Impact Of Direction Research Articles

Exploring the Holiday Effect on Elevated Traffic-Related Air Pollution with Hyperlocal Measurements in Chengdu, China

Traffic-related air pollutants (TRAPs) pose significant health risks in megacities, yet fixed monitoring sites often fail to capture their complexity. To characterize the TRAP concentrations which fixed sites cannot address, we employed a mobile platform to effectively capture real-time hyperlocal-scale TRAP variations in Chengdu, China. A 17-day sampling campaign was conducted covering the National Holiday of China and collected ~1.2 × 105 1 Hz paired data. We measured particle number concentration (PNC), black carbon (BC), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) across urban and rural freeway environments to assess the impact of reduced heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDDVs) during the holiday (i.e., holiday effect). No clear impact of wind direction on TRAP concentrations was found in this study. However, substantial differences (two times) were observed when comparing non-holiday to holiday campaigns. Spearman correlations (0.21–0.56) between TRAPs persistently exceeded Pearson correlations (0.14–0.41), indicating non-linear relationships and suggesting the necessity for data transformations (e.g., logarithms) in TRAP analysis. The comparison of the background subtracted TRAPs concentrations between non-holiday and holidays, revealing approximately a 50% reduction in TRAPs across microenvironments. Among the TRAPs, NOx emerged as a reliable indicator of HDDV emissions. The study provides insights into vehicle fleet composition impacts, paving the way for enhanced exposure assessment strategies.

Impact of Diverse Parameters on CO2 Adsorption in CO2 Sequestration: Utilizing a Novel Triaxial Testing Apparatus

ABSTRACTIn order to minimize greenhouse gas emissions, it is essential from an environmental point of view to employ CO2 sequestration technology to store CO2 in underground coal layers. To study this strategy, a triaxial testing apparatus is required. This study introduces a novel triaxial testing apparatus developed to explore enhanced coal bed methane (ECBM) and carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration techniques. Several laboratory tests were conducted to validate the apparatus and study the behavior of coal exposed to CO2 using this machine. In fact, the implementation of this machine marks the initial step in an empirical feasibility analysis of CO2 sequestration in Iranian coal seams. This analysis involves examining the impact of ash content, ambient temperature, and saturation direction on CO2 adsorption and emission in various coal samples. Two different thermal coal samples from Chamestan and Tash mines were utilized. Some results, such as the trend of the coal sample's strain, show good correlation with previous work. Additionally, some results presented in this work are novel. On the basis of the results, the developed apparatus demonstrated satisfactory performance, and its innovative design fully meets the desired outcome. Higher ash content increases coal strength and reduces deformation. Lower ash content leads to more gas adsorption and deformation post‐saturation. Gas adsorption is higher at 25°C than at 4°C. Moreover, coal samples at 25°C had 12.5 times more axial strain than those at 4°C. Lateral saturation causes 13.72% larger axial strain changes than top and end saturation due to increased gas‐sample contact and penetration into the coal matrix.

Bidirectional transparency in human-agent communications: effects of direction and level of transparency

This study investigated whether bidirectional transparency, compared to agent-to-human transparency, improved human–agent collaboration. Additionally, we examined the optimal transparency levels for both humans and agents. We assessed the impact of transparency direction and level on various metrics of a human-agent team, including performance, trust, satisfaction, perceived agent’s teaming skills, and mental workload. A total of 30 participants engaged in a human-agent collaborative game in a within-subject experiment with five conditions: a 2 (transparency directions: agent-to-human transparency vs. bidirectional transparency) × 2 (transparency levels: reasoning transparency vs. reasoning + projection transparency) factorial design, plus an additional action transparency condition as a control condition. The findings indicated that bidirectional transparency improved task performance without increasing the mental workload. This study recommends a bidirectional transparency mechanism, in which the agent provides transparency to humans regarding its reasoning and predictions, whereas humans offer transparency to the agent regarding their reasoning. Practitioner Summary: This study highlights the importance of bidirectional transparency in human-agent collaboration, demonstrating its effectiveness in enhancing task performance without increasing mental workload. It recommends implementing a mechanism where both humans and agents share transparency information, optimising collaboration outcomes.

Seasonal trend analysis and influence of meteorological factors on the concentration of atmospheric pollutants in an urban area

Introduction: Air pollution is a growing concern in Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, where meteorological factors play a major role. As urbanization accelerates, the region has not yet thoroughly examined the impact of factors like temperature, humidity, wind direction, and speed on pollutants like Particulate Matters (PM2.5, PM10), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and Sulfur dioxide (SO2) Materials and methods: To explore this issue, a 12-month study (January to December 2023) was conducted to analyze the relationships between these meteorological factors and pollutant levels. In the present study, pollutant movement was tracked over time. Pearson correlation was used to correlate air pollution concentrations with weather conditions. Results: The study revealed that the average concentrations of PM , PM , 10 2.5 and NO2 were 912.54 µg/m³, 257.42 µg/m³, and 65.98 µg/m³, respectively. In contrast, SO2 had an average concentration of 26.85 µg/m³. Conclusion: The study indicates that particulate matter and temperature are strongly negatively correlated, while wind speed shows a weak positive correlation with particulate matter. Pollution levels and relative humidity also display a negative correlation, as do particulate matter concentrations and humidity. However, gaseous pollutants exhibit little to no significant correlation with these weather conditions

Theoretical insights into the interface engineering of β-Ga2O3 devices with ferroelectric HfO2 gate dielectric: Impact of polarization direction

Theoretical insights into the interface engineering of β-Ga2O3 devices with ferroelectric HfO2 gate dielectric: Impact of polarization direction

Exploring the impact of build direction on overhang design constraints for multiaxis material extrusion

Purpose Material extrusion (MEX) additive manufacturing often requires support structures to enable manufacture of steep overhanging features. Multi-axis deposition (often enabled by a robotic arm) offers novel toolpath planning methods that can significantly reduce or eliminate supports. However, there is currently a lack of established design guidelines for the process. Design/methodology/approach This study investigates the relationship between achievable, support-free overhangs and the multi-axis build direction. Although altering build directions mid-print can increase the layer-to-layer overlap of an overhanging feature, the deposition paths on the overhanging surface may be less supported with respect to gravity. To interrogate these effects, a 6-degree-of-freedom robotic arm MEX platform printed test pieces with overhang angles (relative to the build direction) increasing from 0° to 75° at build directions varying from 0° (i.e., XY-planar) to 60° with respect to the global Z-axis. Findings Characterization of printed surface quality revealed no statistically significant difference in the fidelity of the overhanging surface as the build direction was changed. These results suggest that the overhang threshold observed in traditional XY-planar printing (typically 45°) remain consistent regardless of build direction (e.g. a build direction of 60° successfully printed a relative overhang of 45°), indicating that deposition quality was not negatively impacted by gravitational forces. Originality/value This study provides insight into how tool orientation can be optimized to maximize part accuracy and minimize support material requirements; after quickly screening for the XY-planar overhang threshold, designers can freely select multi-axis build directions throughout part geometries, provided the overhanging surfaces are below that relative threshold.

Dynamic response and fatigue damage of catenary mooring cables based on ANCF

Based on the absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF), this paper develops a numerical model for computing the dynamics and fatigue damage of catenary mooring cables. The catenary mooring cable is modeled using ANCF elements, with hydrodynamic loads incorporated through the Morison equation and seabed reaction forces simulated by spring-based seabed resistance. After validating the ANCF mooring cable model through a comparison with Orcaflex, the effects of incident flow direction and various excitations on the dynamic characteristics and fatigue damage of the mooring cable are discussed. Subsequently, the validation results of the ANCF mooring cable model are compared with those from MoorDyn, further highlighting the model’s effectiveness and practicality in engineering applications. Subsequently, by varying the mooring line length, the dynamic characteristics under different length conditions are analyzed, and fatigue damage is evaluated. The study reveals the impact of incident flow direction and mooring line length on the dynamic characteristics and fatigue damage. It is found that shortening the mooring line significantly enhances the constraints on the SPAR platform and affects the fatigue damage of the mooring line. Effective mitigation of fatigue damage can be achieved by avoiding the most unfavorable incident flow direction or adjusting the length of the mooring line.

Impact of Heat Treatment and Building Direction on Selective Laser-Melted 316L Stainless Steel: Microstructure and Mechanical Properties.

Variations in the microstructural morphology with building direction during selective laser melting (SLM) result in the anisotropic mechanical properties of the specimens, while heat treatment effectively reduces this anisotropy. The degree of anisotropy of the material can be assessed by calculating the variance (σ) of the mechanical properties (strength, hardness) at different building directions at different temperatures. In this work, the effects of heat treatment temperatures (450°, 750 °C, and 1050 °C) and building directions (0°, 45°, 60°, and 90°) on the microstructure, hardness, and tensile properties of selective laser melting (SLM) SS316L were investigated. Unheated SLM SS316L specimens exhibit significant anisotropy (σUTS = 16.67, σUE = 9.60, and σHV = 9.60), while heat treatment effectively reduces this anisotropy. As the heat treatment temperature increases, the melt pool boundaries disappear and grains become uniform at 750 °C, significantly reducing the anisotropy of the mechanical properties (σUTS = 14.65, σUE = 4.33, σHV = 6.72). At 1050 °C, the grain size increases slightly, resulting in a minor rise in anisotropy (σUTS = 14.93, σUE = 4.97, σHV = 8.39) compared to that seen at 750 °C. After heat treatment, the SLM SS316L specimen heated at 450 °C shows the lowest anisotropy. Notably, the specimens built in the 0° direction and heated at 450 °C exhibit finer sub-grains and enhanced mechanical properties, achieving a hardness of 244.43 HV, a tensile strength of 655.85 MPa, and an elongation of 21.25%.

Electromagnetic compatibility of active cardiovascular implants to occupational magnetic field environments: impact of the field direction

Electromagnetic compatibility of active cardiovascular implants to occupational magnetic field environments: impact of the field direction

Magnetic-field-direction-controlled slow light and second-order sidebands in a cavity-magnon optomechanical system.

We theoretically study how the magnetic field direction controls both the transmission rate and the group delay of the signal, as well as the second-order sideband process in a hybrid cavity-magnon optomechanical system. By tuning the direction of the bias magnetic field, either a positive or negative magnon Kerr coefficient can be achieved, leading to a corresponding shift in the magnon frequency. As a result, the transmission rate can be significantly modified, resulting in a Fano-like transparency spectrum governed by the magnetic field direction, along with a slow-to-fast light switch also influenced by that direction. Moreover, we study the impact of magnetic field direction on the second-order sidebands, revealing that the enhancement of the second-order sideband effect is dependent on this direction. These findings pave the way to engineering magnon Kerr nonlinearity-assisted optomechanical devices for applications in signal propagation and storage.

Impact of Bt direction on the detachment threshold during H-mode discharge on EAST with SOLPS-ITER modeling

Abstract Upper single-null H-mode detachment experiments on EAST were carried out with an ITER-like tungsten divertor, and it was found that the detachment threshold of the upper outer divertor was significantly lower under an unfavorable toroidal magnetic field (B t) than a favorable B t. In this work, SOLPS-ITER simulations are carried out to study the effects of B t direction on the detachment threshold to explain the experimental observations. The simulation results are compared with the experiments, showing reasonable agreement with the diagnostics, and the simulation setups and parameters are thus determined. Based on the simulation data, two-point model formatting is applied to the flux tube where detachment occurs. A quantitative comparison highlights the critical roles of the upstream parallel heat flux and the downstream momentum and energy loss factors on the ion saturation current density at the target ( j sat,t). Further analysis of the simulation results indicates that due to the influence of E×B drift on the convective heat flux, combined with the presence of heat transport associated with parallel current, the upstream heat flux is reduced under unfavorable B t, while in the downstream region the divergence of the E×B drift flux acts as a particle source under unfavorable B t and as a sink under favorable B t, leading to increased momentum and energy losses under unfavorable B t. These factors collectively cause a lower detachment threshold under unfavorable B t.

Exploring the Impact of Force Direction and Phase on Bone Conduction Hearing with Bone Conduction Actuator

A comprehensive understanding of the effects of bone conduction (BC) input force is essential for elucidating BC hearing mechanisms. However, this area remains underexplored due to the inherent difficulties in controlling input forces when BC transducers are anchored to the bone. In this study, the effects of both unilateral and bilateral BC input forces were investigated using a three-dimensional finite element (FE) model of the human head, which allows precise manipulation of input forces. For unilateral input, 16 distinct directions were created by combining eight in-plane vectors with two tilt angles based on the normal direction of the input force location, and the resulting promontory velocities were compared. Although the magnitude differences between input directions remained within 10 dB, anti-resonance shifts were observed between 1 and 3 kHz. In the bilateral case, phase differences of 0°, 90°, and 180° were applied between input forces at the right and left mastoid positions, and basilar membrane velocities were compared to examine the complex interactions between input forces. These findings provide deeper insights into the effects of input force direction and phase on BC hearing, advancing the understanding of BC hearing mechanisms.

Impact of strip winding direction on the comprehensive performance of ultracrystalline magnetic core for current transformer

Impact of strip winding direction on the comprehensive performance of ultracrystalline magnetic core for current transformer

Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Graphomotor Difficulties Utilizing Direction-Based Fractional Order Derivatives

Children who do not sufficiently develop graphomotor skills essential for handwriting often develop graphomotor disabilities (GD), impacting the self-esteem and academic performance of the individual. Current examination methods of GD consist of scales and questionaries, which lack objectivity, rely on the perceptual abilities of the examiner, and may lead to inadequately targeted remediation. Nowadays, one way to address the factor of subjectivity is to incorporate supportive machine learning (ML) based assessment. However, even with the increasing popularity of decision-support systems facilitating the diagnosis and assessment of GD, this field still lacks an understanding of deficient kinematics concerning the direction of pen movement. This study aims to explore the impact of movement direction on the manifestations of graphomotor difficulties in school-aged. We introduced a new fractional-order derivative-based approach enabling quantification of kinematic aspects of handwriting concerning the direction of movement using polar plot representation. We validated the novel features in a barrage of machine learning scenarios, testing various training methods based on extreme gradient boosting trees (XGBboost), Bayesian, and random search hyperparameter tuning methods. Results show that our novel features outperformed the baseline and provided a balanced accuracy of 87 % (sensitivity = 82 %, specificity = 92 %), performing binary classification (children with/without graphomotor difficulties). The final model peaked when using only 43 out of 250 novel features, showing that XGBoost can benefit from feature selection methods. Proposed features provide additional information to an automated classifier with the potential of human interpretability thanks to the possibility of easy visualization using polar plots.

Quantifying impact of correlated predictors on low-cost sensor PM2.5 data using KZ filter

PM2.5, fine particulate matter with a diameter smaller than 2.5 μm, is associated with a range of health problems. Monitoring PM2.5 levels at the community scale is crucial for understanding personal exposure and implementing preventive measures. While monitoring agencies around the world, such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), provide accurate data, the spatial coverage is limited due to a sparse monitoring network. Recently, the emergence of low-cost air quality sensor networks has enabled the availability of air quality data with higher spatiotemporal resolution, which is more representative of personal exposure. However, concerns persist regarding the sensitivity, noise, and reliability of data from these low-cost sensors. In this study, we analyzed PM2.5 data from both EPA and Purple Air (PA) sensors in Cook County, Illinois, with two primary goals: (1) understanding the differential impact of meteorological factors on PA and EPA sensor networks and (2) provide a mathematical approach to quantify the individual impact of correlated predictors on both short-term and baseline variations in noisy time series data. We used the Kolmogorov-Zurbenko (KZ) filter to separate the time series into short-term and baseline components, followed by fitting linear models to quantify the impact of meteorological predictors, including temperature, relative humidity (RH), wind speed (WS), and wind direction (WD). Furthermore, we applied the Lindeman, Merenda, and Gold (LMG) method to these linear models to quantify the individual contribution of each predictor in the presence of multicollinearity. Our results show that the PM2.5 data from PA sensors exhibit higher sensitivity to meteorological factors, particularly wind speed, in the short-term and RH in the baseline component. This method provides a structured approach for analyzing noisy sensor data under diverse environmental conditions.

The impact of the green direction in central banking on the general public's trust: Evidence from Hungary

Climate considerations are rising on the agenda of central banks worldwide. Given the importance of the general public's trust for the success of central bank policy, the objective of our study is to examine how this trust may change in response to green central bank measures. We rely on an independently conducted survey of 1000 Hungarian adults and apply multinomial and ordered logistic regressions. Our results indicate that even in an environment of high inflation, there is potential for some increase and limited risk of decrease in trust. We find that green variables are more important in explaining variance than those associated with the economy or institutions. A higher level of climate worry, seeing environmental protection as important, being a woman and being a student are associated with an expectation that trust would increase following the central bank's pro-environmental measures. Our findings provide support for the central bank's green programme and do not point to a need to modify the green programme, public relation efforts or the conducting of monetary policy on account of negative trust implications. Findings may be useful for other jurisdictions due to similarities in the trust-building process, climate change concerns and the monetary policy framework.

Impact of Target Surface Building Direction on the Heat Transfer Characteristics of Additive Manufactured Impingement Systems

Additive manufacturing (AM) is widely recognized as a prominent tool to maximize the potential of internal cooling systems for gas turbine applications. Several past studies have been undertaken in order to assess the effect of additive manufactured components peculiar characteristics, mainly in the form of surface roughness, on heat transfer and pressure losses. On the other hand, impingement constitutes one of the most adopted solutions for turbine vane internal cooling; also, its heat transfer performance has been shown to be potentially improved through the use of roughened target surfaces in several studies. In this work, the effect of AM-generated roughness on the performance of impingement systems has been experimentally investigated. A lumped approach was used to test additive manufactured coupons reproducing an impingement array in 1:1 scale and retrieve an average heat transfer assessment. The Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) technique was used for the manufacturing process. As one of the main parameters affecting AM-generated roughness, the building direction of the target surface was varied in order to highlight its impact on the overall performance comparing four different building directions with a smooth reference target plate made by standard CNC machining.

Asymmetric deformation and failure behavior of roadway subjected to different principal stress based on biaxial tests

The magnitude and direction of stress will affect the failure of roadway. The impact of stress magnitude and direction on roadway failure was investigated using a rock failure system equipped with true triaxial loading, acoustic emission (AE), and digital image correlation (DIC) technologies. The system allowed for the simulation of rock sample failures under various three-dimensional stress conditions, while real-time monitoring was conducted using a high-precision microseismic system. By prefabricating rectangular holes at different angles in sandstone specimens, roadways under different stress effects in engineering can be simulated. Biaxial loading tests were then performed on these prefabricated sandstone cube specimens to observe external fracture characteristics and internal fracture information using acoustic emission equipment. The peak strength of samples with holes is approximately 38–56% of that of intact samples. In the early and middle loading stages, the strain on the surface is on the order of 10-3. In the later loading stage, the strain on the surface is on the order of 10-2. The findings indicate that roadway failure primarily involves local particle ejection, fragment spalling, large-scale particle ejection, plate crack buckling, and eventual failure. The ultimate failure mode varies based on stress deflection angles: with no included angle, the roadway exhibits a ’V’ shaped failure zone on both sides, predominantly experiencing tensile failure. At included angles of 30°, 45°, and 60° between stress and roadway axis, the roadway displays a “—” failure pattern along the diagonal, characterized by a combination of tension and shear failure. The extension angle of the“—” failure zone varies depending on the stress deflection angle. At a 90° included angle, the roadway shows a ’V’ shaped failure in the roof and floor, primarily undergoing tensile failure. Real-time monitoring of the strain field evolution around the roadway during failure using DIC method revealed valuable insights. AE events at different deflection angles reflect the progression of micro cracks in the specimen, showing a strong correlation with macro failure. The research outcomes elucidate the mechanisms behind various forms of roadway failure induced by stress deflection and shed light on the failure mechanism at different stress deflection angles.

CARACTERIZACIÓN DE LAS PROPIEDADES MECÁNICAS DEL ÁCIDO POLILÁCTICO (PLA) EN IMPRESIÓN 3D: PERSPECTIVAS A PARTIR DE TÉCNICAS AVANZADAS DE ANÁLISIS Y ORIENTACIONES DE IMPRESIÓN

This research examines the mechanical characteristics of polylactic acid (PLA) using a variety of experimental approaches, including analyses of printing orientations and the application of advanced methodologies such as digital image correlation (DIC) for accurate assessment of deformation, along with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate fracture properties. Tensile strength, flexural, impact strength, compressive and shear strength were characterized in detail, highlighting the critical impact of layer deposition direction. These findings provide valuable information for optimizing orientation selection in specific additive manufacturing contexts, emphasizing the need to address anisotropy in 3D printed materials engineering. Keywords: Polymer; PLA; 3D-print; industrial process; Digital Image Correlation (DIC).

The Influence of Eye Gaze Direction on Consumers

Abstract: There are now static ads where the model looks at the product, as well as static ads where the model doesn't look at the product. The study's goal was to investigate how models' eye gaze directions affect consumers. This paper uses a questionnaire survey as a case study to conduct a detailed analysis. It collects data on consumers' perceived attractiveness of the product, their evaluation of the product, and their intention to purchase the product. Additionally, it discusses the impact of the model's eye gaze direction on these consumers. The model's eye gaze direction has the first influence on consumers' perceived attraction to the product. Consumers will be more attracted to the product when the model's gaze remains fixed on it. In light of this influence, this paper proposes adding dynamic elements to the advertisement to make consumers more attracted to the product. Consumers' evaluation of the product is the second influence of the model's eye gaze direction on consumers is consumers' evaluation of the product. Fixing the model's eye gaze on the product improves consumers' evaluation of it. This paper suggests that the advertisement should truly reflect the product's characteristics and advantages in light of this influence. The third effect of the model's direction of gaze on consumers is their intention to purchase the product. Focusing the model's gaze on the product enhances consumers' purchase intentions. Given this influence, this paper recommends allowing stars or models that align with the product's characteristics to represent it.