the implementation of employee assistance programs, the EAP implementation by the government and multi-oriented occupational health promotion. Based on the development of history, this study provides the future development direction of Taiwan’s occupational mental health field, including professional deepening, cross-disciplinary cooperation and integration, and localization. It’s expected that by taking stock of the historical review in this study, the future direction of mental health in the workplace can be provided for scholars, public sectors, and workers in this regard.</p> <p> </p>

Influencing Factors of Depression and Stress of the Elderly in Seoul: Analysis of 2018 Community Health Survey Data

Objective: This study analyzed the relationship between sociodemographics and health behaviors that affect depression and stress of the aged 65 or older living in Seoul in 2018. Methods: The subjects were selected according to the purpose by receiving raw data from the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and 5,753 respondents were analyzed. Results: In depression, the demographic and sociological factors with differences were sex, marriage, single-person household, current basic living, economic activity and monthly income, and the health behaviors with significant differences were past smoking, diabetes and insufficient annual medical use. In the stress level, the demographic and sociological factors with differences were age, sex, current basic living, monthly income and education, and the health behaviors with significant differences were current/past smoking, diabetes and insufficient annual medical use. The factors affecting depression and stress were not completely consistent but similar, and both had low rates of expert counseling. Conclusion: This study is meaningful in that it identified the factors affecting the depression and stress of the elderly especially in Seoul, the metropolitan city. If future research reveals additional factors, it will be helpful to suggest the direction of government policy and contribute to improving the quality of life of the elderly in the super-aged era.

The Gait of the Religious Harmony Forum (FKUB) in Making Harmonization Between Religions in Aceh Singkil Regency


 This study aims to analyze the role of the Religious Harmony Forum (FKUB) in maintaining inter-religious harmony in Aceh Singkil Regency, including the direction of government policies in supporting the performance of FKUB to maximize its role as a religious institution. This research uses a sociological approach based on conflict and consensus theory. Researchers have conducted observations and interviews with FKUB administrators, religious leaders, and community leaders of different religions in the Aceh Singkil Regency to obtain data in the field. The findings in this study indicate several important points in the FKUB work program in Aceh Singkil Regency in maintaining inter-religious harmony, namely the implementation of inter-religious dialogue and stakeholders who have an interest in creating inter-religious harmony. Second, accommodate and channel aspirations by monitoring situations that can damage harmony. Third, in maintaining harmony, socialization of laws and regulations to religious communities as contained in several regulations, including Presidential Regulations, Ministerial Regulations, and Aceh Governor Regulation Number 25 of 2007. Fourth, community empowerment creates harmonization between religious communities by identifying and mapping problems and the potential for harmony. The role of FKUB in Aceh Singkil Regency in maintaining inter-religious harmony has not been able to run optimally due to the lack of budgetary support from the Regional Government. Nevertheless, there is a consensus among religious communities in Aceh Singkil Regency, supported by a strong base of social ties so that relations between religious communities can be maintained in harmony.

Analysis of Domestic Digital and Energy Policy Trends Using Text Mining method

Objectives : The objective of this study is to understand digitalization and energy conversion trends and suggest future directions using text-mining-based analysis.Methods : From 2015 to 2021, published domestic research reports and policy briefings related to digitalization and energy from government departments and major media outlets were analyzed using text-mining techniques. Frequency, time-series, and association analyses were conducted to understand current trends and patterns.Results and Discussion : Frequency analysis of reports and articles published for the 2015-2021 period found that the most common keywords were, in descending order, ‘education’, ‘finance’, ‘hydrogen’, and ‘solar power’. This indicates that the core technologies of the fourth industrial revolution have been employed in various fields, with a specific focus on renewable energy for carbon neutrality. Time-series analysis confirmed that the direction of government policy has changed, and it was found that digital and energy conversion was accelerating before and after the outbreak of COVID-19 and the Korean version of the New Deal policies. Association analysis revealed that government policies associated with fourth industrial revolution technologies have been established in various fields and the commercialization of renewable energy has been active.Conclusion Analyzing domestic policy directions using text mining revealed an association between the fourth industrial revolution and carbon neutrality. Text mining techniques can be used to more effectively understanding of domestic policy trends, and it is expected that they will apply a wide variety of fields that can utilize them in the future.

Sentiment Analysis of Covid-19 Vaccination using Support Vector Machine in Indonesia

Along with the development of the Covid-19 pandemic, many responses and news were shared through social media. The new Covid-19 vaccination promoted by the government has raised pros and cons from the public. Public resistance to covid-19 vaccination will lead to a higher fatality rate. This study carried out sentiment analysis about the Covid-19 vaccine using the Support Vector Machine (SVM). This research aims to study the public response to the acceptance of the vaccination program. The research result can be used to determine the direction of government policy. Data collection was taken via Twitter in the year 2021. The data then undergoes the preprocessing methods. Afterward, the data is processed using SVM classification. Finally, the result is evaluated by a confusion matrix. The experimental result shows that SVM produces 56.80% positive, 33.75% neutral, and 9.45% negative. The highest model accuracy was obtained by RBF kernel of 92%, linear and polynomial kernels obtained 90% accuracy, and sigmoid kernel obtained 89% accuracy.

A Study on the Effects of AEO Certification Maintenance Level on the Business Outcomes: Focusing on the Mediating Effect of the Government Support Policy

Purpose - Considering the rapidly changing trade environment and the high trade dependence of the Korean economy, this study aims to continuously improve policies and systems to enhance corporate competitiveness by empirically studying the impact of AEO company certification maintenance levels on business outcomes. Design/Methodology/Approach - This study conducted literature research and empirical analysis at the same time. A research model was designed based on previous studies related to the background of the introduction of the AEO program, the current status of its introduction in each country, certification standards, and corporate performance. Based on this, a survey was conducted on AEO managers, and the hypothesis was verified by statistical analysis. Findings - The analysis result on the amount to which the government support policies affected business outcomes showed that if the companies accepted the benefits for AEO certificated companies provided by government and MRA policy directions positively, non-financial outcomes were improved, such as the enhancement of supply chain management, transaction competitiveness, and risk management. Research Implications - As a result of verification on the effect of bootstrap mediation, it was confirmed that through AEO support policies, the maintenance of AEO certification level improved both financial and non-financial outcomes, such as the enhancement of transaction competitiveness and risk management.Considering the rapidly changing trade environment and the high trade dependence of the Korean economy, this study aims to continuously improve policies and systems to enhance corporate competitiveness by empirically studying the impact of AEO companies’ certification maintenance levels on business outcomes.

The Role of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in Community-based Mental Health Services in Northern Nigeria: Prospects and Challenges

Despite the role of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in many health issues, their role in community mental health services in parts of northern Nigeria is unknown. This study explored the availability and role of NGOs in community-mental health care services, with a view to identifying the prospects and challenges. Using the convergent mixed methods approach, a self-constructed questionnaire and in-depth interviews were used to collect data from 205 conveniently and purposively selected study participants. Descriptive and thematic analyses were done and then triangulated to meet research objectives. There is a scarcity of mental health-related NGOs in the study areas; only one NGO engaged in the mental health activities was identified (13.4%). Surprisingly attempts by the only available NGO at providing the needed community-based mental health care were “frustrated” by certain government policy directions, which appear to paralyse activities and intentions of the only existing one. NGOs for mental health care are lacking. There is a dire need for NGO activities in mental health care. Efforts should be made to attract NGOs to the study areas in view of the increasing burden of mental health issues in the communities in the setting. Governments at all levels, community-based organisations and traditional institutions can be instrumental to this. NGOs within and outside the study areas focusing on community health in general and mental health care, in particular, may also interrogate this situation further for urgent intervention.

Advanced practice education and development

Colette Henderson looks at the importance of education and development for advanced practitioners UK government policy directives support the development of multidisciplinary advanced practice roles. Advanced practitioners must align their practice and subsequent continuing professional development (CPD) with four pillars of practice: clinical practice; facilitation of learning; leadership and evidence; and research and development. Lifelong learning is a mandatory requirement for healthcare practitioners. This article will focus on the importance of education and development for advanced practitioners and starts by providing some detail of the background development of advanced practice in the UK to justify the focus on ongoing achievement of capability across the four pillars.

Modelling Macroeconomic and Bank-Specific Determinants of Credit Risk in the Nigerian Banking Sector: Evidence from Bounds Test Approach to Co-Integration

Credit risk, represented in this study by the ratio of non-performing loans to total loan (NPL), is considered as one of the critical factors that causes bank distress and failure. This study examines the macroeconomic and bankspecific determinants of credit risk in the Nigerian Banking sector from the period 1998Q1 to 2018Q4 using the bounds test approach to co-integration. Literature survey in this subject area using Google Scholar resources reveals that there seems to be a consensus of findings in terms of the negative relationship between credit risk and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate, while other macroeconomic and bank-specific factors tend to have a random pattern relationship with credit risk attributable to various countries’ economic peculiarities. This study shows that GDP growth rate, return on asset, return on equity, interest rate, unemployment rate, and real exchange rate have a negative relationship with NPL. On the other hand, inflation rate, loan deposit ratio, and ratio of bank capital to asset have positive relationship with NPL. The relationships between the three variables and NPL were found to be individually insignificant to explain credit risk trends in the long run. Moreover, the Wald short-run causality test reveals that the macroeconomic and bank specific indicators jointly influence credit risk in the Nigeria banking sector in the short run. This study, however, recommends that since the macroeconomic and bank specific factors were found to be individually insignificant to explain credit risk trend in the long run, consideration should be accorded to some psychological, political, and socioeconomic factors such as the borrower’s attitude, business climate, social dislocations and distortions, availability of good infrastructural facilities, and the direction of government policies. These factors can affect borrowers’ ability to honor their debt obligations and, thus, determine the level of credit risk in the Nigerian economy.

It Is Possible Fiscal Capacity Effected by Covid-19 Pandemic?

The world economy, including Indonesia, in the first quarter of 2020 has not been too affected by Covid-19. However, in the second quarter of 2020, national economic growth began to decline. As a result of the contraction of the Indonesian economy, it has an impact on the decline in regional fiscal capacity. This study focuses on: 1) The effect of Economic Growth on fiscal capacity in 34 provinces in Indonesia before and during the Covid-19 pandemic?; 2). Development of sources of fiscal capacity in Indonesia; 3). Quadrant of Relationship between Economic Growth and Fiscal Capacity; 4). The government's policy direction is to encourage increased fiscal capacity during the Covid-19 pandemic. This research uses descriptive quantitative method using panel data regression model. The rate of economic growth does not significantly affect the amount of regional fiscal capacity in 34 provinces in Indonesia. The decline in fiscal capacity was largely influenced by a decrease in Regional Original Income (ROI). In 2021 the sources of fiscal capacity building have not run normally. The effect is that the regional fiscal capacity is still low for each province. Therefore, to restore the economy, the government uses various stimuli, namely fiscal, monetary, and sectoral.

Assessment of residential housing choices, quality, and affordability in Calabar Metropolis, Southern Nigeria

Purpose of the study: This paper examined the housing quality, its affordability as well as the housing choices which residents of Calabar can make. Housing needs in the city continue to rise in response to rapid urbanization rates and thus lead to high housing demands. Methodology: About 384 questionnaires were distributed randomly within six purposively delineated housing districts in Calabar with a 78 percent success rate. The stratification covered all the housing types, from the low to medium and the high classes. The coordinates of respondents were also collected for spatial analyses in which the inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation method was used to create housing choice maps in the identified districts of the city. The Chi-square statistics were used to test the statistical significance of the created contingency tables. Main Findings: Significant relationship exist between housing affordability and housing quality ((f) = 11.463, p-value = 0.022 (p < 0.05)), and between average monthly income and expenditure on rented residential housing in Calabar ((f) = 539.473, p-value = 0.000 (p < 0.05)). Housing in the metropolis is not affordable to about 80% of residents who expend more than 30% of their income on housing. Applications of this study: This study helps shape the policy direction of government in housing provision and such, encourage private developers in the sector. Novelty/Originality of this study: Previous studies only addressed housing cost and provision, not a choice, quality, and affordability. This is the first study to address residential housing choices, quality, and affordability in the Calabar metropolis, involving a cross-sectional survey questionnaire. The results will be helpful to developers, homebuyers, and policymakers alike towards affordable housing delivery in Calabar and others. African cities.

The Efficacy of Government Strategies to Control COVID-19: Evidence from 22 High COVID Fatality Rated Countries

This study aims to explore the efficacy of government policy directions in mitigating the effects of the COVID19 pandemic by employing a panel of 22 high Covid fatality rated countries throughout the 2020-first quarter of 2021. The panel ARDL model is employed to examine this phenomenon and to investigate the long-run effects of government policy decisions on infection and mortality rates from the pandemic. The study reveals that: (i) income support and debt relief facilities and stringent standards of governments reduce both infection and death rates; (ii) a timely response from governments has a positive effect on reducing death rates and a negative effect on infection rates; (iii) financial investments in confinement and health care are positively related to infection rates and negatively related to mortality rates. This study concludes by suggesting the importance of implementing precise policy decisions to lower infections and reduce deaths.Funding: There were no sources of funding used to prepare this study.Declaration of Interests: The authors have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial or non-financial interest in the subject focus or materials discussed in this study.

GOVERNMENT POLICY DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT START UP OF THE ECO DIGITAL MOTION SUPPORT PIONEERS INNOVATIVE PRODUCTS IN NEW NORMAL ERA

The purpose of this study was to determine the strategy and direction of government policies in the development of start-up startups supporting the new normal era of innovative eco-digital products. Through this research, it will be studied how the direction of Government policy in developing startup startups in Indonesia, as well as what government support is in keeping the eco-digital movement of innovative products stable in the new normal era, and what kind of startups can survive during a pandemic and new normal. This research method uses qualitative descriptive and literature studies based on primary data and secondary data from the results of data analysis from pilot business groups, groups of start-up policy makers, community policy users and startup business consumers. The results of the research show that the policy directions that must be the attention of the Indonesian government regarding the development of startups in Indonesia are as follows: Increasing Broadband access; Helping SMEs to switch to the online realm; Expanding the electronic payment system; Expanding access to finance (investment); Extending e-government services; socializing the Job Creation Law, which was recently passed to provide various impacts on the startup business ecosystem; The Creative Economy Agency (Bekraf), currently the government through the Indonesian Creative Economy Agency (Bekraf) is trying to build infrastructure to support the presence of startups in Indonesia. BEKuP (Bekraf for pre startup); In collaboration with MIKTI (IT Creative Industry Society) and Telkom Bekraf will hold intensive workshops for people who intend to build startups in 15 big cities; Making the University as a Startup Startup Incubator; Protecting MSME products from Curent Account Deficits (CAD) problems; Disseminating Government Regulation (PP) Number 74 of 2017; Prepare an electronic-based national trade road map (E-Commerce Road Map), hereinafter referred to as the 2017-2019 SPNBE Road Map; Funding programs, taxation, consumer protection, education and human resources (HR). Also communication infrastructure, logistics, cybersecurity, and the establishment of the SPNBE Roadmap implementing management; The government cuts the final PPh by 0.5% for MSMEs. Also through PMK Number 150, 2018, this digital industry can get income reduction incentives (PPh) or tax holidays; Facilitating creative ideas, innovations, originality ideas, and not end users through Grant activities and competitions in various aspects of local creative endeavors, academic research and technology; Provide liquidity, guarantee LPS Deposit insurance agency to owners of capital; Prepare financing in the technology sector. Prepare a law on the national knowledge and technology system; Evaluating educational curricula with graduate expertise, especially in tertiary and senior secondary education as well as developing research at universities.

Alternative education in Aotearoa New Zealand

Secondary students who become disenfranchised from mainstream schools are directed to attend Alternative Education (AE) centres. AE was a grassroots’ initiative in the 1990s led by youth organisations, iwi, community social service agencies and churches to meet the education and pastoral needs of rangatahi. Due to the tenuous links held between AE and the mainstream system and with no government policy work occurring within the sector for the decade prior to 2009, the sector struggled for adequate resourcing and professional recognition. Through a poetic inquiry approach this paper explores three key AE government policy directions over a ten-year period, from 2009 to 2019. Unbuckling prose found within official documents, concrete (visual) poems were created to perform a critical reading of policy. The policy poems form a narrative arc that show the discrediting of AE providers and demonising of students in AE has recently given way to more hopeful directions in policy.

부동산 유형에 따른 중개사무소 입지분석 연구 - 부동산 실거래가격을 중심으로 -

This study aims to promote real estate brokerage business in accordance with the government's first basic plan for real estate service industry promotion. And it was implemented as part of an effort to lay the academic foundation for the promotion of the real estate service industry in Korea. In this study, a research model was prepared by using statistics by towns and villages using previous studies, real estate real estate transaction price information in 2019, and address information of brokerage offices nationwide in December 2019. And sets up three hypotheses, and hedonic model was prepared and implemented for each eup, myeon and dong agency office. As a result of the verification, the first hypothesis that the number of brokerage offices will be affected by the real estate transaction volume was adopted. And the second hypothesis was also adopted that the number of brokerage offices would be affected differently depending on the type of real estate traded. However, the third hypothesis that the influence of real estate transaction volume on brokerage offices will vary depending on region was partially adopted. In addition, the results were derived by synthesizing and analyzing the contents of the analysis in the hypothesis verification process and the actual transaction price statistics for each town, town, and village. In order to foster the real estate brokerage business in Korea, the government's policy direction was suggested to induce brokerage offices distributed in the single-family housing market or the multi-family housing market with a potential fee of only 10 million won to a large land market with a potential fee of 90 million won.

Государство и местное самоуправление: как обеспечить новый уровень взаимодействия?

Serious problems which occurred in setting the strategic planning system and the difficulties in the implementation of national projects and in the achievement of national goals, make us think how effective the functioning of the “vertical” of public power in the Russian Federation is, and in particular, how closely its state and municipal components interact. In this context a lot of scientific papers appeared which carried the idea that due to a number of reasons, both of legal and economic nature, there is still no sufficient close interaction of state and municipal administrative bodies. The paper shows that the absence of such clear interaction leads to inadequate efficiency in the use of target and project methods of solving key problems, appearing in the regions of the country and in particular, municipalities. The article analyses the reasons for such a situation, which are connected with the gaps in legislative regulation, especially in part, which is connected with the positioning of local public self-government in the “vertical of executive power”, specifying their powers, their economic basis, as well as the regulation frames and control by government authorities. The purpose of the article is to identify the new principles and mechanisms of interaction of the state and local public self-government, which at present must be written into fundamental laws of this direction of government policy. The novelty of this task is determined by the fact that almost for the first time the range of issues is analyzed on a “crossing” of such novelties as amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, transfer to the system of strategic planning and an increased emphasis on the strengthening of civil society foundations in local self-government.

Study of slum settlement infrastructure in Pulonas Village, Babussalam Sub-district, South East Aceh Regency

In 2015 the population of Babussalam District was 2,758 people per km2 with an area of 9.42 km2 or a density of up to 293 inhabitants per km2. With this population density, Babussalam District can be classified into areas with high density. Babussalam Subdistrict which consists of 27 villages. Pulonas Village which is indicated as slums and are predicted to continue to deteriorate. The condition of settlement infrastructure in Pulonas Village are very poor, such as narrow and damaged roads with infeasible clean water and infeasible waste collection. High building density with limited area and the number of occupants in a dense building is a big problem that occurs in Pulonas Village today. The research method used in this study is a Qualitative Descriptive Methodology, in which researchers interpret the data obtained through direct observation in the field. The data are interpreted and the method of data collection is based on theoretical basis. The results of the study were recommendations and directions for the management of slums in Pulonas Village Babussalam Sub-district, Southeast Aceh Regency, beneficial for local government and stakeholders in determining the direction of local government policy.

Challenges of Youth Unemployment in South Gondar Zone, Ethiopia: A Case Study in Debre Tabaor, Woreta and Nefas Mewcha Towns

Youth unemployment is a pressing issue that represent both widespread personal misfortune for individuals and a loss of opportunities for critical national and global economic development. Ethiopia is also one of the developing nations with highest urban unemployment rates worldwide. The overall objective of this paper is to assess challenges of youth unemployment in South Gondar Zone, Ethiopia. To these ends, the study has employed a mixed research approach. Semi-structured interview and questionnaires were used as a data collection tools. A total of 384 individuals were selected by using simple random sampling method as the participants of the survey. The interviewees were selected based on purposive sampling method. Based on this, the following conclusions are drawn. First, low absorbing capacity of the national economy, underdevelopment of the private sector, and absence of financial and technical support from the government bodies to the unemployed youths to start private business are the major challenges to create job opportunities for the youth. Secondly, unemployment exposes the youth for drug/substance addiction, to be socially dependent, and conflict with their family. Thirdly, the study concludes that youth unemployment is one of the sources of socio-economic and political problems, such as theft, youth delinquency, street life and prostitution, and political insecurity or disorder. Finally, the study recommends that government policy direction should be designed in relation to focus on the youth group and with full commitment to address isuues related with youth unemployment. Both local and central governent bodies should create conducive conditions that attractss the private sector to reduce the problem. Education or training sectors must design their programe according to the needs of the labour market. Keywords: Youth, Unemployment, Challenges, Effects of Unemployment DOI: 10.7176/JCSD/63-01 Publication date: January 31 st 2021